Deck 12: Gender

Question 1

Which best defines gender?

A)a person's biological sex
B)characteristics of people as males and females
C)reproductive distinctions between males and females
D)male or female assignment made on the basis of external and internal genitalia

Answer 1

B

Question 2

A set of expectations that prescribes how females and males should think,act,and feel is referred to as

A)gender role.
B)gender identity.
C)gender constancy.
D)gender.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

At birth,Glenda,who is genetically female,had her masculinized genitalia surgically corrected to resemble those of a female.Research suggests that as an adult Glenda will exhibit masculine characteristics.Why?

A)Innate male hormones will continue to have a powerful influence over Glenda's behaviour.
B)Since Glenda will likely resemble a male, people around her will treat her like a man.
C)She will likely learn to resent her sex-change and reject her external female self in favour of her internal male self.
D)It is unclear whether this is due to hormonal or environmental factors.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role is gender

A)role.
B)identity.
C)typing.
D)casting.

Question 5

While visiting a foreign country,James notices that it appears socially appropriate for females to always begin a conversation and for males to always have the last word.This discovery gives insight into the culture's

A)sex differences.
B)gender identity.
C)value system.
D)gender roles.

Question 6

_____________________ is present in a small number of newborns,which in boys involves a missing penis.In the past doctors recommended that children with this defect be,for the most part,raised as girls.

A)Androgen insensitivity
B)Pelvic field defect
C)Congenital adrenal hyperplasia
D)None of these.

Question 7

What is the main class of female sex hormones?

A)androgens
B)estrogens
C)progesterone
D)testosterone

Question 8

Some girls have a condition caused by a genetic defect resulting in an abnormally high level of androgens.The girls vary in how much their genitals look like male or female genitals.This condition is referred to as

A)congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
B)CAH.
C)Both answers are correct.
D)None of the answers are correct.

Question 9

If you believe that gender and sexual behaviour are unlearned and instinctual,your belief most closely resembles the views of

A)Freud.
B)Piaget.
C)Kohlberg.
D)Gilligan.

Question 10

Many social scientists,such as Eagly,locate the cause of psychological sex differences not in biologically evolved dispositions but in

A)contrasting positions and social roles of women and men.
B)evolutionary pressures.
C)hormonal difference.
D)All of these.

Question 11

The case of Brenda/David Reimer offers strong support of what influence on gender development?

A)socialization
B)medical intervention
C)biology
D)parents' expectations

Question 12

The identification of the existence of human sex chromosomes,which are called X and Y chromosomes,occurred in the

A)1920s.
B)1940s.
C)1970s.
D)1990s.

Question 13

Both estrogens and androgens are present

A)in both females and males in different concentrations.
B)only in males.
C)only in females.
D)in both females and males in the exact same concentration.

Question 14

Recent research has shown that infants are aware of their own gender as early as ________ months.

A)12 to 14
B)14 to 16
C)17 to 19
D)30

Question 15

The expectation that a woman should be nurturing and compliant is an example of a gender

A)role.
B)identity.
C)prescription.
D)constancy.

Question 16

Critics of the evolutionary psychology view argue that

A)humans do not have the decision-making abilities to change their gender behaviour and therefore are locked into the evolutionary past.
B)humans have the decision-making abilities to change their gender behaviour and therefore are not locked into the evolutionary past.
C)the evolutionary view pays little attention to cultural and individual variations in gender differences.
D)although humans have the decision-making abilities to change their gender behaviour, and not be locked into the evolutionary past, the evolutionary view pays little attention to cultural and individual variations in gender differences.

Question 17

__________________________ are considered XY and do not have androgen receptors in their cells because of a genetic error.

A)Congenital adrenal hyperplasia females
B)Pelvic-field defect males and females
C)Androgen-insensitive males
D)CAH males

Question 18

Which of the following does not belong?

A)XX
B)female
C)estrogen
D)hermaphrodite

Question 19

___________________________ emphasize that evolutionary adaptations produced psychological sex differences.They argue that women and men faced different evolutionary pressures in primeval environments when the human species was evolving.

