Deck 26: Nutrition and Metabolism

Question 1

Which of the following are macronutrients?

A)Sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and phosphorous
B)Nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
C)Sodium, potassium, carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
D)Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and water
E)Carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, but not water

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Where are most carbohydrates in the body found?

A)Adipose tissue
B)Muscle glycogen
C)Blood glucose
D)Liver glycogen
E)Pancreas glucose

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Body weight is stable when average daily energy intake and output are equal.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

__________ are short term regulators of appetite,whereas __________ is a long-term regulator.

A)Insulin and cholecystokinin (CCK); peptide YY (PYY)
B)Peptide YY (PYY) and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
C)Peptide YY (PYY) and cholecystokinin (CCK); insulin
D)Leptin and insulin; cholecystokinin (CCK)
E)Leptin and insulin; peptide YY (PYY)

Question 5

When a person is active,most of the body heat is generated in the brain,heart,and endocrine glands.

Question 6

The absorptive state lasts about fifteen minutes after a meal.

Question 7

Consumption of excess calories during adulthood causes adipocytes to multiply.

Question 8

Gut-brain peptides are secreted by the brain and target the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 9

Carbohydrates function as structural components in all of the following except __________.

A)glycolipids
B)glycoproteins
C)nucleic acids
D)amino acids
E)ATP

Question 10

Hypothermia may be fatal if the core body temperature reaches 37 ^$\circ$ C or lower.

Question 11

The most abundant nitrogenous waste in blood is urea,which is produced by the combination of ammonia with carbon dioxide.

Question 12

Most body fat in overweight people is stored in the integumentary system.

Question 13

Both glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis are examples of catabolic reactions.

Question 14

Mental state does not affect metabolic rate.

Question 15

__________ yield about 4 kcal/g when completely oxidized,whereas __________ yield about 9 kcal/g.

A)Proteins and carbohydrates; fats
B)Proteins; fats and carbohydrates
C)Fats; carbohydrates and proteins
D)Carbohydrates; fats and proteins
E)Carbohydrates and fats; proteins

Question 16

Glucose in excess of the body's immediate needs is usually converted to protein.

Question 17

The heat-promoting center is located in the hypothalamus,which triggers shivering.

Question 18

Norepinephrine stimulates cravings for carbohydrates,whereas endorphins stimulate cravings for proteins.

Question 19

The absorptive state is regulated mainly by insulin,whereas the postabsorptive state is regulated by multiple hormones.

Question 20

Aerobic respiration is more efficient than anaerobic fermentation,but the latter is oxygen-independent.

Question 21

Which of the following represents the overall reaction for aerobic respiration?

A)C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 H₂O $\rarr$ 6 CO₂ + 6 O₂
B)C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂ $\rarr$ 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O
C)C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 CO₂ $\rarr$ 6 O₂ + 6 H₂O
D)6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O $\rarr$ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
E)6 O₂+ 6 H₂O $\rarr$ C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 CO₂

Question 22

Which of the following constitutes the so-called "bad cholesterol?"

A)Triglycerides
B)Chylomicrons
C)Low-density lipoproteins
D)High-density lipoproteins
E)Very-low-density lipoproteins

Question 23

__________ happens in the cytoplasm,whereas __________ happens in the mitochondrion.

A)The citric acid (Krebs) cycle; mitochondrial electron-transport
B)Aerobic respiration; anaerobic fermentation
C)Glycolysis; the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
D)Anaerobic fermentation; glycolysis
E)Glycolysis; pyruvic acid reduction

Question 24

Which of the following compounds yields the most ATP per molecule?

A)Glucose
B)Pyruvic acid
C)Acetyl-CoA
D)Lactic acid
E)Glycogen

Question 25

High-quality __________ proteins are those that provide all the essential amino acids.

A)globular
B)fibrous
C)net
D)incomplete
E)complete

Question 26

Which of the following is not a function of proteins in the body?

A)Muscle contraction
B)Transport of blood lipids
C)Maintaining blood viscosity and osmolarity
D)Catalyzing enzymatic reactions
E)Serving as cofactors for enzymes

Question 27

Which vitamin deficiency is the most common worldwide?

A)Vitamin A
B)Vitamin B₆ (pyridoxine)
C)Vitamin C
D)Vitamin D
E)Vitamin E

Question 28

Where is most protein in the body found?

A)In the skeletal system
B)In the muscular system
C)In the the cardiovascular system
D)In the integumentary system
E)In the lymphatic system

Question 29

Which of the following is a final product of aerobic respiration?

A)Carbon dioxide
B)Pyruvic acid
C)Lactic acid
D)Glucose
E)Oxygen

Question 30

Glycolysis and aerobic respiration collectively produce up to ____________ ATP per glucose,whereas anaerobic fermentation produces __________.

