Deck 2: The Evolution of Management Thought

Question 1

Fayol believed that "dual command" increased efficiency and verified the formal hierarchy of authority.

Answer 1

False
Explanation: Fayol believed that dual command,the reporting relationship that exists when two supervisors give orders to the same subordinate,should be avoided except in exceptional circumstances.

Question 2

Authority gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.

Answer 2

True
Explanation: Authority is the power to hold people accountable for their actions and to make decisions concerning the use of organizational resources.Authority gives managers the right to direct and control their subordinates' behavior to achieve organizational goals.

Question 3

According to Fayol's principles,workers should be given more job duties to perform but should be encouraged to assume less responsibility for their work outcomes.

Answer 3

False
Explanation: Fayol advocated that workers be given more job duties to perform or be encouraged to assume more responsibility for work outcomes.

Question 4

Adam Smith reasoned that a group of workers who each performed many tasks could produce a product faster than workers who were specialized at their specific tasks.

Question 5

Standard operating procedures are general,sometimes informal instructions as to how workers should perform an aspect of their work task.

Question 6

Norms are written,formal codes of conduct which prescribe how workers should act in particular situations.

Question 7

According to Fayol,the fewer the number of levels in the hierarchy of the chain of command of an organization,the faster the pace of the planning and organizing within the organization.

Question 8

The line of authority that depicts the authority of managers at the top over employees at the bottom of the organization is called the "chain of command."

Question 9

Scientific management caused many workers to distrust management.

Question 10

Rules are formal,written instructions that specify what workers should do on the job.

Question 11

The development of "lean manufacturing" is attributed to manufacturing managers at Ford.

Question 12

Ford Manufacturing moved from small batch production to mass-production manufacturing to increase efficiency.

Question 13

In a bureaucracy,the authority of a manager should be based on their performance.

Question 14

Max Weber described a system of administration designed to insure both efficiency and effectiveness that is called "bureaucracy".

Question 15

The idea of "lean manufacturing" relies on workers performing narrow,specialized tasks.

Question 16

The development of mass-production manufacturing is attributed to manufacturing managers at Ford Manufacturing.

Question 17

According to the principles of Scientific Management,the way to create the most efficient work system was by having workers perform both more tasks and more complex tasks.

Question 18

Andrew Carnegie was able to create the most successful industrial company of his day,Carnegie Steel,by empowering his workers.

Question 19

Scientific management theory holds that the most efficient division of labor can best be determined by intuitive knowledge.

Question 20

Fayol believed that authority should be decentralized and not be concentrated at the top of the chain of command of the organization.

Question 21

Henry Ford's approach to management more closely reflects the assumptions of Theory X than Theory Y.

Question 22

Theory Y assumes that workers are not lazy,do not dislike work,and will do what is good for the organization.

Question 23

Trader Joe's approach to management is to create a policy of promotion from within the company so that the highest-performing salespeople could rise to become store captains and beyond in the organization.Trader Joe's always recognizes the need to treat employees (people)in a fair and equitable way.This philosophy of management is consistent with Theory Y.

Question 24

Managers must only focus on influencing the behavior within organizations because they have no control over the organization's relationship with its external environment.

Question 25

The use of information technology detracts from the usefulness of management science approaches.

Question 26

The contingency theory suggests that there is only one best way to organize.

Question 27

What is the process by which a division of labor occurs as different workers specialize in tasks?

A)Job specialization
B)Systems management
C)Management science
D)Job rotation
E)Scientific management

Question 28

Theory Y assumes that workers are lazy,dislike work,and will try to do as little work as possible.

Question 29

Which of the following was NOT part of "Fordism"?

A)Checking on how employees lived
B)Doubling wages
C)Cutting back on work hours
D)Not permitting employees to talk while on the line
E)Employee involvement

Question 30

Small workshops run by skilled workers who produced hand-manufactured products was a system known as:

A)NUMMI
B)Small batch production
C)Mass production manufacturing
D)Crafts production
E)Automation

Question 31

Typically,managers who work in a mechanistic structure can react more quickly to change than managers who work in an organic structure.

Question 32

Management science theory is a contemporary approach to management that focuses on the use of rigorous qualitative techniques to help managers make maximum use of organizational resources to produce goods and services.

Question 33

Esprit de corps is the French expression that refers to shared feelings of comradeship and enthusiasm.

Question 34

The Hawthorne effect suggested that workers' attitudes toward their managers have little to no affect on the level of workers' performance.

Question 35

The Human relations movement advocated that supervisors be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates in ways that elicit their cooperation and increase their productivity.

Question 36

In the Hawthorne studies,researchers found that as they raised and lowered the level of illumination,the workers' productivity increased.

