Deck 3: Prenatal Development and Birth

Question 1

The outer layer of cells that develops during the germinal period and later provides nutrition and support for the embryo is called the

A)ectoderm.
B)mesoderm.
C)blastocyst.
D)trophoblast.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The embryo's inner layer of cells is called the

A)endoderm.
B)ectoderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)cryoderm.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Pollution has made eating fish a risk for expectant mothers since it may contain high levels of

A)lead.
B)sulfur.
C)mercury.
D)nitrogen.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The umbilical cord consists of

A)a single vein.
B)a single artery.
C)two arteries and one vein.
D)two veins.

Question 5

When does organogenesis take place?

A)during conception
B)during the first month of prenatal development
C)during the first two months of prenatal development
D)during the final trimester of prenatal development

Question 6

Which of the following is not a period of prenatal development?

A)germinal
B)zygote
C)fetal
D)embryonic

Question 7

Organogenesis is the process of

A)zygotic creation.
B)organ formation.
C)continued cell division.
D)attachment to the uterine wall.

Question 8

All of the following are embryonic layers,except

A)ectoderm.
B)cryoderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)endoderm.

Question 9

What is the embryo's outermost layer of cells called?

A)endoderm
B)ectoderm
C)mesoderm
D)cryoderm

Question 10

Implantation is when

A)the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus.
B)the zygote attaches to the wall of the uterus.
C)the fetus detaches from the wall of the uterus.
D)the mesoderm increases in size.

Question 11

Fertilization occurs when one single sperm unites with an ovum.This takes place in the

A)uterus.
B)vagina.
C)fallopian tube.
D)cervix.

Question 12

Stimulant use during pregnancy may cause which of the following in the infant?

A)low birth weight
B)increased heart rate
C)increased breathing rate
D)All of these.

Question 13

The bag that eventually develops around an embryo is called the

A)placenta.
B)amnion.
C)trophoblast.
D)endoderm.

Question 14

The transition from zygote to embryo involves

A)implantation.
B)fertilization.
C)blastocyst differentiation.
D)both implantation and blastocyst differentiation.

Question 15

The medication referred to in Mr.Littles' birth story is a stimulant.What was the effect?

A)The pain medication that was administered through the mother's veins had no effect on the baby.
B)The medication administered to the mother increased the infant's heart rate.
C)The medication helped the baby, but made the mother tense.
D)None of these.

Question 16

What is the first period of prenatal development?

A)fetal
B)embryonic
C)germinal
D)zygotic

Question 17

The inner layer of cells during the germinal period that later develops into the embryo is called the

A)placenta.
B)blastocyst.
C)amnion.
D)fetus.

Question 18

Amniotic fluid develops from

A)blood.
B)dead cells.
C)maternal wastes.
D)the fertilized egg.

Question 19

What is the duration of the embryonic period?

A)10 days
B)2 weeks
C)6 weeks
D)7 months

Question 20

Which of the following is not a life-support system for the embryo?

A)amnion
B)fallopian tubes
C)placenta
D)umbilical cord

Question 21

Sally (who is 5 weeks pregnant)and Norma (who is 5 months pregnant)both work in a plant that produces toxic chemicals.One day there is an accident and both are exposed to a number of these chemicals.Sally's physician tells her that they are going to watch for liver damage in the fetus she is carrying,whereas Norma's physician tells her that her baby may be born smaller than expected.The physicians likely have such differing concerns because

A)the effects of chemicals on prenatal development can never be predicted.
B)one of the physicians is a female while the other is male.
C)differing aspects of development are vulnerable to damage at different times during development.
D)older doctors are taught to focus on organ formation while newly trained physicians focus on global aspects of development.

Question 22

According to Day (Day,2002),the more alcohol mothers drank in the first trimester of pregnancy,the more 14-year-olds fell behind on

A)weight.
B)height.
C)head size.
D)All of these.

Question 23

Failure of the neural tube to close may cause

A)anencephaly.
B)neurogenesis.
C)spina bifida.
D)both anencephaly and spina bifida.

