Deck 2: Frequency and Probability Distributions

Question 1

Refer to the following distribution
What is the cumulative frequency associated with a score of 6?

A)2
B)5
C)7
D)13

Answer 1

7

Question 2

Guidelines for grouping scores suggest you use ____ groups.

A)the fewest number of
B)between 0 and 5
C)between 5 and 15
D)over 20

Answer 2

between 5 and 15

Question 3

When we are concerned with a continuous variable,such as the degree of hyperactivity,frequencies and relative frequencies should be thought of in terms of the _____ of the scores.

A)proportions
B)percentages
C)real limits
D)proportions and percentages

Answer 3

real limits

Question 4

If the lowest score in a distribution is 47 and the highest score is 99 and you used six groups,what is the appropriate interval size?

A)5
B)2
C)10
D)10.4

Question 5

A frequency distribution is a table that lists _____ on a variable and shows the number of individuals who obtained each _____.

A)scores;value
B)classes;frequencies
C)frequencies;class
D)scores;frequency

Question 6

Suppose you were given 102 scores which ranged from 0 to 45 and you were asked to create a grouped frequency distribution using 15 intervals.What would be the most appropriate starting value?

A)0
B)15
C)3
D)7

Question 7

If the range of scores in a distribution were equal to 48 and you placed the scores within ten groups,what interval size should be used?

A)4.8
B)5.0
C)10
D)4.0

Question 8

When a relative frequency is multiplied by 100,it reflects the _____ of times the score occurred.

A)proportion
B)percentage
C)absolute frequency
D)cumulative frequency

Question 9

Given the scores 50,50,60,70,80,90,92,92,what is the cumulative relative frequency for a score of 90?

A).125
B).83
C).25
D).75

Question 10

In grouped frequency distributions,we typically use interval sizes of _____.

A)2 or 3
B)5 or 10
C)2,3,or multiples of 5
D)none of these

Question 11

A table that lists scores on a variable and shows the number of occurrences of each score is called a _____ distribution.

A)probability
B)frequency
C)normal
D)density

Question 12

If the scores of a class at midterm are 70,70,70,80,80,90,92,and 92,what is the relative frequency of the score 80?

A)2
B).25
C).125
D)5/8

Question 13

For any given score,the cumulative frequency is the frequency associated with that score plus the sum of:

A)all frequencies
B)all frequencies above that score
C)all frequencies below that score
D)all frequencies except for that score

Question 14

The relative frequencies in a distribution will always sum to:

A)1.00
B)100.00
C)relative frequencies can not be summed
D)none of these

Question 15

As a rule of thumb,the use of _____ groups in a grouped frequency distribution tends to strike the appropriate balance between imprecision and incomprehensibility.

A)5 to 15
B)10
C)10 to 20
D)5 to 10

Question 16

In a grouped frequency distribution,the conventional starting point for the lowest interval is the closest number evenly divisible by the interval size that is equal to or less than the _____:

A)highest score
B)lowest score
C)interval size
D)real limits of the score

Question 17

Refer to the following distribution
What is the relative frequency associated with a score of 9?

A).15
B).30
C).45
D)3

Question 18

A relative frequency is:

A)the proportion of times that a score occurred
B)the number of scores of a given value divided by the total number of scores
C)usually a more informative statistic than an absolute frequency
D)all of these

Question 19

A useful tool for summarizing a large set of data is a _____.

A)qualitative distribution
B)frequency distribution
C)descriptive distribution
D)all of these

Question 20

The number of times that a score occurs divided by the total number of scores is termed a(n)_____.

A)relative frequency
B)cumulative frequency
C)probability density
D)average distribution

Question 21

A major difference between bar graphs and histograms is that _____.

A)bar graphs exhibit only discrete data
B)histograms use qualitative data
C)bar graphs separate the bars
D)histograms separate the bars

Question 22

If you want to graph a variable that is qualitative in nature,then you should use ____.

A)a bar graph
B)a histogram
C)a frequency polygon
D)It doesn't matter

Question 23

In a frequency histogram,the horizontal dimension is called the _____,and the vertical dimension is called the _____.

A)X axis;Y axis
B)abscissa;ordinate
C)ordinate;abscissa
D)a and b

Question 24

The horizontal dimension of a frequency histogram is called a(n)_____.

A)abscissa
B)Y axis
C)ordinate
D)frequency line

Question 25

In a frequency polygon,the vertical bar denotes the _____,and the horizontal bar denotes the _____.

A)frequencies;variable values
B)variable values;frequencies
C)abscissa;ordinate
D)frequencies;ordinate

Question 26

In a cumulative frequency graph,the cumulative frequency curve will always _____ or _____ as it moves from left to right.

A)be variable;decrease
B)remain level;increase
C)increase;decrease
D)remain level;decrease

Question 27

A(n)_____ is a case or a set of cases that shows a very extreme score relative to the majority of cases in the data set.

