Deck 13: Moral Development

Question 1

What research method did Kohlberg use to develop his theory of moral development?

A)field experiments on children
B)longitudinal studies of families
C)interviews with children
D)case studies of children

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Piaget believed that children think in what two distinct ways about morality?

A)indirect and direct
B)intrinsically and extrinsically
C)preconventional and conventional
D)heteronomous and autonomous

Answer 2

D

Question 3

After reading an article by Piaget,parents would be most likely to attempt to improve their child's level of moral reasoning by

A)presenting the child with hypothetical moral dilemmas.
B)encouraging the child to interact with other kids the parents respect.
C)talking with the child about the difference between right and wrong.
D)doing nothing, since morality cannot be taught.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Who used moral dilemmas to study moral development?

A)Carol Gilligan
B)Jean Piaget
C)Lawrence Kohlberg
D)Walter Mischel

Question 5

Immanent justice is best thought of as ________ justice.

A)intrusive
B)intensive
C)immediate
D)individual

Question 6

A child is presented with a story in which someone has a conflict about whether or not to lie in a particular situation.The child is then asked to decide what is appropriate for the character to do and why.What domain of moral development is the researcher examining?

A)feeling
B)contrasting
C)behaving
D)reasoning

Question 7

A child who says he should not lie to his parents because he would get punished if he got caught demonstrates the _________ level of morality.

A)preconventional
B)postconventional
C)nonconventional
D)conventional

Question 8

At what Piagetian stage of moral development does a child believe in immanent justice?

A)autonomous morality
B)heteronomous morality
C)social systems morality
D)punishment and obedience morality

Question 9

Imagine that you visited Piaget when he was still alive,and a colleague told you that he was researching children's understanding of rules and moral development.Since you are familiar with Piaget's methods,where would you expect to find him?

A)in a lab with a primate colony
B)on an elementary school playground
C)in church
D)at a college basketball game

Question 10

Your best friend Jessica recently participated in a psychological study.When you ask her how it went,she says,"It was easy.I was just asked what I thought about some Heinz guy who stole drugs for a living." Jessica was in a study of moral development based on the methods of

A)Sandra Bem.
B)Carol Gilligan.
C)Walter Mischel.
D)Lawrence Kohlberg.

Question 11

Dr.Henry asks his subjects questions like,"How should teachers treat their students?" What is he most likely to be interested in?

A)androgyny
B)behaviourism
C)moral development
D)identification theory

Question 12

Kirby's peer group always agrees that each of them should get ten tries at hitting a pitched ball.When two younger children want to play,the group agrees that the younger kids should each get 20 tries.Kirby's group's behaviour indicates

A)a fear of immanent justice.
B)preconventional moral thought.
C)autonomous thinking.
D)heteronomous thinking.

Question 13

Kari says,"I think cleaning your room is a good thing to do because your mother will give you money if you do it." This type of logic is indicative of Kohlberg's ______________________ stage of thinking.

A)punishment and obedience
B)individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange
C)social systems morality
D)community rights versus individual rights

Question 14

Six-year-old Dylan was taught a card game in which aces are "wild." His friend suggests that they make all the eights wild as well.Dylan insists that this is impossible as only aces can be wild.Piaget would describe Dylan as being in the stage of ________ morality.

A)autonomous
B)immanent
C)conventional
D)heteronomous

Question 15

When considering the goodness of an act,what does an autonomous thinker focus on?

A)immediacy of consequences
B)fairness
C)universal conventions
D)intentions of the individual involved

Question 16

In the study of moral development,developmentalists examine four domains.Which of the following is not a domain?

A)reasoning
B)behaving
C)feeling
D)contrasting

Question 17

What is the first stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)individualism and purpose
B)preconventional reasoning
C)punishment and obedience orientation
D)social systems morality

Question 18

Which best describes the reasoning of a child in the heteronomous morality stage?

A)"Did I do that?"
B)"Question authority."
C)"Rules were made to be broken."
D)"Right is right and wrong is wrong."

Question 19

Ian has been told by his psychology instructor that cheating is forbidden.On his first exam,Ian is overcome by temptation and looks at the answer sheet of the person sitting next to him.Ian then begins to sweat in anticipation of the punishment that he believes the instructor is about to deliver.This behaviour demonstrates the concept of

A)autonomous moral reasoning.
B)postconventional thinking.
C)immanent justice.
D)the care perspective.

Question 20

Lori says,"It's wrong to lie because you might get a spanking." According to Kohlberg,which stage of moral development is she in?