A)2; about the same, varying from one tissue to another
B)32; none
C)32; 2
D)32; 36
E)36; about the same, varying from one tissue to another

Question 31

Which of the following is the healthiest ratio of triglycerides?

A)High HDL: low LDL
B)High LDL: low HDL
C)High LDL: low chylomicron
D)High SFA: low HDL
E)High chylomicron: low LDL

Question 32

What is the synthesis of glucose from amino acids called?

A)Glycogenesis
B)Glycogenolysis
C)Glycolysis
D)Gluconeogenesis
E)Glycogen catabolism

Question 33

Which of the following is true concerning oxygen in regards to aerobic respiration?

A)It transports electrons to the mitochondrion.
B)It directly transfers electrons and protons to NAD⁺ and FAD.
C)It directly receives electrons and protons from NAD⁺ and FAD.
D)It is the only substrate of aerobic respiration.
E)It is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.

Question 34

Which of the following is a product of glycolysis?

A)Glucose
B)Carbon dioxide
C)Lactic acid
D)Pyruvic acid
E)Acetyl-CoA

Question 35

Which of these processes is essential for all of the rest to happen?

A)Glycolysis
B)Citric acid cycle
C)Lactic acid reduction
D)Electron transport chain
E)Anaerobic fermentation

Question 36

Where does HDL in the body come from?

A)The diet
B)The liver
C)The pancreas
D)The small intestine
E)The gallbladder

Question 37

What process produces most of the NADH that contributes to ATP synthesis in the cell?

A)Glycolysis
B)The citric acid cycle
C)Anaerobic fermentation
D)The mitochondrial proton pumps
E)The electron transfer from FADH₂

Question 38

Who would you expect to be in a state of negative nitrogen balance?

A)A growing child
B)A pregnant woman
C)A weightlifter
D)A patient with muscle atrophy
E)A sprinter

Question 39

Minerals are __________,whereas vitamins are __________.

A)micronutrients; macronutrients
B)water-soluble elements; lipid-soluble compounds
C)inorganic elements; organic compounds
D)inessential nutrients; essential nutrients
E)incomplete nutrients; complete nutrients

Question 40

Which of the following is not a function of lipids?

A)They form the plasma membrane structure.
B)They form myelin around nerve fibers.
C)They form the structure of some hormones.
D)They provide cushioning around soft organs.
E)They form skeletal muscle fibers.

Question 41

How much ATP can oxidation of a 16 carbon atom fatty acid yield?

A)2 ATP
B)18 ATP
C)36 ATP
D)38 ATP
E)129 ATP

Question 42

Which metabolic process produces ammonia?

A)Beta oxidation of $\alpha$ -ketoglutaric acid
B)Lipolysis
C)Transamination of urea
D)Amination of keto acids
E)Deamination of glutamic acid

Question 43

Which of the following does not explain why people on weight-loss diets often lose weight quickly at first,but then more slowly over time?

A)Water is lost quickly but other weight is harder to lose.
B)The initial weight loss is mostly fat.
C)As a diet progresses, the body produces more fat even with the same caloric intake.
D)The body lowers its metabolic rate when it loses weight.
E)Will power often weakens as the diet progresses.

Question 44

Glycogenesis is stimulated by __________,whereas glycogenolysis is stimulated by __________.

A)insulin; glucagon and epinephrine
B)insulin; aldosterone
C)growth hormone; glucagon and epinephrine
D)growth hormone; cortisol
E)growth hormone; insulin

Question 45

Fats should account for about __________ percent of the daily caloric intake.

A)5
B)10
C)30
D)60
E)80

Question 46

When should the basal metabolic rate be measured?

A)When a person is sleeping
B)When a person first rises in the morning
C)When a person has just eaten a meal of no more than 2000 kcal
D)When a person is in the absorptive state
E)When a person is engaged in normal physical activity but not strenuous exercise

Question 47

Which of the following is secreted during the postabsorptive state?

A)Gastrin
B)Insulin
C)Growth hormone
D)Cholecystokinin
E)Secretin

Question 48

Most of the fat in the body is stored in what form?

A)LDL
B)HDL
C)Cholesterol
D)Triglycerides
E)Fatty acids

Question 49

Which of the following is not a function of the liver?

A)Glycogenesis
B)Detoxification
C)Phagocytosis
D)Secretion of digestive enzymes
E)Synthesis of plasma proteins

Question 50

The liver performs all of the following functions except __________.

A)converting ammonia to urea
B)carrying out most beta oxidation
C)producing insulin and glucagon
D)synthesizing cholesterol
E)synthesizing glucose from fats and amino acids

Question 51

Approximately what percentage of the energy in a glucose molecule winds up in ATP with the rest lost as body heat?

