Deck 14: Families

Question 1

When dealing with a 2-year-old son and a 6-year-old daughter,a competent parent would

A)attempt to treat them the same.
B)adapt to the special needs of each child.
C)discourage a lot of interaction between the two siblings.
D)be more nurturing with the daughter and more analytical with the son.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The mother-father-child grouping represents a _________ subsystem.

A)dyadic
B)polyadic
C)polymorphous
D)multiple-factor

Answer 2

B

Question 3

A central role to understanding how family processes work is

A)emotion.
B)cognition.
C)Neither of these.
D)Both of these.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What is not true of scaffolding?

A)It is interactive.
B)It promotes competence.
C)It often involves simple games like peek-a-boo or patty-cake.
D)It occurs exclusively within a parent-infant dyad.

Question 5

Staci is a happy infant who smiles easily and is content to be left in her crib.As a result,her parents are more relaxed and really enjoy spending time playing with her.This is an example of

A)modelling.
B)scaffolding.
C)automaticity.
D)reciprocal socialization.

Question 6

When a parent-child interaction is said to be based on reciprocal socialization,it means that

A)both genetic and environmental factors underlie the behaviour.
B)the parent is using both positive and negative consequences.
C)the parent's behaviour influences the child and the child's behaviour influences the parent.
D)the child has both a mother and a father living in the household.

Question 7

Derek has just invented a new game to play with his 18-month-old daughter,Beth.In the game,Derek distorts his facial features and makes an unusual noise.Then,it's Beth's turn to do the same thing.This activity,which is enjoyed by both Beth and Derek,illustrates

A)launching.
B)scaffolding.
C)possible selves.
D)negative reinforcement.

Question 8

Infants who have more extensive scaffolding experiences with their parents are more likely to

A)take turns as they interact with their peers.
B)engage in scaffolding with their own children.
C)be securely attached.
D)have easy temperaments.

Question 9

___________________ is often referred to the setting in which the individual lives,such as a family,the world of peers,schools,and work.

A)Microsystem
B)Mesosystem
C)Exosystem
D)Chronosystem

Question 10

Parental behaviour that serves to support children's efforts,allowing them to be more skillful than they would be if they relied only on their own abilities,is called

A)bonding.
B)scaffolding.
C)mutuality.
D)reciprocity.

Question 11

The story about Shelley Schwarz,who was diagnosed with multiple sclerosis,sends the following message to people with disabilities when raising a family:

A)You have a greater possibility of raising children who are extremely dependent.
B)Raising a family that includes someone with a disability is not always the worst thing in the world.
C)Parent child relationships suffer greatly if the parent has a disability.
D)You cannot help but let the disability interfere with a relationship between a child and parent.

Question 12

While Emily is very shy,her parents are very outgoing.Her parents' extroverted behaviour influences her to be less shy and she,in turn,makes overtures to them.This illustrates

A)scaffolding.
B)bonding.
C)attachment.
D)reciprocal socialization.

Question 13

The concept of _________________________ refers to the fact that adults follow one trajectory and children and adolescents another one.

A)parent/child trajectories
B)divergent trajectories
C)multiple developmental trajectories
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 14

Which statement is true?

A)The age at which individuals have children is decreasing.
B)The number of one-child families is decreasing.
C)Currently, there is a tendency to have more children.
D)Currently, there is a tendency to have fewer children.

Question 15

Joan Grusec and Marilyn Davidov proposed a domain-specific view of parenting that emphasizes how parents often operate in different domains characterized by different types of relationships,including all except:

A)Protection.
B)Reciprocity.
C)Instruction.
D)Control.

Question 16

A change can be seen in families because of an increase in general dissatisfaction and restlessness.The result of this restlessness is a

A)hodgepodge of family structures.
B)greater number of single-parent families.
C)greater number of stepparent families.
D)All of these.

Question 17

Today,parent-child interactions are viewed as a mutual synchrony,which means they are

A)complex.
B)reciprocal.
C)unidirectional.
D)interchangeable.

Question 18

Urie Bronfenbrenner analyzes the social contexts of development in terms of five environmental systems.Which of the following is a correct listing of these systems?