Question 37

Peters and Waterman's In Search of Excellence identified three major principles to guide managers.These three principles verify Fayol's principles.

Question 38

When authority is centralized,only managers at the top of the organization make important decisions.

Question 39

Hewlett-Packard established a philosophy of management known as the "HP Way" that is people-oriented,stresses the importance of treating every person with consideration and respect,and offers recognition for achievements.This philosophy of management is consistent with Theory X.

Question 40

Fayol did recommend the use of organizational charts to show the position and duties of managers within the organization.

Question 41

What principle specifies that an employee should report to only one superior?

A)Line of authority
B)Unity of command
C)Centralization
D)Job specialization
E)Job design

Question 42

According to Fayol,the greater the number of levels in the management hierarchy,the __________ communication takes between managers at the top and bottom of the organization and the __________ the pace of planning and organizing.

A)Longer;faster
B)Longer;slower
C)Shorter;faster
D)Shorter;slower
E)None of the abovE.

Question 43

The Gilbreths are best known for their studies of:

A)Fatigue
B)Administrative management
C)Human relations
D)Management science
E)Bureaucracy

Question 44

The "chain of command" which describes the reporting relationships of managers from the top to the bottom of the organization is known as:

A)The line of authority
B)Responsibility
C)Unity of direction
D)Unity of command
E)Unity of authority

Question 45

A public works department's employee manual states that standard practice is that all employees working along the roadway should wear a "reflective vest" at all times.This is an example of:

A)A norm
B)A rule
C)A guideline
D)A program
E)A standard

Question 46

A mechanical engineer at TNT Manufacturing LLC reports jointly to the Engineering Manager and the Project Manager.This is a violation of which one of Fayol's principles?

A)Centralization
B)Unity of command
C)Unity of direction
D)Line of authority
E)Chain of command

Question 47

Car detailers at Scott's Car Center are required to log their time on each vehicle they detail.This practice is called:

A)A norm
B)The line of authority
C)A rule
D)The division of labor
E)A guideline

Question 48

An organization that has a comprehensive long range plan that guides the direction of every department within the organization is following Fayol's principle of:

A)Order
B)Line of authority
C)Unity of command
D)Unity of direction
E)Centralization

Question 49

Fayol's principles of order can be illustrated by:

A)Organizational chart
B)Job description
C)Unity of direction
D)Unity of responsibility
E)PERT chart

Question 50

Specific written instructions as to how a worker should perform an aspect of his or her work task are known as:

A)Norms
B)Standard operating procedures
C)Job specialization
D)Unity of command
E)Goals

Question 51

Formal written instructions that specify actions to be taken under different circumstances to achieve specific goals are known as:

A)Rules
B)Norms
C)Esprit de corps
D)Standard operating procedures
E)SOPs

Question 52

Unwritten,informal codes of conduct which prescribe how workers should act in specific work situations are known as:

A)Rules
B)Standard operating procedures
C)Ethics
D)Norms
E)Esprit de corps

Question 53

The power to hold workers accountable for their actions and to make decisions about the use of organizational resources is known as:

A)Power
B)Job specialization
C)Authority
D)Centralization
E)Unity of Command

Question 54

"Informal authority" can result from all the following EXCEPT:

A)Technical knowledge
B)Moral character
C)Hierarchical authority
D)The ability to lead
E)Job expertise

Question 55

Mamma Mia's Ristorante has an informal practice in which all the servers try to help each other out if they are not busy with customers.This practice is called:

A)Job specialization
B)A rule
C)Unity of direction
D)A norm
E)An open system

Question 56

When a restaurant has a standard practice that each cook should leave the kitchen in a clean condition and ready for the next shift,this is an example of:

A)An SOP
B)Bureaucracy
C)Job specialization
D)A rule
E)Equity

Question 57

Which of the following gives managers the right to direct and to control their subordinates in order to attempt to accomplish organizational goals?

A)Theory X
B)Centralization
C)Esprit de corps
D)Authority
E)Discipline

Question 58

The Marketing Manager at RST Global Inc.developed a five year marketing plan that deviated from the objectives outlined in the organization's strategic plan.The manager has deviated from which of the following?

A)Order
B)Line of authority
C)Unity of command
D)Unity of direction
E)Centralization

Question 59

When authority is concentrated at the top of the organizational chart instead of being distributed throughout the management hierarchy,we say that __________ has occurred.

A)Decentralization
B)A bureaucracy
C)Centralization
D)Scientific management
E)Job specialization

Question 60

The "number of levels" of management between the CEO and the first-line supervisors in the organization is a representation of which of Fayol's principles?

