Deck 15: Nonparametric Statistics

Question 1

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
Compared to a critical value of 2.0,the decision should be to _____ because the observed value is _____ than the critical value.

A)Reject the null hypothesis;lower
B)Do not reject the null hypothesis;lower
C)Reject the null hypothesis;higher
D)Do not reject the null hypothesis;higher

Answer 1

Reject the null hypothesis;lower

Question 2

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
What is the U value for group one?

A)7.5
B)10.5
C)-7.5
D)-10.5

Answer 2

7.5

Question 3

Which of the following nonparametric tests involves the analysis of ranked difference scores?

A)Mann-Whitney U Test
B)Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test
C)Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test
D)Kruskal-Wallis Test

Answer 3

Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test

Question 4

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
What is the U statistic for this data set?

A)7.5
B)10.5
C)-7.5
D)-10.5

Question 5

Which of the following research designs is appropriate for the Wilcoxon rank sum test?

A)between-subjects independent variable with three or more levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.
B)within-subjects independent variable with only two levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.
C)between-subjects independent variable with only two levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.
D)within-subjects independent variable with three or more levels and a rank ordered dependent variable.

Question 6

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
What is the U value for group 2?

A)7.5
B)10.5
C)-7.5
D)-10.5

Question 7

The nonparametric tests presented in the text are based on what type of scores?

A)rank scores
B)z scores
C)t scores
D)F scores

Question 8

The null hypothesis of the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be stated in words as follows:

A)The rank sum for each group will be equal,and any differences are due to sampling error.
B)The expected value for each rank sum will be equal to the average of the rank sums for the positive and negative differences.
C)The expected value for difference scores will be less than the average of the rank sums for the positive and negative differences
D)The rank sum for each group will be less than the total rank sum.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT one of the conditions for use of the Kruskal-Wallis test?

A)The independent variable is qualitative
B)The independent variable is quantitative
C)Scores on the dependent variable at least approximate an interval level of measurement.
D)The independent variable has three or more levels.

Question 10

The first step of doing a rank tests is to rank scores on the dependent variable.This process changes the level of measurement from approximately_____ to _____.

A)interval;ratio
B)nominal;ordinal
C)ordinal;nominal
D)interval;ordinal

Question 11

In the Wilcoxon sign-rank test,the strength of the relationship can be measured with the matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient.How is the calculated value interpreted for the strength of the relationship?

A)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the values for Epsilon-squared.
B)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the values for omega-squared.
C)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the values for eta-squared.
D)The coefficient is interpreted the same way as the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Question 12

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
Which statement below best describes the nature of the relationship for the above data?

A)Women have a more positive attitude toward drinking alcohol than men.
B)Men have a more positive attitude toward drinking alcohol than women.
C)There was only a minimal difference between attitudes toward drinking alcohol for men and women.
D)There was no difference between attitudes toward drinking alcohol for men and women.

Question 13

When ranking scores,what should be done in the case of a tie? (i.e.,two scores that are the same.

A)The scores are placed in random order at the ranks involved.
B)The scores are both assigned the average of the ranks involved.
C)The scores are thrown out.
D)A modification should be made to the computations.

Question 14

According to the assumptions of the rank tests,ties are viewed as the result of

A)restriction in range of the datA.
B)errors in data collection.
C)imprecise measurement of the variable.
D)outliers in the data set.

Question 15

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
The expected rank sum for group 2 is _______________ group 1.

A)lower than
B)the same as
C)higher than
D)cannot be determined

Question 16

The Dunn procedure is analogous to which of the following parametric procedures for determining the nature of the relationship?

A)Tukey HSD
B)examining group means to see which is higher/lower
C)concordance coefficient
D)comparison of mean ranks

Question 17

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
What is the rank sum for group 1?

A)20
B)35
C)30
D)27.5

Question 18

In the Wilcoxon rank sum test,when sample sizes for two groups are equal,the null hypothesis is

A)the rank sum for each group will be equal,and any differences are due to sampling error.
B)the rank sum for one group will be equal to or higher than the other.
C)the rank sum for one group will be equal to or lower than the other.
D)high scores will be concentrated in one of the conditions.