A)microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, chronosystem
B)microsystem, cultural system, mesosystem, exosystem, sociohistorical system
C)microsystem, mesosystem, chronosystem, sociohistorical system, macrosystem
D)mesosystem, chronosystem, sociohistorical system; macrosystem, physiosystem

Question 19

Studies show that when parents report more intimacy and better communication in their marriage,children benefit by the fact that

A)parents are more affectionate to their children.
B)there is an improvement in parenting.
C)children are healthier.
D)All of these.

Question 20

The text refers to parents as _______________ of their children.

A)guides
B)managers
C)monitors
D)All of these.

Question 21

The main feature of parenting recommendations of contemporary developmentalists,such as Diana Baumrind,is that

A)the permissive style will enhance creativity and self-esteem.
B)physical-based discipline is preferable to psychological-based discipline.
C)there needs to be clearly established rules and a lot of affection.
D)the key to parenting is to be nonjudgmental toward children and accepting of blame toward self.

Question 22

Although occasional exceptions have been found,evidence linking authoritative parenting with competence on the part of the child occurs in research across a wide range of

A)ethnic groups.
B)social strata.
C)cultures.
D)All of these.

Question 23

One of the major parent-child interactions changes during the middle and late childhood years involves a(n)

A)decrease in time spent with children.
B)decrease in the importance of providing information on how to interact with other adults.
C)increase in the use of physical punishment.
D)increase in the use of guilt and a decrease in the use of reason when attempting to alter unwanted behaviour.

Question 24

When describing his new neighbours,Stu says their parenting style appears to be "We love you,so go and do whatever you feel like doing." What parenting style is this?

A)indulgent
B)neglectful
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 25

What parenting style is associated with child aggression?

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 26

From infancy through adolescence,___________________ are more likely than ________________ to have a managerial role in parenting.

A)mothers; fathers
B)fathers; mothers
C)mothers; children
D)fathers; children

Question 27

Corporal punishment is ___________ in ____________ province(s)in Canada.

A)illegal; some
B)illegal; all
C)legal; all
D)legal; some

Question 28

Which best describes the nature of parental control during middle and late childhood?

A)complete autonomy
B)physical maturation
C)synchrony
D)coregulation

Question 29

Todd's parents were highly involved with him but also extremely indulgent with him.As a result,he lacks

A)self-control.
B)creativity.
C)nurturance.
D)social skills.

Question 30

Who proposed three types of parenting that are associated with different aspects of the child's social behaviour?

A)Mary Ainsworth
B)Diana Baumrind
C)Albert Bandura
D)Erik Erikson

Question 31

What parenting style is associated with children's social competence such as increased self-control and self-reliance?

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)indulgent
D)neglectful

Question 32

What parenting styles are associated with adolescents' lack of self-control?

A)neglectful and authoritative
B)indulgent and authoritative
C)authoritarian and authoritative
D)neglectful and indulgent

Question 33

Which is not corporal punishment?

A)spanking
B)slapping
C)kicking
D)threatening to remove toys

Question 34

_______________________ parents are more likely than _______________ parents to use physical punishment,according to some research studies.

A)Latino; Caucasian
B)African American; Latino
C)African American; Caucasian
D)Caucasian; African American

Question 35

What new issue between parents and children comes up when the child turns seven years old?

A)modesty
B)fighting with siblings and peers
C)attention seeking
D)monitoring children's lives in school and peer settings

Question 36

When Holly is asked to describe her philosophy on parenting,she says,"It's my way or the highway!" This reaction would indicate that Holly is a(n)_________ parent.

A)authoritative
B)authoritarian
C)permissive-neglectful
D)permissive-indulgent

Question 37

Children whose parents are authoritative are

A)self-reliant.
B)socially responsible.
C)socially competent.
D)All of these.

Question 38

Janet's parents encourage her efforts as a member of the school swim team.They also have set firm rules about acceptable academic performance and responsibility for family chores.When Janet does not meet these expectations,there is extensive discussion and well-understood consequences.What parenting style do Janet's parents appear to be using?