A)Developmentalists
B)Evolutionary psychologists
C)Feminists
D)Historians

Question 20

What is the main class of male sex hormones?

A)androgens
B)estrogens
C)progesterone
D)testosterone

Question 21

In Canada,of the following 7-year-olds,who is most likely to be ridiculed and lose status with peers?

A)a male who wants to be on the track team
B)a female who wants to be the captain of the football team
C)a male who wants to play with dolls
D)a female who wants to play house

Question 22

Peer demands for conformity to gender roles become especially intense during

A)early childhood.
B)middle childhood.
C)late childhood.
D)adolescence.

Question 23

Your instructor assigns an article titled "Imitation and Punishment as Methods of Females' Acquisition of Submissive Behaviour." This article was likely written by a

A)social-cognitive learning theorist.
B)gender-schema theorist.
C)cognitive-developmental theorist.
D)neo-Piagetian.

Question 24

One day a mother and father put their 3-month-old son in a pink jumper and went for a stroll in Central Park in New York City.Which comment should they expect to hear from strangers?

A)"Your baby looks just like his father."
B)"He's going to grow up and be a big bruiser."
C)"She looks like a delicate little angel."
D)"Is your baby adopted?"

Question 25

If you observed a child who was getting rewards and/or punishments when he/she experienced gender-appropriate and inappropriate behaviour,you could associate it with

A)psychoanalytic theory.
B)humanistic theory.
C)social cognitive theory.
D)cognitive-developmental theory.

Question 26

Which of the following statements does not reflect the actions or beliefs of most parents?

A)Girls are more likely to be given dolls and encouraged to babysit when they are old enough.
B)Girls are encouraged to show their emotions.
C)Fathers encourage aggressive play with both their daughters and sons.
D)Parents give more freedom to their adolescent boys than their girls.

Question 27

___________________________ stems from Freud's view that the preschool child develops a sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent.

A)Psychoanalytic theory of gender
B)Psychosocial theory of gender
C)Social cognitive theory of gender
D)Piaget's cognitive theory

Question 28

As a typical father in Canada,John would be more likely than his wife to

A)engage in rough play with his daughter.
B)provide physical care to his daughter.
C)be unconcerned about gender-role development in his daughter.
D)treat his son one way and his daughter another way.

Question 29

Who developed a theory of gender development based on children identifying with the same sex parent?

A)Bem
B)Freud
C)Kohlberg
D)Goldberg

Question 30

On the playground,the play settings in which boys teach one another the required masculine behaviour and girls teach one another feminine behaviour is referred to as

A)"gender school."
B)"gender pressure."
C)"peer negotiations."
D)"friend gendering"

Question 31

A weakness of Freud's gender identification theory is that

A)it is supported by research.
B)children do not attach to the opposite-sex parent.
C)it ignores the possibility of unconscious motivation.
D)gender-typing occurs before the ages proposed by this theory.

Question 32

What theory states that an individual's attention and behaviour are guided by an internal motivation to conform to gender-based sociocultural standards and stereotypes?

A)identification theory
B)gender-schema theory
C)cognitive-developmental theory
D)humanistic theory

Question 33

Which of the following does not belong?

A)imitation
B)attraction anxiety
C)social-cognitive learning theory of gender
D)reward

Question 34

A mental organizational plan that categorizes behaviours on the basis of "male" or "female" is called a(n)_________ schema.

A)sex
B)gender
C)identity
D)androgyny

Question 35

What is a criticism of the social-cognitive learning theory of gender?

A)Children become gender-typed much earlier than 5 years of age.
B)Gender development is not as passively acquired as the theory indicates.
C)Children become masculine or feminine even when the same-sex parent is not present in the family.
D)Parents often reward gender-inappropriate behaviour and punish gender-appropriate behaviour.

Question 36

If you wanted to observe behaviour at "gender school," where would you go?

A)the bedroom
B)in front of a television set
C)a middle-school classroom
D)a playground with 5- to 10-year-olds

Question 37

In terms of parental and family influences,when does the family start treating the child like a boy or a girl?