Question 24

_________________ months after conception,the fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce.It has become active: moving its arms and legs,opening and closing its mouth,and moving its head.

A)Two
B)Three
C)Four
D)Five

Question 25

Among smoking mothers,there exists a higher incidence of

A)fetal and neonatal deaths.
B)preterm births.
C)lower birth weights.
D)All of these.

Question 26

When does sensitivity to teratogens begin?

A)3 weeks after conception
B)6 weeks after conception
C)12 weeks after conception
D)16 weeks after conception

Question 27

When is the developing nervous system least vulnerable to teratogens after conception?

A)1 to 2 days
B)1 to 2 weeks
C)1 to 2 months
D)in the final month

Question 28

What is the most consistent finding about the possible harm of cocaine use during pregnancy?

A)blindness
B)spontaneous miscarriage
C)breathing problems
D)reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference

Question 29

Prenatal development can be divided into three parts.Which of the following statements about these three parts is correct?

A)The embryonic period is the longest of the three periods.
B)The germinal and embryonic periods are in the first trimester.
C)The three prenatal periods are the same as the three trimesters in terms of length.
D)The fetal period begins in the third trimester.

Question 30

Psychoactive drugs are drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness,modify perceptions,and change moods.Which are examples of these kinds of drugs?

A)nicotine
B)marijuana
C)alcohol
D)All of these are psychoactive drugs.

Question 31

What are the most common problems associated with a mother who smoked during pregnancy and continues to smoke after the baby is born?

A)respiratory problems for the baby
B)sudden infant death syndrome (crib death)
C)lower birth weight
D)All of these.

Question 32

Dr.Mason studies the effects of exposure to marijuana on fetal development.Dr.Mason's field is

A)obstetrics.
B)behavioural genetics.
C)teratology.
D)clinical psychology.

Question 33

It is generally agreed that consumption of caffeine is not good for prenatal development.If Mary wants to avoid caffeine,which should she choose to drink?

A)regular coffee
B)chocolate milk
C)cola
D)white milk

Question 34

Which of the following is not a prescription drug that can function as a teratogen?

A)antibiotics
B)some depressants
C)caffeine
D)some acne medication

Question 35

Which of the following lasts the longest?

A)organogenesis
B)the germinal period
C)the last trimester
D)the fetal period

Question 36

Nonprescription drugs that can prove harmful to the baby include

A)aspirin.
B)diet pills.
C)caffeine.
D)All of these.

Question 37

Cigarette smoking by a pregnant woman can influence infant development in which time frames?

A)only prenatally
B)prenatally and postnatally
C)only postnatally
D)None of these.

Question 38

During the ____________ month,the fetus for the first time has a chance of surviving outside of the womb,which means that it is viable.

A)sixth
B)seventh
C)eighth
D)ninth

Question 39

Two-year-old Donald has below-average intelligence,a heart defect,and facial deformities.Based on this description,a physician would likely hypothesize that Donald's mother

A)smoked throughout her pregnancy.
B)was exposed to German measles during her pregnancy.
C)drank alcohol throughout her pregnancy.
D)had AIDS when she was carrying Donald.

Question 40

Which of the following is not a facial characteristic of a child with fetal alcohol syndrome?

A)thin upper lip
B)facial scarring
C)wide-set eyes
D)flat facial bones

Question 41

One of the major difficulties in determining the exact effects of maternal cocaine use on prenatal development is the fact that

A)the infants are typically stillborn.
B)cocaine use has dropped dramatically and mothers who used cocaine while pregnant are now hard to find.
C)the effects appear to involve changes in zygotic DNA structure and our ability to identify such changes is limited by technology.
D)pregnant mothers who are using cocaine are also often ingesting other harmful substances.

Question 42

The nutritional status of the fetus is determined by the

A)mother's total caloric intake.
B)levels of proteins in the mother.
C)levels of vitamins and minerals in the mother.
D)All of these.

Question 43

Radiation from X-rays can affect the developing embryo and fetus,especially during which weeks of the pregnancy?