A)indulgent
B)neglectful
C)authoritative
D)authoritarian

Question 39

Which parental statement exemplifies the best coregulation strategy?

A)"I want you to clean your room right now!"
B)"What do you think Bonnie felt like when you asked her to the dance and didn't show up?"
C)"I don't care what you do."
D)"That decision is yours to make.I will no longer tell you what to do."

Question 40

The transition period when parental control is replaced by self-regulated control is referred to as

A)coregulation.
B)reciprocal socialization.
C)the continuity phase.
D)boundary ambiguity.

Question 41

Overall,researchers have found _____________________ of maternal employment on children.

A)no detrimental effects
B)extremely negative effects
C)very little negative effect
D)negative effects for sons only

Question 42

How is the new model of parent-adolescent relationships different from the old model?

A)The old model emphasized autonomy, whereas the new model emphasizes detachment.
B)The old model saw conflict peaking in early adolescence, whereas the new model argues that the timing of conflict has no pattern.
C)The new model emphasizes the rareness of intergenerational conflict, whereas the old model saw conflict as commonplace.
D)The new model characterizes typical conflict as moderate, whereas the old model saw it as an intensive "storm."

Question 43

A synonym for child abuse and child neglect is

A)sociocultural application.
B)child maltreatment.
C)battered-parent syndrome.
D)mother's-issue syndrome.

Question 44

Punishment

A)tells children what not to do rather than what to do.
B)can be abusive.
C)can instill fear, rage, or avoidance.
D)All of these.

Question 45

Gender differences characterize autonomy-granting in adolescence,with boys being more independent than girls.This was especially true of U.S.families with __________ gender-role orientation.

A)a traditional
B)an advanced
C)a mixed
D)both a traditional and an advanced

Question 46

A longitudinal study found that spanking before age ______ was related to behavioural problems in middle and late childhood.

A)2
B)8
C)10
D)12

Question 47

What are other factor(s)in children's lives that influence their behaviour beyond birth order?

A)heredity
B)models of competency or incompetency that parents present to children on a daily basis
C)peer influences
D)All of these.

Question 48

Divorce may be better for the family if which one of the following criteria is present?

A)conflict erodes the well-being of the children
B)the mother is not perfectly happy
C)the father spends too much time at work
D)financial arguments are present

Question 49

Teenage autonomy is

A)seldom achieved.
B)often reacted to with anger by parents.
C)dysfunctional.
D)best accomplished through scaffolding.

Question 50

Which would be the most common reason for an adolescent and his or her parents to be in conflict?

A)a messy room
B)drug use
C)shoplifting
D)differences in sexual values

Question 51

Which of the following countries has the highest percentage of single-parent families with children under 18 years of age?

A)Japan
B)Canada
C)Sweden
D)United States

Question 52

In order to understand abuse in the family,the interactions of __________________ must be studied.

A)the mother and the father
B)the father and the child
C)the mother and the child
D)all family members

Question 53

When you first meet Weston,he informs you that he is an only child.Given your accurate knowledge of research on birth-order effects,you would likely initially assume that Weston is

A)easily provoked to aggression.
B)disliked by his peers.
C)driven to achieve.
D)hostile toward his parents.

Question 54

Which of the following is NOT one of the three important characteristics of sibling relationships described by Judy Dunn?

A)Emotional quality of the relationship
B)Familiarity and intimacy of the relationship
C)Sibling birth order
D)Variation in sibling relationships

Question 55

About ______ of parents who were abused themselves when they were young abuse their own children.

A)one-fourth
B)one-third
C)one-half
D)three-fourths

Question 56

Which is an example of a term associated with child maltreatment?

A)the monitoring of delinquency
B)manageable supervision
C)educational neglect
D)drug and alcohol avoidance

Question 57

Your friend informs you that he cannot be held responsible for showing up late for a movie because he is the last-born child in a family of six.How do you respond?

A)"Those excuses are lame.Birth-order effects are just not that powerful."
B)"You misread the data.Last-borns are the most socially and academically competent of siblings."
C)"You are correct.I'll try to keep that in mind the next time you're late."
D)"Your parents had higher expectations for you than for the other children.You should know better."