A)nonconventional
B)preconventional
C)conventional
D)postconventional

Question 21

When it comes to moral development,peer interaction is very important because it

A)challenges children to change their moral orientation.
B)allows for a give-and-take when taking the perspective of another person and generates rules regarding the reasoning process.
C)Both answers are correct.
D)Neither of these answers is correct.

Question 22

James tells his brother Dan,"You should always wear your seat belt because it's against the law not to do so.We should obey the law because it is the right thing to do." At what stage of moral reasoning is James operating?

A)social system morality
B)individualism and purpose
C)universal ethical principles
D)community rights versus individual rights

Question 23

At what stage of Kohlberg's moral development is morality completely internalized?

A)social system morality
B)interpersonal norms
C)universal ethical principles
D)individualism and purpose

Question 24

In the Heinz dilemma,a person who supports Heinz's theft of the drug reasons that by not stealing the drug,he would have lived up to society's rules,but he would have let down his conscience.This person is in what stage of moral development?

A)heteronomous morality
B)interpersonal norms
C)universal ethical principles
D)individualism and purpose

Question 25

Whereas adults characteristically impose rules and regulations on children,the mutual give-and-take in peer interaction provides children with the opportunity to

A)take the perspective of another person.
B)generate rules democratically.
C)Both answers are correct.
D)None of these answers are correct.

Question 26

Which of the following has been a major criticism of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)It relies on out-of-date dilemmas.
B)It fails to clearly distinguish between the ability to reason morally versus the ability to behave morally.
C)It overemphasizes cross-cultural studies.
D)It lacks detail about each specific stage.

Question 27

Gilligan is to Kohlberg as

A)individual is to interpersonal.
B)Erikson is to Piaget.
C)sexism is to racism.
D)care is to justice.

Question 28

Kohlberg's theory has been criticized for

A)placing too much emphasis on moral thought and too much emphasis on moral behaviour.
B)placing too much emphasis on moral thought and not enough emphasis on moral behaviour.
C)not placing enough emphasis on moral reasoning.
D)None of these.

Question 29

Of the following,whose behaviour illustrates one of the major criticisms of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)Murphy, who is 20-years old, but is still in the middle level of moral reasoning.
B)Jim and his identical brother Phil, who operate at different levels of moral reasoning
C)Brent, who in conversation produces highly ethical arguments, but who illegally parked in a handicapped parking spot earlier in the day.
D)Miles, whose parents were able to help him learn to reason at higher levels.

Question 30

________________________ perspective is the moral perspective that focuses on the rights of the individual.

A)Justice
B)Care
C)Unaware
D)None of these.

Question 31

Kohlberg believes that children's moral orientation unfolds as a consequence of their ___________________ development.

A)social
B)emotional
C)physical
D)cognitive

Question 32

Why did Carol Gilligan believe that Kohlberg's theory was flawed?

A)because he was a male and he used mostly male subjects and male responses
B)because he relied too much on Piaget's theory
C)because he was too Freudian
D)because he used interview techniques rather than experimental methods

Question 33

Emily is accused of stealing some money to help support the drug habit of her husband,Luke.When asked why she did it,she responds,"A good wife is supposed to take care of her husband." This answer represents moral thinking at the __________ level.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)preconventional
D)postconventional

Question 34

Jefferson,who believes in privacy and personal freedom,becomes aware that a children's book has been banned because it portrays an unwed mother in a positive manner.As a result,Jefferson participates in a public protest and purchases several copies of the book for anyone wishing to read the work.At which level of moral reasoning does Jefferson appear to be operating?

A)nonconventional
B)postconventional
C)preconventional
D)conventional

Question 35

_______________________ perspective is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness and interpersonal communication.

A)Justice
B)Care
C)Personal
D)None of these.

Question 36

Roger is transferred to a new job in a foreign country.After his arrival,he learns that his religious beliefs are considered immoral and have been outlawed by the government.His decision to continue to practice his religion,even though it may cost him his life,represents thinking at Kohlberg's level of

A)interpersonal norms.
B)universal ethical principles.
C)social systems morality.
D)individualism and purpose.

Question 37

___________________________ focuses on thoughts about social consensus and convention.

A)Social conventional reasoning
B)Basic processes
C)Moral reconvention
D)None of these.

Question 38

Cross-cultural researchers have concluded that Kohlberg's principles of moral reasoning are

A)applicable to Western, and Eastern, societies.
B)applicable to both industrialized, and nonindustrialized, nations.
C)universal.
D)culture-specific.