A)outlier
B)anomaly
C)residual
D)deviant case

Question 28

In a histogram,the horizontal bar denotes the _____,and the vertical bar denotes the ______.

A)frequencies;ordinate
B)variable values;frequencies
C)abscissa;variable values
D)frequencies;variable values

Question 29

In a stem and leaf plot of IQ scores,the digits representing the number of "hundreds" and "tens" are the _____.

A)leaf
B)base
C)stem
D)base and stem

Question 30

Because frequency graphs can be misleading depending on how the abscissa and ordinate are formatted,behavioral scientists have adopted a _____.

A)"two-thirds high" rule
B)"ordinate only" rule
C)"formatted ordinate" rule
D)"one-third high" rule

Question 31

A frequency distribution for qualitative variables would include all but which of the following?

A)frequencies
B)cumulative frequency
C)relative frequency
D)percentages

Question 32

Quantitative variables can be graphed using _____.

A)frequency polygons
B)bar graphs
C)frequency histograms
D)both frequency polygons and frequency histograms

Question 33

In frequency histograms,the frequencies associated with score values are labeled along the ______,and the score values are labeled along the ____.

A)abscissa;ordinate
B)bottom;side
C)ordinate;abscissa
D)horizontal axis;vertical axis

Question 34

The major difference between a frequency histogram and a bar graph is that,in a bar graph,the bars are drawn such that they:

A)represent quantitative variables
B)represent continuous variables
C)do not touch one another
D)do touch one another

Question 35

A frequency polygon is typically used when the variable of interest is _____.

A)discrete
B)nominal
C)qualitative
D)continuous

Question 36

To produce a probability distribution of some variable,that variable must have the properties of being _____ and ______.

A)continuous;inclusive
B)mutually inclusive;discrete
C)exhaustive;inclusive
D)mutually exclusive;exhaustive

Question 37

Cumulative relative frequencies are not appropriate for ____ variables.

A)quantitative
B)qualitative
C)discrete

Question 38

In frequency distributions for qualitative variables,the concepts of cumulative frequencies,cumulative relative frequencies,and cumulative percentages:

A)are still applicable
B)are mathematically different
C)are functionally equivalent
D)are not applicable

Question 39

The vertical dimension of a frequency histogram is called _____.

A)an ordinate
B)an X axis
C)an abscissa
D)none of these

Question 40

Frequency graphs typically plot the frequency of a score along the _____.

A)abscissa
B)ordinate
C)X axis
D)all of these

Question 41

Probability distributions for continuous variables are conceptualized in terms of ______.

A)exact probability calculations
B)precise calculations
C)mutually exclusive scores
D)probability density functions

Question 42

Below is a frequency distribution of the number of days absent from school in a group of 25 fifth-grade students.
What is the cumulative relative frequency for 7 days absent?

A)0
B).87
C).96
D)24.0

Question 43

A frequency distribution cannot be created for qualitative data,because these variables are not measured on any mathematical scale.

Question 44

Below is a frequency distribution of the number of days absent from school in a group of 25 fifth-grade students.
What percentage of students were absent for 4 days?

A)4.0
B)20.0
C)52.0
D)68.0

Question 45

All distributions in the family of _____ distributions are symmetrical and characterized by a "bell shape."

A)empirical
B)theoretical
C)actual
D)normal

Question 46

Which of the following graphs is "closed" with the abscissa?

A)line plot
B)frequency polygon
C)histogram
D)polygon

Question 47

In a grouped frequency distribution,the interval size refers to

A)the total number of values used in the frequency table
B)the lowest score in the frequency table
C)how many scores will be included in each group
D)the range of values that will characterize each group

Question 48

Based on the Method of Presentation section of Chapter 2,the reason that a published manuscript does not typically report all types of frequency information is because

A)journal readers are expected to construct complete information from what is given
B)it is assumed that just relative frequencies or percentages provide the most concise information about any given research area
C)journal space is costly and it is not economically or practically feasible
D)researchers do not have enough time to provide complete information

Question 49

The total area under the _____ represents _____.

A)density area;1.0
B)density curve;10.0
C)density curve;1.0
D)density area;100%

Question 50

On a graph,the _____ refers to the Y-axis,while the _____ refers to the X-axis.

A)ordinate,abscissa
B)ordinal,abscissa
C)abscissa,ordinate
D)abscissa,ordinal

Question 51

Below is a frequency distribution of the number of days absent from school in a group of 25 fifth-grade students.
What is the cumulative frequency for a score of 5?

A)17
B)21
C)4
D)5

Question 52

Below is a frequency distribution of the number of days absent from school in a group of 25 fifth-grade students.
What proportion of students were absent for 3 or less days?

A).08
B).40
C).48
D).60

Question 53

A stem and leaf plot is useful because it combines features of both a _____ and a(n)_____.

A)grouped frequency distribution;ungrouped frequency distribution
B)parameter;statistic
C)line plot;pie chart
D)frequency distribution;histogram

Question 54

When the potential values for a qualitative or discrete variable are _____ and _____,then the probabilities associated with the individual score values will represent a probability distribution with respect to that variable.