Question 58

What do developmental researchers conclude about the effects of maternal employment on child development?

A)The negative effects of maternal employment increase with the age of the children involved.
B)Full-time maternal employment benefits white children, but harms ethnic minority children.
C)Nonworking mothers' interactions with their children tend to be less anxiety-provoking and create more independent children.
D)No detrimental effects of maternal employment have been identified.

Question 59

When divorced parents' relationship with each other is harmonious and they use authoritative parenting,the children's

A)adjustment begins to improve.
B)thoughts are falsely suspecting reconciliation.
C)thinking is very confused.
D)None of these.

Question 60

Which statement is not true about sibling birth order?

A)The oldest sibling is expected to exercise self-control.
B)When the oldest sibling is jealous or hostile, parents often side with the oldest sibling against the younger one.
C)The oldest sibling is often more dominant.
D)The oldest sibling is expected to assist and teach younger siblings.

Question 61

Tehra is a mother of three children.She is skilled at making friends,sharing with others,and leading others.What characteristics would you expect her children to display?

Question 62

Which of the following statements about income following divorce is true?

A)Income usually increases dramatically following divorce for mothers with child custody, whereas income for fathers with custody does not.
B)Income usually decreases dramatically following divorce for mothers with child custody, whereas income for fathers decreases much less.
C)Income usually decreases dramatically following divorce for mothers with custody, whereas income for fathers with custody usually increases.
D)Income usually increases dramatically following a divorce for both mothers with custody and fathers with custody.

Question 63

Identify the pros and cons of coparenting.

Question 64

Identify and give one example of each of the five environmental systems of Urie Bronfenbrenner's theory.Examples will vary with each student.

Question 65

Researchers have found ____________ differences in children growing up with lesbian mothers or gay fathers and children growing up with heterosexual parents.

A)many
B)extreme
C)few
D)no

Question 66

As immigrants to Canada,ethnic minority children and their parents undergo varying degrees of __________,which refers to cultural changes that occur when one culture comes in contact with another.

A)accommodation
B)assimilation
C)adaptation
D)acculturation

Question 67

Define reciprocal socialization and provide two examples.

Question 68

List the importance of intergenerational relationships in children's development.

Question 69

Custodial mothers experience the loss of about __________ of their predivorce income in comparison with the loss of one-tenth for custodial fathers.

A)one-fourth to one-half
B)one-eighteenth to one-twentieth
C)one-third to one-half
D)There is no difference.

Question 70

Susie and John are getting a divorce.They want to make the transition appropriately for their children.What would be important for Susie and John to do for their children?

Question 71

In terms of the age of the child,researchers have found that _________________________ is an especially difficult time for the formation of a stepfamily.

A)early childhood
B)primary-school children
C)elementary-school children
D)early adolescence

Question 72

Identify three things that parents can do when their children argue and fight among themselves.

Question 73

Lesbian mothers and gay fathers are increasingly choosing parenthood through

A)adoption.
B)surrogates
C)donor insemination.
D)All of these.

Question 74

Judy Dunn described three characteristics of sibling relationships.Identify these three characteristics.

Question 75

Which of the following appears to be the most commonly used parenting strategy around the world?

A)warm and controlling
B)aloof and controlling
C)warm and uncontrolling
D)aloof and uncontrolling

Question 76

_________________________________ parents are more concerned that their children conform to society's expectations.

A)Higher-SES
B)Lower-SES
C)Middle-SES
D)None of these.

Question 77

Parents need to adapt parenting to developmental changes in the child.Trace some of these changes as the child passes through early childhood to junior high school.

Question 78

What are some of the adjustment problems children might suffer if they come from a divorced-family situation?

Question 79

Which is not a factor to show how individual families vary and how ethnic minority families deal with stress?

A)whether the families are native born or immigrants
B)how long the family has lived in this country
C)the families' socioeconomic status
D)All of these are factors.

Question 80

Approximately ___ percent of same-sex couples in Canada are parents.

A)10
B)20
C)30
D)80