Deck 15: The Excretoryurinary System

Question 1

What term refers to the removal of metabolic waste from the body?

A) Defecation
B) Excretion
C) Vomit
D) Urination

Answer 1

B
Explanation: The excretory system removes the body's metabolic wastes through a process called excretion. Excretion of wastes is different than defecation; the feces removed from the body through defecation are mostly undigested materials and bacteria that were not previously present in your body's cells.

Question 2

What structure protects the kidney?

A) A fibrous renal capsule
B) A perirenal fat capsule
C) Both answers are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: A fibrous renal capsule, surrounded by adipose tissue (perirenal fat capsule), protects the kidney.

Question 3

What structure anchors the kidney to the posterior muscle wall of the body's abdomen?

A) Fibrous renal capsule
B) Perirenal fat capsule
C) Renal fascia
D) None of these are correct.

Answer 3

C
Explanation: Renal fascia anchors the kidney to the posterior muscle wall of the body's abdomen.

Question 4

What are waste products produced by cells?

A) Metabolic waste
B) Feces
C) Colon
D) Urine

Question 5

Which of the following combining forms refers to the tube leading from the bladder to the outside of the body?

A) ren/o
B) ureter/o
C) urethr/o
D) ur/o

Question 6

Which of the following organs is not a part of the excretory system?

A) Skin
B) Lungs
C) Liver
D) Bones

Question 7

What is the primary organ for the excretory system?

A) Skin
B) Lungs
C) Kidney
D) Liver

Question 8

How do the kidneys function as a part of the excretory system?

A) By removing bilirubin
B) By removing carbon dioxide
C) By removing salts, lactic acid, and urea
D) By removing nitrogenous wastes

Question 9

Which statement about the location and position of the kidneys is true?

A) The kidneys are retroperitoneal.
B) The left kidney is slightly lower than the right due to the position of the liver.
C) The kidneys extend from L1 to L3.
D) The kidneys are protected inferiorly by the ribs.

Question 10

How do the lungs function as a part of the excretory system?

A) By removing bilirubin
B) By removing carbon dioxide
C) By removing salts, lactic acid, and urea
D) By removing nitrogenous wastes

Question 11

Which of the following combining forms refers to a structure within the kidney?

A) ren/o
B) nephr/o
C) cyst/o
D) glomerul/o

Question 12

All of the following are functions of the kidney except which one?

A) Excretion of wastes in urine
B) Regulation of blood volume and pressure
C) Produce erythropoietin to stimulate red blood cell production
D) All the answers are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following combining forms refers to the tubes leading from the kidneys to the bladder?

A) ren/o
B) ureter/o
C) urethr/o
D) ur/o

Question 14

Which of the following combining forms refers to the kidney?

A) azot/o
B) nephr/o
C) cyst/o
D) glomerul/o

Question 15

Which of the following combining forms refers to the urinary bladder?

A) ren/o
B) cyt/o
C) cyst/o
D) ur/o

Question 16

Which nitrogenous waste is very toxic and must be converted to a less toxic waste by the liver?

A) Ammonia
B) Urea
C) Uric acid
D) Creatinine

Question 17

How does the skin function as a part of the excretory system?

A) By removing bilirubin
B) By removing carbon dioxide
C) By removing salts, lactic acid, and urea
D) By removing nitrogenous wastes

Question 18

Which nitrogenous waste removed by the kidney is produced by the breakdown of amino acids?

A) Ammonia
B) Urea
C) Uric acid
D) Creatinine

Question 19

How does the liver function as a part of the excretory system?

A) By removing bilirubin
B) By removing carbon dioxide
C) By removing salts, lactic acid, and urea
D) By removing nitrogenous wastes

Question 20

Which of the following combining forms refers to the urinary tract?

A) ren/o
B) ureter/o
C) urethr/o
D) ur/o

Question 21

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of blood flow through the nephron?

A) Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery - efferent arteriole - glomerulus - afferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - renal vein - exits the kidney.
B) Blood enters the kidney through the renal vein - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - renal artery - exits the kidney.
C) Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery - afferent arteriole - glomerulus - efferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - renal vein - exits the kidney.
D) Blood enters the kidney through the renal artery - afferent arteriole - peritubular capillaries - efferent arteriole - glomerulus - renal vein - exits the kidney.