A)at birth
B)around 6-months old
C)around 1-year old
D)around 2-years old

Question 38

Who would tell a mother,"In order for your 4-year-old to develop a female identity,she must first develop a sexual attraction to her father,then she must reject this attraction and affiliate with you"?

A)a social learning theorist
B)a psychoanalytic theorist
C)a gender-schema theorist
D)a cognitive-developmental theorist

Question 39

Which of the following is not emphasized in the social-cognitive theory of gender?

A)Sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent occurs around 5 years of age.
B)Observation and imitation of gender behaviour occurs.
C)Children are rewarded for gender-appropriate behaviour.
D)Children are punished for gender-inappropriate behaviour.

Question 40

__________________________ is a cognitive structure,or network of associations,that organizes and guides a child's perceptions.

A)Schema
B)Cognition
C)Identity
D)Influence

Question 41

Harming someone by manipulating a relationship is called relational

A)aggression.
B)teasing.
C)frustration.
D)All of these.

Question 42

______________________ talk is the language of conversation and a way of establishing connections and negotiating relationships.

A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Self-regulation
D)None of these.

Question 43

A person who exhibits masculine and feminine characteristics is described as

A)androgynous.
B)a hermaphrodite.
C)gender stereotypic.
D)lacking gender identity.

Question 44

Rapport talk is to report talk as

A)males are to females.
B)females are to males.
C)the previous generation is to the current generation.
D)elderly males are to elderly females.

Question 45

What hormone strengthens the immune system,making females more resistant to infection?

A)androgen
B)estrogen
C)progesterone
D)testosterone

Question 46

Researchers have found some differences in the brains of males and females.Which one of the statements does not represent a valid finding on differences?

A)Female brains are smaller.
B)One part of the hypothalamus responsible for sexual behaviour is larger in men.
C)An area of the parietal lobe that functions in visuospatial skills is larger in females than males.
D)The area of the brain involved in emotional expression shows more metabolic activity in females.

Question 47

Children are motivated to act in ways that conform to their ______________________,fueling gender typing.

A)identity bias
B)gender schemas
C)persona
D)gender constancy

Question 48

A classic study of the 1970s found that each gender had characteristics categorized as

A)independent and powerful.
B)warm and sensitive.
C)aggressive and independent.
D)instrumental and expressive.

Question 49

_____________________ talk is talk that gives information.Public speaking is an example of this type of talk.Males hold centre stage through this talk with such verbal performances as storytelling,joking,and lecturing with information.

A)Report
B)Rapport
C)Self-regulation
D)Report-rapport

Question 50

As a day-care worker,Jessica has ample opportunity to see young children interacting.Chances are that even in the 2-year-olds she supervises,she would have observed a consistent sex difference involving

A)male aggression.
B)female verbal abilities.
C)male leadership.
D)female gullibility.

Question 51

Which of the following statements about school achievement is not true?

A)Recent evidence suggests that boys predominate in the academic bottom half of high-school classes.
B)The bottom 50 percent academically is made up mainly of boys.
C)Females are more likely than males to be assigned to special/remedial education classes.
D)Females put forth more academic effort.

Question 52

Which of the following statements regarding physical differences between the sexes is true?

A)Females are less likely to suffer from coronary disease than males.
B)Females are more likely than males to develop physical disorders.
C)Females are more likely than males to develop mental disorders.
D)Females are more likely to be taller than males.

Question 53

Walcott is a professional bar bouncer who is described by his coworkers as being independent and aggressive.Walcott is also a caring and nurturing husband and father.Walcott could be said to

A)be androgynous.
B)have a poor gender identity.
C)be sexually undifferentiated.
D)need to work on his expressive traits.

Question 54

Which represents a gender stereotype?

A)Most math majors at the University of Toronto are female.
B)Women tend to be slightly shorter than men.
C)Males are more achievement-oriented than females.
D)The average male Canadian worker earns more than the average female Canadian worker.

Question 55

The Bem Sex-Role Inventory assesses

A)sexism.
B)androgyny.
C)gender discrimination.
D)gender stereotypes.

Question 56

A statistical analysis that combines the results of many different studies is called a

A)meta-connection.
B)meta-cognition.
C)meta-analysis.
D)meta-addition.