A)the last few weeks
B)the second trimester
C)the first several weeks
D)only during the sixth month

Question 44

The fetus depends completely on the mother for nutrition.This nutrition is received from

A)the amniotic fluid.
B)the mother's digestive tract.
C)the mother's blood.
D)None of these.

Question 45

A mother can infect her baby with HIV/AIDS

A)during gestation across the placenta.
B)during delivery.
C)through breast feeding.
D)All of these.

Question 46

Which of the following statements about syphilis is correct?

A)It does most of its damage during the fetal stage of development.
B)It has prenatal effects virtually identical to Down's syndrome.
C)It can cause genetic changes within the cells of a zygote.
D)It is hard to detect because few pregnant women are tested to see if they have the disease.

Question 47

All of the following women become pregnant at the same time and follow the same basic pattern of prenatal care.Who should be most concerned about having a child with Down syndrome?

A)Kate, who is 21
B)Rose, who is 25
C)Lily, who is 35
D)Adrian, who is 45

Question 48

When mothers use heroin during their pregnancies,the young infants are addicted and show withdrawal symptom characteristics such as tremors,irritability,abnormal crying,disturbed sleep,and impaired motor control.The most common treatment for heroin addiction is __________________ and it is associated with very severe withdrawal symptoms in newborns.

A)counselling
B)marijuana
C)methadone
D)physical therapy

Question 49

Fifteen year-old Paula is told by her physician that she is pregnant and that,as a typical teenage mother,she is at risk for

A)giving birth prematurely.
B)having an infant with Down syndrome.
C)toxoplasmosis.
D)giving birth to a child with Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 50

When the pregnant woman is Rh negative and her partner is Rh positive,the fetus may be Rh positive.When the fetus is Rh positive and the mother is Rh negative

A)the baby will have no blood-related problems.
B)the mother's immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.
C)the baby will have no blood-related problems, but the mother's immune system may produce antibodies that will attack the fetus.
D)None of these.

Question 51

Mary is Rh negative and her partner is Rh positive.Mary had her first baby and there were no signs of blood incompatibility.She and her partner can

A)rest assured that their future children will not have a blood incompatibility problem.
B)wait until the child is five years old to see if she is affected.
C)be happy that the first child is healthy and Mary should take the RhoGAM vaccine to prevent problems with future pregnancies.
D)disregard their doctor's advice about the seriousness of the Rh factor.

Question 52

What are the familiar blood groups?

A)A, B, O, and X
B)X, Y, A, and B
C)B, O, X and XX
D)A, B, O, and AB

Question 53

Marijuana use during pregnancy might result in which of the following problems in the newborn?

A)memory problems
B)information processing problems
C)learning difficulties
D)All of these.

Question 54

Rather than affecting organogenesis,what disease damages organs after they have formed?

A)rubella
B)syphilis
C)hemophilia
D)sickle-cell anemia

Question 55

The mother of which of the following children most likely had syphilis when she was pregnant?

A)Katarina, who is blind and deaf
B)Stephie, who has "flipper" arms and legs
C)Klaus, who has severe motor coordination retardation
D)Rudiger, who has attention problems and is hyperactive

Question 56

If a pregnant woman detects an active case of _________ close to her delivery date,a Caesarean section can be performed to prevent the virus from infecting the newborn.

A)rubella
B)syphilis
C)genital herpes
D)chicken pox

Question 57

Two-week-old Curt is irritable,has impaired motor functioning,has an abnormal cry,and appears to be going through withdrawal.Given these symptoms,it is likely that Curt's mother took ___________ while she was pregnant.

A)tranquilizers
B)heroin
C)cocaine
D)amphetamines

Question 58

An environmental hazard to a developing fetus is

A)radiation.
B)toxic waste.
C)chemical pollutants.
D)All of these.

Question 59

Lisa is obese.What would we expect in the health of her newborn?

A)The baby will most likely be fine because the baby gets what it needs first and the mother will be affected more than the baby.
B)If the baby survives the pregnancy, the baby will suffer no ill effects.
C)The baby will be more likely to have excessive birth weight.
D)The baby will be fine at birth.