Question 39

What is the highest stage in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

A)social systems morality
B)interpersonal norms
C)universal ethical principles
D)community rights versus individual rights

Question 40

Researchers have found that the most effective way to raise a child's level of moral reasoning is to

A)praise the child's current level of thinking.
B)let the child develop without organized intervention.
C)present examples of moral reasoning that are slightly above the child's current level of functioning.
D)encourage the child to read accounts of famous historical figures known for their high moral standards.

Question 41

According to Freud,Louise conforms to the societal norms

A)out of fear.
B)to avoid guilt.
C)to resolve the Oedipus conflict.
D)to resolve sexual frustrations.

Question 42

____________________________ theory of morality emphasizes a distinction between a child's moral competence (the ability to produce moral behaviours)and moral performance (those behaviours in specific situations).

A)Social cognitive
B)Psychoanalytical
C)Behaviourist
D)Eclectic

Question 43

When Tim sees his daughter Tess finish second in the national spelling bee,he says to himself,"I'll bet that Tess feels both excited and disappointed." Tim's thought indicates that he is

A)sharing.
B)a behaviourist.
C)operating at the individualism and purpose stage of moral reasoning.
D)capable of perspective taking.

Question 44

From a Freudian perspective,the _________ is the moral branch of personality.

A)id
B)ego
C)superego
D)ego ideal

Question 45

Concerning resistance to temptation,what is the relationship between punishment and cognitive rationales?

A)Punishment is effective and cognitive rationales are not.
B)Cognitive rationales are effective and punishment is not.
C)Punishment is most effective if cognitive rationales are also used.
D)Although both punishment and cognitive rationales are effective, they should not be combined.

Question 46

The theorist who would be most interested in the difference between Sheryl's ability to think morally and her actual moral behaviour is a ________ theorist.

A)behavioural
B)psychoanalytic
C)social cognitive
D)Piagetian

Question 47

What component of the superego involves behaviours disapproved of by parents?

A)id
B)ego
C)ego ideal
D)conscience

Question 48

From a Freudian perspective,ego ideal is to conscience as

A)consciousness is to unconsciousness.
B)approved parental standards are to disapproved parental standards.
C)masculine is to feminine.
D)childhood is to adulthood.

Question 49

Personal issues include

A)control over one's body.
B)privacy.
C)choice of friends and activities.
D)All of these.

Question 50

Moral competence is to moral performance as

A)indirect is to direct.
B)ability is to performance in specific situations.
C)feminine is to masculine.
D)autonomous is to heteronomous.

Question 51

In Freud's view,inwardly directed hostility is experienced as

A)anger.
B)guilt.
C)confusion.
D)sexual frustration.

Question 52

The social cognitive theory makes a distinction between

A)direct and indirect moral education.
B)autonomous and heteronomous morality.
C)moral competence and moral performance.
D)preconventional and conventional level of morality.

Question 53

When 10-month-old Ike sees his brother Jerome accidentally let go of his balloon and start to cry,Ike also begins to cry.This behaviour indicates that Ike

A)can express global empathy.
B)is gifted.
C)can share.
D)has a conscience.

Question 54

_______________________ empathy is the young infant's empathic response in which clear boundaries between the feelings and needs of the self and those of another have not yet been established.

A)Primary
B)Secondary
C)Self-directed
D)Global

Question 55

Which of the follow processes has been invoked to explain how individuals learn certain responses and why their responses differ from one another?

A)reinforcement
B)punishment
C)imitation
D)All of these.

Question 56

According to psychoanalytic theory,children internalize parental moral standards in order to

A)eliminate the distinction between moral thought and moral behaviour.
B)develop self-recognition skills.
C)maintain a balance between parental and peer-group influence.
D)reduce anxiety and maintain parental affection.

Question 57

Since her parents value education,Colleen studies every night,gets As in most of her classes,and doesn't go out with friends on school nights.These activities exemplify Colleen's

A)ego ideal.
B)false self.
C)preconventional reasoning.
D)moral competence.

Question 58

If you believe that the key to moral development is a child's ability to resist temptation and to develop self-control,your beliefs most closely resemble those of _________ theorists.

A)social cognitive
B)psychoanalytic
C)behavioural
D)humanistic

Question 59

While watching a marathon on television Mandy sees a participant in a wheelchair cross the finish line and thrust her hands up in the air in a demonstration of accomplishment.When this happens,Mandy also experiences a feeling of pleasure and accomplishment.This feeling would best be described as

A)sharing.
B)empathy.
C)universal.
D)preconventional.