A)mutually exclusive;exhaustive
B)mutually exclusive;nonexhaustive
C)nominal;cumulative
D)normally distributed;exhaustive

Question 55

Which of the following types of variables cannot be specified by listing possible values of the variable with corresponding probabilities?

A)qualitative
B)discrete
C)continuous
D)all of these

Question 56

Given a distribution of scores,the probability of randomly selecting a given score from that distribution equals the _____ of that score.

A)cumulative frequency
B)cumulative relative frequency
C)frequency
D)relative frequency

Question 57

Which is not true of a normal distribution?

A)It is bell-shaped.
B)It is theoretical in nature.
C)It is symmetrical.
D)It is empirically deriveD.

Question 58

A probability density function ______.

A)can be graphically represented as a bar graph
B)can be used only to represent variables that are measured on a ratio curve
C)is a smooth curve including all possible values of a continuous variable
D)is always bell-shaped

Question 59

_____ are derived by making assumptions and representing those assumptions mathematically.

A)Empirical distributions
B)Theoretical distributions
C)Assumptive distributions
D)Realistic distributions

Question 60

Statisticians conceptualize a probability distribution of a _____ in terms of a probability density function.

A)qualitative variable
B)discrete variable
C)density slope
D)continuous variable

Question 61

Relative frequency is the_____.

A)Proportion of scores that occur in the distributions set divided by N
B)The proportion of scores that occur at a particular score or lower than this score
C)The proportion of all scores in the distribution
D)None of these

Question 62

The Human resource department wants to determine the frequency of sick days for 8 employees' that make up their department.Below is their data
What is the cumulative relative frequency for being sick for 5 days?

A).375
B)1.00
C).125
D).250
E)None of these

Question 63

The stem plot graph is used for_____.

A)quantitative
B)qualitative
C)normally distributed data only
D)none of the above

Question 64

Frequency histograms are used to present_____.

A)quantitative variables
B)qualitative variables
C)normally distributed data
D)Both a & b

Question 65

The x-axis is reserved for the _____variable and the y-axis is where the _____ variable is found.

A)independent;dependent
B)dependent;independent
C)quantitative;qualitative
D)None of the above

Question 66

The axis labeled "a" is called the_____.

A)y-axis
B)x-axis
C)ordinate
D)both b & c
E)both a & c

Question 67

When the potential values for a qualitative or discrete variable are such that a person can have one and only one score,the score values are said to be

A)mutually exclusive.
B)exhaustive.
C)infinite.
D)exact.

Question 68

A graph can be misleading,depending how the abscissa and ordinate are formatted.

Question 69

_____distributions are based on actual measurements collected in the real world,while _____ distributions are constructed by making assumptions and representing these assumptions mathematically.

A)Normal;empirical
B)Empirical;theoretical
C)Theoretical;empirical
D)Normal;theoretical

Question 70

Many frequency distributions use intervals to group data.For example,the in class exam scores ranged from 90-60 and the professor wants to have at least 6 groupings.What should be the interval?

A)6
B)5
C)7
D)None of these

Question 71

Cumulative frequency is the_____.

A)Proportion of scores that occur in the distributions set divided by N
B)The proportion of scores that occur at a particular score or lower than this score
C)The proportion of all scores in the distribution
D)None of these

Question 72

The concept of a probability density function is used with a

A)qualitative variable.
B)nominal variable.
C)continuous variable.
D)none of the above

Question 73

The Human resource department wants to determine the frequency of sick days for 8 employees' that make up their department.Below is their data
What is the cumulative frequency for being sick 7 days?

A)8
B)5
C)1.00
D)3.00

Question 74

If measuring reaction times of subjects on a task,which is a continuous variable,on the x-axis should have_____.

A)real limits of the number
B)the number only
C)probability mutualism
D)Both a & c

Question 75

The Human resource department wants to determine the frequency of sick days for 8 employees' that make up their department.Below is their data
What was the percentage of employee's that were sick for 7 days?

A)37.5%
B)12.50%
C)25.00%
D)90%

Question 76

The Human resource department wants to determine the frequency of sick days for 8 employees' that make up their department.Below is their data
What is the relative frequency for being sick 8 days?

A).375
B)1.00
C).125
D)None of these

Question 77

Frequency distributions are used to _____

A)summarize data that is quantitative in nature
B)summarize data that is qualitative in nature
C)summarize data that is normally distributed
D)Both a & c

Question 78

An outlier is

A)a case that shows a very extreme score relative to the majority of cases.
B)a case that represents the score of the majority of cases.
C)always caused by a clerical error in data collection.
D)both a and c
E)both b and c

Question 79

Bar graphs are used to present_____.

A)quantitative variables
B)qualitative variables
C)normally distributed data
D)Both a & b

Question 80

The axis labeled "b" is called the______.

A)y-axis
B)x-axis
C)ordinate
D)both b& c
E)both a & c