Question 19

A researcher examined the relationship between gender and attitudes toward drinking alcohol.The researcher obtained the following data:
What is the value for the Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient?

A).20
B).40
C).50
D).60

Question 20

The alternative hypothesis for the Kruskal-Wallis test can be interpreted as follows:

A)The mean ranks for the conditions should be the same,and any differences are merely due to sampling error.
B)The mean ranks for the conditions will not all be the same.
C)The expected value for the difference scores will be less than the average for the full sample.
D)The value of the H statistic will be lower than a specified critical value.

Question 21

Two major types of nonparametric tests are

A)rank tests and order tests.
B)order tests and distribution tests.
C)rank tests and sign tests.
D)sign tests and distribution tests.

Question 22

The strength of the relationship following a statistically significant ______ can be analyzed using the concordance coefficient.

A)Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Spearman rank-order correlation
D)Mann-Whitney U test
E)Friedman analysis of variance by rank

Question 23

The strength of the relationship following a statistically significant _____ can be analyzed using the matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient.

A)Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Spearman rank-order correlation
D)Mann-Whitney U test
E)Wilcoxon rank sum test

Question 24

Unlike the use of most statistical tables,the observed value of _____ is statistically significant if it is equal to or less than the critical value.

A)T from the Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)U from the Mann-Whitney U test
C)r from the Spearman rank-order correlation
D)both a and b

Question 25

The nature of the relationship following a statistically significant _____can be analyzed using the Dunn procedure.

A)Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Spearman rank-order correlation
D)Mann-Whitney U test
E)Wilcoxon rank sum test

Question 26

The rank transformation approach involves

A)converting a set of scores on a variable to ranks and then analyzing the scores using nonparametric formulas.
B)computing means for a set of scores on a variable,rank ordering these means,and then analyzing these rank means with a nonparametric formula.
C)analyzing a set of scores on a variable using traditional parametric formulas and then converting the results to ranks scores.
D)converting a set of scores on a variable to ranks and then analyzing the scores using traditional parametric formulas.

Question 27

The Kruskal-Wallis test is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?

A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation

Question 28

According to the Method of Presentation section of Chapter 16,a reference should be provided for a procedure that

A)uses a nonparametric formulA.
B)is not widely known.
C)tests the strength of a relationship.
D)tests the nature of a relationship.

Question 29

The Spearman rank-order correlation is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?

A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation

Question 30

Similar to the analysis of a Pearson correlation,the nature of the relationship when using a Spearman correlation is indicated by the sign of the correlation coefficient.

Question 31

The strength of the relationship following a statistically significant _____ can be analyzed using epsilon squared.

A)Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Spearman rank-order correlation
D)Mann-Whitney U test
E)Wilcoxon rank sum test

Question 32

The Wilcoxon rank sum test is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?

A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation

Question 33

Another name for nonparametric statistical tests is a(n)_____.

A)distribution-free
B)nonrandom-distribution
C)robust
D)unbiased

Question 34

The computational procedures for the nonparametric procedures discussed in the text will be the same regardless of whether scores are ranked from low to high or from high to low.

Question 35

The Mann-Whitney U test is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?

A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation

Question 36

The Friedman analysis of variance by rank is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?

A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation

Question 37

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is a nonparametric alternative to which parametric test?

A)independent groups t test
B)correlated groups t test
C)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
D)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
E)Pearson correlation

Question 38

The strength of the relationship following a statistically significant _____ can be analyzed using the Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient.

A)Wilcoxon signed-rank test
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Spearman rank-order correlation
D)Mann-Whitney U test
E)Friedman analysis of variance by rank

Question 39

Many parametric tests are resistant to outliers.

Question 40

Most parametric tests focus on differences between ____ and their corresponding nonparametric tests focus on differences between ____.