Question 22

What structure empties into the renal pelvis?

A) Renal pyramid
B) Major calyx
C) Minor calyx
D) Nephron

Question 23

How is water transported back into the capillaries during reabsorption?

A) Active transport
B) Osmosis
C) Blood pressure
D) Diffusion

Question 24

Which of the following delivers blood to the glomerulus?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Afferent arteriole
C) Efferent arteriole
D) Nephron loop

Question 25

27.Which of the following is not part of the renal tubule?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Proximal convoluted tubule
D) Nephron loop

Question 26

Where does filtration occur?

A) Between the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule of the renal corpuscle
B) Between the proximal convoluted tubule and peritubular capillaries and continues along the renal tubule
C) In filtration, materials move from the peritubular capillaries to the tubules
D) None of these are correct.

Question 27

How are glucose and amino acids transported back into the capillaries during reabsorption?

A) Active transport
B) Osmosis
C) Blood pressure
D) Diffusion

Question 28

What is missing from the following sequence; Glomerular capsule - nephron loop - DCT - Collecting duct - minor calyx?

A) PCT
B) Macula densa
C) Renal cortex
D) None of these are correct.

Question 29

Which of the following is the inner layer of the kidney?

A) Renal capsule
B) Renal pelvis
C) Renal cortex
D) Renal medulla

Question 30

What structure is the functional unit of the kidney?

A) Renal pyramid
B) Major calyx
C) Minor calyx
D) Nephron

Question 31

What drives filtration in the kidney?

A) Energy
B) Gravity
C) Blood pressure
D) None of these are correct.

Question 32

Which of the following represents the correct sequence of how fluid will flow through the renal tubule?

A) Proximal convoluted tubule - nephron loop - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - minor calyx
B) Distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - minor calyx - proximal convoluted tubule - nephron loop
C) Nephron loop - proximal convoluted tubule - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - minor calyx
D) Minor calyx - proximal convoluted tubule - nephron loop - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct

Question 33

Which of the following is not a process in urine formation?

A) Filtration
B) Reabsorption
C) Secretion
D) Excretion

Question 34

All structures entering or leaving the kidney do so at what structure?

A) Renal pelvis
B) Renal cortex
C) Renal medulla
D) Renal hilum

Question 35

Which statement about the glomerular filtration rate is false?

A) The higher the pressure, the greater the glomerular filtration rate.
B) Adjusting the diameter of the afferent and efferent arterioles regulates the glomerular filtration rate.
C) The lower the pressure, the lower the glomerular filtration rate and the greater the amount of materials filtered.
D) The greater the glomerular filtration rate the greater the amount of materials filtered.

Question 36

Which of the following is a part of the renal corpuscle?

A) Glomerulus
B) Distal convoluted tubule
C) Proximal convoluted tubule
D) Nephron loop

Question 37

Which of the following allows blood to exit the renal corpuscle?

A) Glomerular capsule
B) Afferent arteriole
C) Efferent arteriole
D) Nephron loop

Question 38

What structure does not enter or leave the kidney?

A) Renal vein
B) Renal artery
C) Ureter
D) Urethra

Question 39

All of the following remain in the tubules following reabsorption except which one?

A) Water
B) Nitrogenous waste
C) Mineral salts
D) Amino acids

Question 40

Which of the following is not a layer of the kidney?

A) Renal capsule
B) Renal pelvis
C) Renal cortex
D) Renal medulla

Question 41

Which statement is false regarding the function of ADH in regulating urine volume and concentration?

A) Under the influence of ADH, the kidney conserves water and sodium.
B) If blood sodium concentration increases or blood pressure falls, the hypothalamus sends nerve signals to the posterior pituitary telling it to release ADH.
C) ADH targets distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts in the kidney to make them more permeable so more water is reabsorbed.
D) ADH only has an effect on water reabsorption, not sodium reabsorption.

Question 42

What is a diuretic?

A) Anything that increases urine production
B) Anything that affects urine production
C) Anything that decreases urine production
D) None of these are correct.

Question 43

Hyperventilation may cause which of the following?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 44

What is the distribution of water in the major fluid compartments of the body?