A)Unity of direction
B)Unity of command
C)Discipline
D)Centralization
E)Line of authority

Question 61

The idea that employees who stay with the organization for many years develop skills on the job which can help the organization to become more efficient is consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A)Equity
B)Order
C)Initiative
D)Discipline
E)Stability of tenure

Question 62

An organization that has developed respectful relations between organizational members and reflects the quality of an organization's leadership and a manager's ability to act fairly and equitably is a result Fayol's principle of:

A)Stability of tenure of personnel
B)Unity of direction
C)Order
D)Initiative
E)Discipline

Question 63

Fayol's principle of initiative suggests:

A)Managers should encourage employees to be creative
B)Creativity is only the responsibility of management
C)Innovation flows from the top down
D)Employees actions be monitored by a supervisor
E)Initiative flows from the top down

Question 64

An "organization chart" which shows who reports to whom for what is a representation of which one of Fayol's principles?

A)Centralization
B)Equity
C)Discipline
D)Order
E)Initiative

Question 65

Workers' feelings and thoughts can affect performance was one of the main implications of:

A)Fredrick Taylor work
B)Hawthorne studies
C)Max Weber's theory
D)Management science
E)Scientific management

Question 66

The study of the factors that have an impact on how workers respond to one another within organizations is known as:

A)The Hawthorne studies
B)Organizational behavior
C)Unity of command
D)Scientific management
E)Organic structure

Question 67

The Human relations movement advocates:

A)Employees are by nature lazy and avoid responsibility
B)Managers closely supervise all employees
C)Employees must also be monitored outside the workplace
D)Supervisors are to be behaviorally trained to manage subordinates
E)Employee is always right

Question 68

If an organization has a profit-sharing plan in which top executives are able to purchase the company's stock at a discount whenever the organization has a highly profitable year,this organization is acting consistently with Fayol's principle of:

A)Unity of command
B)Discipline
C)Line of authority
D)Unity of direction
E)Remuneration of personnel

Question 69

The idea that workers should be aware of how their behavior affects the performance of the organization as a whole is most consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A)Equity
B)Subordination of individual interests to the common interest
C)Remuneration of personnel
D)Unity of direction
E)Stability of tenure of personnel

Question 70

Which of the following is NOT a part of Fayol's principle of remuneration of personnel?

A)Employee pay is fair for both the employee and the organization
B)Encourage productivity by rewarding will directed effort
C)Not be subject to abuse
D)Be uniformly applied to all employees
E)Management pay be based on cost reductions

Question 71

Today's managers are paying particular attention to treating people fairly.This is most consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A)Discipline
B)Unity of command
C)Initiative
D)Order
E)Equity

Question 72

When a manager asks a subordinate to consider how his or her actions are impacting the entire organization instead of merely focusing on the subordinate's own interests,this manager is acting on the basis of Fayol's principle of:

A)Equity
B)Initiative
C)Subordination of individual interests to the common interest
D)Remuneration of personnel
E)Stability of tenure of personnel

Question 73

Obedience to a manager's request,along with other signs of respect for the manager's authority,is most consistent with Fayol's principle of:

A)Order
B)Discipline
C)Esprit de corps
D)Equity
E)Unity of command

Question 74

Managers who accept Theory Y:

A)Create a work setting that encourages commitment
B)Give little autonomy to workers
C)Focus on developing rules and procedures
D)Rely on rewards and punishments
E)View workers as lazy

Question 75

Whose theory holds that,"Authority should go with knowledge....whether it is up the line or down"?

A)Follett
B)Weber
C)Hawthorne
D)Fayol
E)Taylor

Question 76

The research studies which experimented with different levels of lighting and its impact on worker performance and fatigue are known as:

A)The Fayol studies
B)The Taylor studies
C)The Hawthorne studies
D)The Katz studies
E)The Weber studies

Question 77

All of the following are characteristics of the informal organization EXCEPT:

A)Groups tend to develop elaborate procedures.
B)Group norms are developed.
C)As more time passes members of the group bond.
D)Understanding the behavior is an easy process.
E)The informal organization can thwart the attainment of organizational goals.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT one of the contributions of Mary Parker Follett?

A)Managers should act as coaches,not monitors
B)Managers must recognize that workers try to avoid responsibility
C)The importance of cross-functional communication
D)Power should flow to the person with the most expertise in any given situation
E)Workers should be involved in job analysis

Question 79

When a manager and his or her subordinates share feelings of comradeship and devotion to a common cause,they are expressing Fayol's principle of:

A)Unity of command
B)Order
C)Discipline
D)Esprit de corps
E)Laissez-faire

Question 80

Managers who accept the assumptions of Theory X have the following characteristics EXCEPT:

A)Focus on developing SOPs
B)Develop a well-defined system of rewards and punishments
C)Give little autonomy to workers to solve problems
D)Focus on developing rules
E)Create a work setting that encourages commitment