Question 60

The Rh factor is said to be ______________ if the Rh marker is present or __________________ if the individual's red blood cells do not carry this marker.

A)negative; positive
B)incompatible; negative
C)compatible; positive
D)positive; negative

Question 61

Which of the following would you not expect to learn about in prenatal care classes?

A)information on how to become pregnant
B)information on labour and delivery
C)information about social services
D)information on how to care for a newborn

Question 62

Sarita is a caregiver who provides continuous support to the mother before,during,and just after childbirth.She is known as a

A)doula.
B)practitioner.
C)birth mother.
D)midwife.

Question 63

What stage of birth is the shortest in duration,lasting only minutes?

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 64

______ of births in Canada take place in hospitals.

A)Fifty percent
B)Seventy-five percent
C)Ninety percent
D)Ninety-nine percent

Question 65

Francine is expecting her first child.What can she expect to happen during the second stage of the birth process?

A)contractions
B)the actual birth of the baby
C)expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord
D)dilations of the cervix to an opening of about 4 inches

Question 66

What hormone causes uterine contractions?

A)androgen
B)estrogen
C)oxytocin
D)progesterone

Question 67

If she is like most pregnant women,Molly will spend most of her time in the __________ stage of birth.

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 68

In the process of birth,the first stage is to the second stage as

A)contractions are to movement through the birth canal.
B)dilation of the cervix is to contractions.
C)emergence is to dilation of the cervix.
D)afterbirth is to emergence.

Question 69

When a pregnant woman experiences intense anxieties,her unborn child may experience

A)cognitive problems.
B)low blood sugar.
C)depression.
D)None of these.

Question 70

The second stage of the birth process is the time between

A)uterine contractions and cervix dilation.
B)when the baby has left the mother's body and the expulsion of the placenta and umbilical cord.
C)breakage of the amniotic sac and uterine contractions.
D)when the baby's head starts to move through the cervix and the time when the baby has left the mother's body.

Question 71

Who would be the best candidate for an injection of oxytocin?

A)Sue, whose cervix is not dilating.
B)Sarah, whose fetus is in a breech position.
C)Claire, whose contractions are too slow.
D)Jenny, who is in the first step of a Caesarean section.

Question 72

In Canada,most doulas work

A)in hospitals.
B)as independent providers hired by the expectant parents.
C)in obstetrician's offices.
D)in alternative birthing centres.

Question 73

Afterbirth refers to the

A)first stage of the birth process.
B)second stage of the birth process.
C)third stage of the birth process.
D)first month after birth.

Question 74

Which genetic disorder is related to the mother's age?

A)Down syndrome
B)Turner syndrome
C)XYY syndrome
D)Klinefelter syndrome

Question 75

What occurs at the end of the first stage of the birth process?

A)the baby completely emerges from the mother's body
B)contractions dilate the cervix to an opening of about 4 inches
C)the placenta and umbilical cord are expelled
D)the baby's head starts to move through the uterus

Question 76

Brad is trying to be healthy before he and his wife conceive a child.Which one of the factors below should not be of concern to him?

A)exposure to lead
B)exposure to radiation
C)exposure to certain pesticides
D)living near a highway where there are car exhaust fumes

Question 77

In the East African Nigoni culture,men are

A)included in the childbirth process.
B)expected to help deliver the baby.
C)expected to stay home and be involved in the birth process.
D)expected to leave the home until after the baby is born and are completely excluded from the birth process.

Question 78

Which stage of the birth process,especially for a first-time mother,lasts an average of 6 to 12 hours?

A)first
B)second
C)third
D)fourth

Question 79

Critics of the epidural block during childbirth argue that the woman's labour tends to be

A)at increased risk for caesarian delivery.
B)lengthened.
C)accompanied by fever.
D)lengthened and accompanied by fever.

Question 80

If the father smokes around the pregnant mother during the pregnancy,research shows this may cause the infant to be

A)overweight.
B)miscarried.
C)malnourished.
D)addicted to nicotine.