A) 35% intracellular, 65% extracellular
B) 50% intracellular, 50% extracellular
C) 30% intracellular, 70% extracellular
D) 65% intracellular, 35% extracellular

Question 45

What structure carries urine from the renal pelvis to the urinary bladder?

A) Urethra
B) Ureters
C) Both of these answers are correct.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 46

When does the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete renin?

A) Hypotension
B) Hyponatremia
C) Hyperkalemia
D) All of the answers are correct.

Question 47

Which statement about fluids and electrolyte balance is true?

A) The concentration of urine is determined by the amount of water in it.
B) The principal electrolyte in the body is potassium.
C) Where salt goes, water will follow.
D) The volume of urine is determined by the amount of sodium in it.

Question 48

All of the following hormones regulate urine production except which one?

A) ADH
B) ANH
C) Aldosterone
D) Diuretic hormone

Question 49

How does caffeine act as a diuretic?

A) By inhibiting the secretion of ADH
B) By increasing blood flow to the kidney
C) By inhibiting active transport of sodium
D) None of these are correct.

Question 50

How do diuretic drugs act to increase urine volume?

A) By inhibiting the secretion of ADH
B) By increasing blood flow to the kidney
C) By inhibiting active transport of sodium
D) None of these are correct.

Question 51

What condition occurs if there is decreased kidney elimination of hydrogen ions or increased production of acidic substances through metabolism?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 52

What structure regulates aldosterone secretion?

A) Glomerulus
B) Juxtaglomerular apparatus
C) Nephron loop
D) None of these are correct.

Question 53

Diabetics may suffer from which of the following?

A) Respiratory acidosis
B) Respiratory alkalosis
C) Metabolic acidosis
D) Metabolic alkalosis

Question 54

What is the maximum volume the bladder can hold?

A) 700 to 800 mL
B) 500 to 600 mL
C) 1000 mL
D) 500 mL

Question 55

Which statement is false regarding the function of aldosterone in regulating urine volume and concentration?

A) When aldosterone levels are up, urine output is increased with both water and sodium conserved in the blood, and decreased potassium in urine.
B) When aldosterone levels are up, more sodium ions are actively transported from the tubule to the peritubular capillaries.
C) When aldosterone levels are up, more potassium ions are secreted.
D) When aldosterone levels are up, urine output is reduced with both water and sodium conserved in the blood, and increased potassium in urine.

Question 56

Which statement accurately describes how the kidney maintains homeostasis of fluids and electrolytes in the body?

A) If the blood's concentration of solutes is lower than normal, the kidney will put out large volumes of dilute urine and if the blood's concentration of solutes is higher than normal, the kidney will put out small volumes of concentrated urine.
B) If the blood's concentration of solutes is higher than normal, the kidney will put out large volumes of dilute urine and if the blood's concentration of solutes is lower than normal, the kidney will put out small volumes of concentrated urine.
C) If the blood's concentration of solutes is lower than normal, the kidney will put out small volumes of dilute urine and if the blood's concentration of solutes is higher than normal, the kidney will put out large volumes of concentrated urine.
D) None of these are correct.

Question 57

How does alcohol act as a diuretic?

A) By inhibiting the secretion of ADH
B) By increasing blood flow to the kidney
C) By inhibiting active transport of sodium
D) None of these are correct.

Question 58

What structure compresses the urethra so that urine remains in the bladder?

A) Trigone
B) Internal urethral sphincter
C) Detrusor muscle
D) None of these are correct.

Question 59

All of the following remain in urine following secretion except which one?

A) Water
B) Nitrogenous waste
C) Excess hydrogen ions
D) All of the answer choices remain in urine following secretion.

Question 60

All of the following are ways ANH increases urine output except which one?

A) ANH dilates the afferent arterioles, while constricting the efferent arterioles in the kidney.
B) ANH inhibits the production of renin by the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
C) ANH inhibits sodium filtration in the nephron directly.
D) ANH inhibits the secretion of ADH from the posterior pituitary.

Question 61

Which excretory system disorder is characterized by enlargement of the prostate gland?

A) Hydronephrosis
B) Incontinence
C) Kidney cancer
D) BPH

Question 62

Which muscle is under voluntary control?

A) External urethral sphincter
B) Internal urethral sphincter
C) Detrusor muscle
D) None of these are correct.