Question 60

After reading research by Hartshorne and May (1928-1930),who of the following would you predict would be most likely to cheat?

A)Sean, who is being pressured to do so by a friend
B)Ron, who believes that there is about a 50/50 chance of being caught
C)Tim, who is surrounded by people he doesn't know
D)Perry, who is highly aggressive

Question 61

Which is not a positive feeling?

A)empathy
B)sympathy
C)admiration
D)All of these are positive feelings.

Question 62

Which would not be considered part of the hidden curriculum?

A)the moral atmosphere
B)classroom rules
C)the part of town in which the school is located
D)the orientation of the text materials

Question 63

A company hires you to help lead a school-based fund drive to collect money for "poor people around the world." Which age would you first expect to see true humanitarian concern for others and an increase in donations?

A)1 to 2 years of age
B)3 to 5 years of age
C)6 to 9 years of age
D)10 to 12 years of age

Question 64

Which does not belong?

A)love withdrawal
B)conscience
C)power assertion
D)induction

Question 65

_____________________ is conveyed by the moral atmosphere that is a part of every school.

A)Virtuous knowledge
B)Teacher knowledge
C)Religious education
D)Hidden curriculum

Question 66

Classical psychoanalytic theory emphasizes the power of unconscious ___________ in moral development,but other theorists,such as Damon,emphasize the role of _________.

A)empathy; guilt
B)guilt; empathy
C)empathy; justification
D)justification; guilt

Question 67

What do the majority of contemporary developmental psychologists view as the basis for moral behaviour in children?

A)instincts
B)past patterns of reinforcement
C)current level of moral reasoning
D)positive and negative feelings

Question 68

Based on research findings,the use of parental induction would be most effective in helping develop the moral behaviour of a

A)2-year-old from a middle-class family.
B)6-year-old from a lower-class family.
C)9-year-old from a middle-class family.
D)12-year-old from a lower-class family.

Question 69

Which statement regarding Piaget and Kohlberg is not true in relation to parents and moral development?

A)They believe that parents do not provide any unique or essential inputs to children's moral development.
B)They believe that parents do not provide any role-taking opportunities.
C)They believe that peers play an important role in moral development.
D)None of these is believed by both theorists.

Question 70

_________________________ was initially involved with the idea of hidden curriculum over 60 years ago.

A)Sigmund Freud
B)Joseph McDermont
C)John Dewey
D)None of these.

Question 71

Which is not a negative feeling?

A)anger
B)outrage
C)guilt
D)self-esteem

Question 72

Moral children tend to have parents who show all but which one of the following criteria?

A)are warm and supportive
B)believe that young children are not capable of being a part of family decision making
C)model moral behaviours
D)model moral thinking

Question 73

Troy is becoming very frustrated with his son,Gannon,who is running around the room and screaming as loud as he can.In response,Troy says,"One more word and I'm going outside." Troy's actions provide an example of

A)parental induction.
B)power assertion.
C)love withdrawal.
D)ego ideal.

Question 74

After 4-year-old Susie had a temper tantrum in a grocery store,her mother refused to talk to her on the way home.What discipline technique is her mother using?

A)induction
B)power assertion
C)love withdrawal
D)power reversal

Question 75

____________________________ are/is a direct approach that involves teaching students a basic moral literacy to prevent them from engaging in immoral behaviour and doing harm to themselves or others.

A)Delinquency prevention
B)The elder curriculum
C)Character education
D)The elder curriculum and character education

Question 76

What is an example of induction?

A)"Don't speak unless spoken to."
B)"If you play with that squirt gun in the house, I will take it away."
C)"If you keep waving that stick around, you may poke someone's eye out."
D)"Good kids don't act like brats in public."

Question 77

Social-cognitive domain theory states that there are different domains of social knowledge and reasoning,including all of the following except:

A)moral
B)social conventional
C)personal
D)emotional

Question 78

Which was not among Martin Hoffman's arguments for the superiority of induction over other parent-based attempts to enhance moral development in children?

A)Induction does not require the child to think.
B)Induction does not focus on the child's personal shortcomings.
C)Induction demonstrates that the parent possesses some self-control.
D)Induction produces only moderate levels of arousal.

Question 79

The aspect of personality that is present when individuals have moral notions and commitments that are central to their lives is called moral

A)identity.
B)convention.
C)dilemma.
D)reasoning.

Question 80

When James tells his son Ben,"Since you brought home that terrible report card,there's no television for one month," he is using

A)parental induction.
B)power assertion.
C)love withdrawal.
D)power reversal.