Question 57

By the time children enter _______________________,they have considerable knowledge about which activities are linked with being male or female.

A)day care
B)elementary school
C)middle school
D)high school

Question 58

Which one of the following statements is not a concern when studying the research on differences between the sexes?

A)The differences are average¾not every female versus every male.
B)Even when differences are reported, there is considerable overlap between the sexes.
C)When differences are reported, there will not be any overlap.
D)The differences may be due primarily to biological factors, sociocultural factors, or both.

Question 59

In a recent investigation,women and men who lived in more highly developed countries perceived themselves as being _________________ to each other than did women and men who lived in less-developed countries.

A)more dissimilar
B)somewhat dissimilar
C)more similar
D)very similar

Question 60

In Gelman,Taylor,and Nguyen's study on gender stereotyping,they found that it was present even at e _______ year(s)of age and shows its first major increase by the time the child is __________ years of age.

A)1; 2
B)2; 7
C)2; 4
D)5; 9

Question 61

Describe the ages and examples of the first signs of gender-typed play.

Question 62

An individual with what gender-role orientation is the most mentally healthy?

A)masculine
B)feminine
C)androgynous
D)undifferentiated

Question 63

William Pollack identified a "national crisis of boyhood" that he called

A)boy aggression.
B)boy toys.
C)the bad boy look.
D)the boy code.

Question 64

What is gender stereotyping?

Question 65

Compare and contrast the differences between gender identity,roles,and typing.

Question 66

An instrument to assess androgyny is the

A)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test.
B)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children.
C)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Adults.
D)Bem Inventory.

Question 67

There is a concern about boys who adopt a strong masculine role in

A)early childhood.
B)the primary years.
C)adolescence.
D)college.

Question 68

There is a concern about boys who adopt a strong masculine role in adolescence because some

A)of their activities are not socially acceptable.
B)of the young boys turn to premarital sex.
C)turn to drugs and alcohol.
D)All of these.

Question 69

According to recent research,which statement is not true about emotional differences between males and females?

A)Males show more anger towards strangers than females do.
B)Males are more likely to show their anger through aggressive actions.
C)Males are more likely to discuss emotions than females.
D)Females express sadness and fear more than males.

Question 70

It has been pointed out (Pleck,1983)that the idea of androgyny should be replaced with the idea of

A)gender constancy.
B)asexuality.
C)gender-role stereotypes.
D)gender-role transcendence.

Question 71

William Pollack says the "crisis of boyhood" promotes

A)a lack of male emotion.
B)the bottling of anxiety.
C)little display of feelings.
D)All of these.

Question 72

Sandra Bem is a leading early proponent of

A)androgyny.
B)gender-schema theory.
C)gender-role transcendence.
D)identification theory.

Question 73

When do children begin to engage in gender stereotyping?

Question 74

Describe the effects of increased levels of testosterone in fetal amniotic fluid.

Question 75

Tim does not evaluate others in terms of "masculinity" or "femininity," but rather on the basis of who they are.His thinking exemplifies

A)gender identity.
B)androgyny.
C)sex-typing.
D)gender-role transcendence.

Question 76

According to a UNICEF analysis of education around the world,by age 18

A)boys have received, on average, 4.4 years less education than girls have.
B)boys and girls have received, on average, a comparable education.
C)girls have been found, on average, to have higher rates of school completion than boys.
D)girls have received, on average, 4.4 years less education than boys have.

Question 77

In a number of Middle Eastern countries,

A)the division of labour between males and females is dramatic.
B)the males are socialized to work in the public sphere and the females in the home.
C)Both answers are correct.
D)None of the answers are correct.

Question 78

___________________________ is the view that when an individual's competence is at issue,it should be conceptualized on a personal basis,rather than on the basis of masculinity,femininity,or androgyny.

A)Gender identity
B)Gender constancy
C)Gender-role transcendence
D)Gender stereotyping

Question 79

Identify methods of guiding gender development in both boys and girls.

Question 80

There are many physical similarities and differences between males and females.List a few of these similarities and differences.