A)10
B)20
C)40
D)80
E)98

Question 52

The first step in using amino acids as fuel is to __________ them.

A)digest
B)deaminate
C)transaminate
D)aminate
E)synthesize

Question 53

Incomplete fatty acid oxidation produces __________,which might lead to __________.

A)triglycerides; new triglycerides
B)ketone bodies; acidosis
C)pyruvic acid; acidosis
D)glycerol; alkalosis
E)acetyl-CoA; acidosis

Question 54

The inner membrane of a mitochondrion contains the protein __________,which harnesses the energy created by H⁺ flow to produce ATP by a process called __________.

A)enzyme complex; reduction
B)ATP synthase; oxidation
C)enzyme complex; proton pumping
D)ATP synthase; the chemiosmotic mechanism
E)cytochrome c; reduction

Question 55

During periods of fasting,why is fat said to have a protein-sparing effect?

A)The body oxidizes its spare protein before it depletes its fat reserves.
B)The body metabolizes fats and proteins through the same metabolic pathways.
C)The body must have an adequate fat intake in order to absorb and metabolize proteins.
D)The body must have an adequate protein intake in order to absorb and metabolize fats.
E)The body does not oxidize its proteins unless it has consumed its fat reserves first.

Question 56

Which of the following occurs during the absorptive state?

A)Glucagon levels increase
B)Blood glucose falls
C)Fatty acids are oxidized for fuel
D)Lipolysis is occurring
E)Gluconeogenesis is suppressed

Question 57

Which of the following does not raise the total metabolic rate?

A)Starvation
B)Anxiety
C)Fever
D)Eating a big meal
E)Pregnancy

Question 58

Fatty acids are catabolized through which process?

A)Beta oxidation
B)Ketogenesis
C)Lipogenesis
D)Lipolysis
E)The fat-sparing effect

Question 59

Which of the following occurs during the postabsorptive state?

A)Blood glucose rises
B)Glycerol is used for gluconeogenesis
C)Lipids are stored in adipose tissue
D)Glucose is stored by glycogenesis
E)Protein synthesis is active

Question 60

Where does the highest rate of tissue protein turnover occur?

A)The intestinal mucosa
B)The gastric mucosa
C)The hepatic sinusoids
D)The splenic sinusoids
E)The pancreatic islets

Question 61

How is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)different from the total metabolic rate (TMR)?

A)The BMR includes the TMR.
B)The TMR includes the BMR.
C)The BMR is calculated when one is asleep.
D)The BMR includes energy expenditures for muscular contractions.

Question 62

A nude body at a room temperature of 21 ^$\circ$ C (70 ^$\circ$ F)loses most of its heat by which process?

A)Evaporation
B)Conduction
C)Convection
D)Radiation
E)Forced convection

Question 63

Three hours after your lunch and you are absorbing nutrients,which digestive phase are you in?

A)Postabsorptive state
B)Absorptive state
C)Gastric state
D)Vasoactive state

Question 64

Which of the following is the primary source of body heat?

A)Nutrient oxidation
B)The sun
C)Conduction
D)Convection

Question 65

Which of the following results in heat exhaustion?

A)Extreme electrolyte loss via sweat
B)Denaturation of proteins in the brain tissue
C)Excessive heat loss from the body
D)A high rate of conduction and convection
E)A high humidity that retards evaporative cooling

Question 66

Where would you measure the shell temperature of a patient?

A)Their skin
B)Their rectum
C)Their abdominal cavity
D)Their thoracic cavity

Question 67

Shivering warms the body because it increases the rate of what?

A)Radiation
B)Conduction
C)ATP hydrolysis
D)Vasodilation
E)Glycolysis

Question 68

What is the quickest physiological mechanism for achieving moderate heat loss?

A)Convection
B)Cutaneous vasoconstriction
C)Nonshivering thermogenesis
D)Cutaneous vasodilation
E)Diaphoresis

Question 69

Which of the following enhances loss of body heat by conduction?

A)Radiation
B)Evaporation
C)Nonshivering thermogenesis
D)Shivering thermogenesis
E)Convection

Question 70

Which of the following is not a major class of nutrients?

A)Water
B)Carbohydrates
C)Nucleic acids
D)Vitamins
E)Minerals

Question 71

Which of the following is true regarding body temperature?

A)Oral temperature is a good way to estimate core temperature.
B)Adult oral temperature is typically 36.6 ^$\circ$ to 37.0 ^$\circ$ C.
C)Body temperature is highest in the afternoon.
D)Organs in the spinal cavity are at the shell temperature.