Deck 7: A--Memory

Question 1

A mnemonic device is any memory aid that relies on encoding each item in a special way.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

State-dependent memory is the tendency to remember something better if your body is in the same condition during recall as it was during the original learning.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Individuals described as having a "high capacity" of working memory tend to also do well on tasks measuring mental rotation, visuospatial planning, and sequence learning.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

John spends ten hours studying for a test, and he spreads those ten hours over several days. Julie spends ten hours studying for the same test, but she studies all ten hours the day before the test. Because they spent an equal amount of time studying, they should get about the same scores on the test (assuming they are students of equal ability).

Question 5

Forgetting where or how you learned something is source amnesia.

Question 6

Episodic memory is memory for specific events in your life.

Question 7

The capacity of short-term memory for most normal adults is about seven items.

Question 8

If you want to remember a set of information for a long time, under a variety of conditions, the best advice is to study the information repeatedly at your usual work station (e.g., your desk).

Question 9

Working memory allows a person to do two auditory tasks (or two visuospatial tasks) at the same time without interference.

Question 10

The information-processing model compares human memory to that of a computer.

Question 11

Your favorite sports team unexpectedly wins a big game against a bitter rival. Your roommate informs you that he knew they were going to win because your team has been playing well, the rival team is overrated, etc. Your roommate's comments are an example of the hindsight bias.

Question 12

Based on research findings, psychologists have recommended to police that they use a sequential lineup procedure (the witness views one suspect at a time).

Question 13

Increasing the number of retrieval cues for a set of information increases the chances of being able to recall that information later on.

Question 14

According to the SPAR method of studying, you should take time while reading a chapter in your textbook to answer the Concept Check questions.

Question 15

People tend to lose semantic memories more quickly and easily than they lose episodic memories.

Question 16

Procedural memory is considered to be a type of implicit memory.

Question 17

According to the encoding specificity principle, the most effective retrieval cues will be the associations that were formed at the time of learning.

Question 18

People with a "high capacity" of working memory are more likely than other people to prefer a larger reward later instead of a smaller reward now.

Question 19

Memory processing in which the salience and recency of the information affects the degree to which it is saved is more similar to a computer model of memory than a human model of memory.

Question 20

Free recall, cued recall, recognition, and savings are all tests of explicit memory.

Question 21

People memorize a list of words best if they think about each word and form as many associations as possible with each word. This is known as the ____________________ principle.

Question 22

If you meet someone and use her correct name immediately but cannot remember it a half-hour later, the name probably was in your ____________________.

Question 23

One conclusion that emerges from all the research on brain damage and amnesia is that we clearly have different types of memory.

Question 24

Many clinicians now use the term ____________________ instead of repression, to refer to a memory that is stored but cannot be retrieved.

Question 25

Suppose you were given a list of names that included (among others) people who had been in your fourth-grade class. If you were asked to check off the names of those who were in your class, this would be a ____________________ test of memory.

Question 26

The central executive, phonological loop, and visuospatial sketchpad are all components of what has been called ____________________ memory.

Question 27

Because the concept of "short-term memory" seems to some to be incomplete and misleading, current researchers often substitute the term ____________________ memory.

Question 28

If asked to tell your social security number (without looking it up), you are being asked to perform a ____________________ memory test.

Question 29

You memorize a list of paired associates including "stone-rock." Later someone asks you what word on the list refers to a kind of music, and you do not think of the word "rock." This result is an example of the ____________________ principle.

Question 30

Remembering how to play the piano is an example of ____________________ memory.

Question 31

Research on children who have experienced traumatic events (e.g., witnessed the murder of their parents, been kidnapped) indicates that memories for traumatic events are most likely to be dissociated.

Question 32

Increased recall at the beginning and end of a list of information suggests ____________________ and ____________________ effects, respectively.

Question 33

Memory of a particular event in your life is ____________________; memory for factual information is ____________________.

Question 34

As an eyewitness to a crime, you are asked to identify the suspect out of a lineup. This is an example of a/an ____________________ test of memory.

Question 35

Free recall, cued recall, recognition, and savings are tests of ____________________ memory.
or

Question 36

An association that facilitates remembering information in long-term memory is known as a/an ____________________ cue.

Question 37

The serial-order effect refers to the tendency to remember the ____________________ items on a list better than all others.

Question 38

According to the ____________________ model of memory, human memory is most analogous to a computer.

Question 39

Your memory of an event that happened on your first day of high school is both a ____________________ memory and an ____________________ memory.

Question 40

If you are given an English word and asked to give the French equivalent, your memory is being tested by ____________________.

Question 41

A police officer is interviewing a young child, Alex, to try to determine whether or not the child was physically abused by another child during a recent visit to the park. The police officer first asks Alex if he was hit or hurt during his visit to the park. The officer then gives Alex two dolls and asks him to use the dolls to act out what occurred at the park. Finally, when Alex continues to struggle to describe any abusive event, the officer plays a tape in which a different child is describing a fight that took place at the park. The officer then asks Alex if he now remembers the event. Give at least two examples of strategies used by the officer that may negatively influence the accuracy of Alex's report.

Question 42

Individuals with amnesia typically have problems with ____________________ memories while ____________________ memories remain intact.

Question 43

Bob is preparing to study for his final exam in art history. He needs to review Chapter 12 of his textbook and has been told that he should use the SPAR method to study. Explain what each of the letters in the SPAR acronym stands for and give an example of how Bob would use each step to effectively study his reading.

Question 44

Lee has recently had a brain injury in which there was substantial damage to the hippocampus. During recovery, Lee finds that he is able to remember directions to the grocery store and the steps needed to shop (e.g. get a shopping basket, shop, pay for groceries and carry them out). However, Lee has extreme difficulty remembering the list of groceries that he established that he needed while he was at home. Furthermore, when he gets home, he finds that he is able to do simple tasks such as putting ice in his drink, but he becomes frustrated when he tries to remember all of the steps needed to use his espresso machine to make a drink. Given what we know about the hippocampus, explain why Lee exhibits the difficulties mentioned in the story.

Question 45

Isabella is read a list of the following words: carrot, cucumber, squash, green beans, zucchini and broccoli. Name the words which would most likely be remembered due to primacy and recency effects and explain why. Also, explain the phenomena that might lead Isabella to state that she had heard the word cauliflower.

Question 46

Mr. Dannemiller has recently been diagnosed with Korsakoff's syndrome. His doctor decides to give him a neuropsychological evaluation to assess his memory. He is given two tasks, one is to remember a list of twenty words and one is to remember a rather lengthy and detailed story about a little girl going to camp for the first time. When he is tested for his memory for both tasks, his doctor notices some prominent deficits. Describe three specific types of memory deficits that the doctor is likely to note, given Mr. Dannemiller's condition.

Question 47

The patient H.M. suffered memory problems after damage to his ____________________.