A)population means;distributions of scores
B)distributions of scores;population means
C)population means;population means
D)distributions of scores;distributions of scores

Question 41

If one wants to compare the rank ordering of scores as a function of different groups,then a(n)_____ should be used.

A)nonparametric test
B)parametric test
C)t test
D)F test

Question 42

Extreme values might prove to be problematic for parametric analyses,but they pose no particular problem for many nonparametric analyses.Because of this property,nonparametric tests are often said to be:

A)robust
B)corrected
C)outlier sensitive
D)outlier resistant

Question 43

Rather than comparing groups in terms of _____,the nonparametric procedures compare groups in terms of _____ or other features of a distribution.

A)medians;means
B)means;medians
C)modes;means
D)means;variances

Question 44

Most of the parametric tests that we have considered have a nonparametric counterpart in the sense that the structure of the _____ is comparable across the two methods of analysis.

A)summary table
B)underlying distribution
C)critical ratio
D)independent variable

Question 45

You are given the following data:
Subject 1 2 3 4 5
Score 10 12 8 10 2
Rank -- -- -- -- --
The ranks for the scores of subjects 1-5 are ____.

A)3.5,5,2,3.5,1
B)1,2,3.5,3.5,5
C)3,5,2,4,1
D)none of these

Question 46

There are two major types of nonparametric counterparts to parametric test: _____ tests and _____ tests.

A)robust;nonrobust
B)significance;nonsignificance
C)rank;signed
D)signed;unsigned

Question 47

Nonparametric tests can be used to analyze _____ variables that are measured on a(n)_____ level.

A)quantitative;ordinal
B)qualitative;interval
C)quantitative;nominal
D)all of these

Question 48

The most common approach to dealing with tied scores is to rank the scores by assigning the average rank for ties and then to introduce a(n)_____ into the formula for the test statistic to adjust for the presence of ties.

A)correction term
B)error term
C)nonparametric term
D)rank-order term

Question 49

A benefit of many nonparametric statistical tests is their relative lack of sensitivity to:

A)standard errors
B)slightly skewed distributions
C)error scores
D)outliers

Question 50

When one or both sample sizes are smaller than 10,the sampling distribution of the R statistic does not approximate a normal distribution,so application of the _____ is not appropriate.

A)Wilcoxon rank sum test
B)Mann-Whitney U test
C)multiple R test
D)none of these

Question 51

Which of the following is not a requirement for the Mann-Whitney U?

A)The independent variable must be between-subjects.
B)The independent variable must be qualitative.
C)The dependent variable is measured at the ordinal level.
D)The independent variable has only two levels.

Question 52

In cases where a tie occurs,the tied scores are assigned the _____ of the ranks involved.

A)highest
B)average
C)lowest
D)mode

Question 53

Distribution-free tests are used when _____.

A)samples are larger than 40
B)parametric assumptions are markedly violated
C)data are normally distributed
D)none of these

Question 54

Statistical tests that require assumptions about the distribution of scores in the populations from which the samples are selected are called _____ statistical tests.

A)robust
B)distributional
C)parametric
D)nonparametric

Question 55

The Wilcoxon rank sum test and the Mann-Whitney U test are the nonparametric counterparts of the:

A)one-sample z test
B)correlated groups t test
C)independent groups t test
D)none of these

Question 56

A nonparametric statistical test will typically be used when data are measured at the _____ or _____ level.

A)nominal;interval
B)nominal;ordinal
C)ordinal;ratio
D)interval;ratio

Question 57

Two types of nonparametric tests are _____ and _____ tests.

A)frequency;rank
B)frequency;sign
C)rank;variance
D)rank;sign

Question 58

_____ statistical tests are a class of statistics that,in general,make few,if any,distributional assumptions

A)nonparametric
B)distribution-free
C)parametric
D)a and b

Question 59

The _____ involves converting a set of scores on a variable to ranks and then analyzing these rank scores using the traditional parametric formulas.

A)rank order approach
B)rank transformation approach
C)parametric approach
D)traditional approach

Question 60

Which of the following is not a requirement for the Wilcoxon ranked-sum test?