Question 63

Which excretory system disorder is treated by dialysis or a kidney transplant?

A) Kidney stones
B) Glomerular nephritis
C) Renal failure
D) Cystitis

Question 64

Which excretory system disorder is characterized by urine leakage?

A) Hydronephrosis
B) Incontinence
C) Kidney cancer
D) Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 65

Where are the afferent neurons for the micturition reflex arc located?

A) Bladder wall
B) Sacral region of the spinal cord
C) Internal urethral sphincter
D) None of these are correct.

Question 66

Which excretory system disorder does not fall under the category of a UTI?

A) Pyelonephritis
B) Glomerular nephritis
C) Pyelitis
D) Cystitis

Question 67

What is micturition?

A) The production of urine
B) The passing of urine
C) The production and passing of urine
D) None of these are correct.

Question 68

Which diagnostic test uses an instrument to visualize the urinary bladder,lower urinary tract and prostate?

A) Computed tomography
B) Intravenous pyelography
C) Urinalysis
D) Cystoscopy

Question 69

Which excretory system disorder is an inflammation of the urinary bladder usually caused by a bacterial infection?

A) Kidney stones
B) Glomerular nephritis
C) Renal failure
D) Cystitis

Question 70

Which excretory system disorder is an inflammation of the filtration membrane in the glomerulus of the nephron?

A) Pyelonephritis
B) Glomerular nephritis
C) Pyelitis
D) Cystitis

Question 71

What is often the site of infection in the urinary bladder?

A) Trigone
B) Internal urethral sphincter
C) Detrusor muscle
D) None of these are correct.

Question 72

Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?

A) All of these answers are correct.
B) Maintenance of the body's fluid and electrolyte balance
C) Maintenance of the body's acid/base balance
D) Regulation of blood pressure

Question 73

Which excretory system disorder is an inflammation of the urinary bladder usually caused by a bacterial infection that has traveled up the ureters to the renal pelvis?

A) Kidney stones
B) Glomerular nephritis
C) Pyelitis
D) Cystitis

Question 74

Which is true regarding the effects of aging on the excretory system?

A) The size of the kidneys and the number of functioning nephrons decrease.
B) The glomerular filtration rate decreases.
C) Drugs are cleared less efficiently with age, so drugs remain in circulation longer.
D) Responsiveness to ADH increases in the elderly.

Question 75

Which diagnostic test produces an x-ray image of the kidneys and urinary tract using a contrast dye injected intravenously?

A) Computed tomography
B) Intravenous pyelography
C) Urinalysis
D) Cystoscopy

Question 76

Which excretory system disorder is characterized by the buildup of urine in the kidney,which results from an obstructed flow of urine from the kidney?

A) Hydronephrosis
B) Incontinence
C) Kidney cancer
D) Benign prostatic hyperplasia

Question 77

Which statement represents the correct order of the reflex arc for micturition?

A) The reflex arc begins with stretch receptors sending signals to the sacral region of the spinal cord - stretch receptors receive signals in the urinary bladder's walls - the detrusor muscle contracts the internal urethral sphincter relaxes - parasympathetic neurons go from the spinal cord to the detrusor muscle - urine is passed.
B) The reflex arc begins with stretch receptors in the urinary bladder's walls - stretch receptors send signals to the sacral region of the spinal cord - the detrusor muscle contracts the internal urethral sphincter relaxes - parasympathetic neurons go from the spinal cord to the detrusor muscle - urine is passed.
C) The reflex arc begins with stretch receptors in the urinary bladder's walls - stretch receptors send signals to the sacral region of the spinal cord - parasympathetic neurons go from the spinal cord to the detrusor muscle - the detrusor muscle contracts the internal urethral sphincter relaxes - urine is passed.
D) The reflex arc begins with stretch receptors in the urinary bladder's walls -parasympathetic neurons go from the spinal cord to the detrusor muscle - stretch receptors send signals to the sacral region of the spinal cord - the detrusor muscle contracts the internal urethral sphincter relaxes - urine is passed.

Question 78

What serves as the effector for the micturition reflex arc?

A) Bladder wall
B) Sacral region of the spinal cord
C) Internal urethral sphincter
D) None of these are correct.