A)The independent variable is within-groups or matched.
B)The independent variable has two levels.
C)The dependent variable is measured at the ordinal level.
D)The R statistic is normally distributeD.

Question 61

The ____ should be used when (1)the scores for the dependent variable are in the form of ranks, (2)the independent variable is between-subjects,and (3)the independent variable has three or more levels.

A)Mann-Whitney U test
B)Spearman correlation
C)Friedman analysis
D)Kruskal-Wallis test

Question 62

The Friedman analysis of variance by ranks is the nonparametric counterpart of the:

A)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
B)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
C)independent groups t test
D)correlated groups t test

Question 63

The Kruskal-Wallis test is the nonparametric counterpart of the:

A)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
B)one-way between-subjects analysis of variance
C)independent groups t test
D)correlated groups t test

Question 64

Which of the following conditions distinguishes a Friedman test from a Mann-Whitney U test?

A)the number of levels of the independent variable
B)the measurement scale of the dependent variable
C)the measurement scale of the independent variable
D)all of these

Question 65

The Spearman rank-order correlation is a nonparametric counterpart of the:

A)one-way repeated measures analysis of variance
B)Pearson correlation
C)independent groups t test
D)coefficient of determination

Question 66

The _____ of the relationship for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be measured using the matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient.

A)nature
B)strength
C)existence
D)form

Question 67

Some researchers have argued that once a rank order is complete,traditional parametric tests can be used to analyze the data.

Question 68

When the data are analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U test,the observed U statistic is statistically significant if it is ____ the critical U.

A)equal to
B)less than
C)equal to or less than
D)greater than

Question 69

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is the nonparametric counterpart of the:

A)one-sample z test
B)correlated groups t test
C)independent groups t test
D)F test

Question 70

Following a significant Mann-Whitney U test,the strength of the relationship between two variables may be measured using ____.

A)Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient
B)matched-pairs rank biserial correlation coefficient
C)epsilon-squared
D)Dunn's procedure

Question 71

Rank tests are able to handle a large number (up to 100)of ties in a data set.

Question 72

An alternative index of correlation of ranked scores is a statistic proposed by Kendall called:

A)sigma
B)delta
C)tau
D)gamma

Question 73

The Wilcoxon signed-rank test is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when:

A)scores on the dependent variable are in the form of ranked differences
B)the independent variable is within-subjects in nature
C)the independent variable has two and only two levels
D)all of these

Question 74

Which of the following conditions distinguishes a Kruskal-Wallis test from a Mann-Whitney test?

A)the measurement scale of the dependent variable
B)the number of levels of the independent variable
C)the measurement level of independent variable
D)whether or not the independent variable is within-subjects

Question 75

The Spearman rank-order correlation is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when:

A)scores on both variables are in the form of ranks
B)the two variables have been measured on the same individuals
C)the observations on each variable are within-subjects in nature
D)a and b

Question 76

The strength of the relationship for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test can be measured using the ____.

A)matched-pairs rank biserial correlation
B)epsilon-squared
C)Glass rank biserial correlation coefficient
D)none of these

Question 77

The Friedman analysis of variance by ranks is typically used to analyze the relationship between two variables when:

A)scores on the dependent variable are in the form of ranks across conditions for each subject
B)the independent variable is within-subjects in nature
C)the independent variable has three or more levels
D)all of these

Question 78

The nature of the relationship between the two variables for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test is addressed by inspection of the:

A)rank sums
B)sum of squared ranks
C)mean ranks
D)group means

Question 79

The nonparametric counterpart of a one-way repeated-measures ANOVA is ____.

A)Friedman ANOVA by ranks
B)Kruskal-Wallis test
C)Mann-Whitney ANOVA
D)Wilcoxon ANOVA

Question 80

The _____ involves using the Wilcoxon rank sum test or the Mann-Whitney U test to compare the mean ranks for all possible pairs of conditions.

A)epsilon procedure
B)pairwise procedure
C)Tukey HSD
D)Dunn procedure