Deck 11: Motivated Behaviors

Question 1

Human motivated behavior is unlike the homeostatic action of a home thermostat control in that

A) only the thermostat works to maintain an optimal level.
B) only people act to raise levels that fall below homeostatic balance.
C) only thermostats act to raise levels that fall below homeostatic balance.
D) people anticipate future needs, as well as maintain current homeostasis.

Answer 1

people anticipate future needs, as well as maintain current homeostasis.

Question 2

Motivation based on the rewards and punishments that an act may bring is called?

A) homeostasis.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) drive reduction.
D) extrinsic motivation.

Answer 2

extrinsic motivation.

Question 3

The difference between the drive theory of motivation and the incentive theory is similar to the difference between

A) software and hardware.
B) eating and digestion.
C) mind and body.
D) push and pull.

Answer 3

push and pull.

Question 4

Drive theories disagree with incentive theories of motivation with regard to how they answer the following question:

A) Are all motivations equally strong or do some take priority over others?
B) Are the motivations of humans fundamentally similar to or different from the motivations of other species?
C) Does motivation depend on factors within the individual or on stimuli from the environment?
D) Are some people more motivated than others are because of differences in heredity or differences in environment?

Question 5

A motivation is regarded as homeostatic if

A) the individual develops the drive as a result of learning.
B) it occurs only on rare occasions.
C) the individual maintains some variable around a constant value.
D) it is at or near the highest level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs

Question 6

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic motivation?

A) writing a story just for the fun of it
B) writing a story to submit to a magazine for pay
C) writing a story because your instructor requires you to write it
D) writing a story to submit for a competition

Question 7

Which of the following facts tends to contradict the drive theory of motivation?

A) An individual who has just completed a meal will rest before engaging in any other activity.
B) Hormones can increase the activity of certain parts of the brain.
C) People sometimes try to increase their level of stimulation.
D) An individual who cannot engage in his or her preferred activity at a given moment may substitute some other activity.

Question 8

Although motivation can be difficult to define, your text defines motivation as

A) an unseen force that propels into action.
B) whatever makes our behavior more vigorous and energetic.
C) the process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome.
D) something that activates and directs behavior.

Question 9

Maintaining stability of temperature, body weight, body water, and other biological conditions is known as

A) homeostasis.
B) libido.
C) intrinsic motivation.
D) sensation-seeking.

Question 10

An internally generated tendency toward vigorous activity is known as __________; an external stimulus that pulls us toward a particular activity is known as __________.

A) sensation-seeking...homeostasis
B) a primary motivation...a secondary motivation
C) a drive...an incentive
D) an incentive...a drive

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of a behavior motivated by an extrinsic motivation?

A) working for pay at a grocery store
B) riding a roller coaster
C) reading a novel that was not assigned for class
D) going for a long walk

Question 12

The definition of motivation emphasizes the close relationship between motivation and:

A) intelligence.
B) conscious awareness.
C) the unconscious.
D) learning.

Question 13

A motivation to engage in an act for its own sake is called?

A) extrinsic motivation.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) drive enhancement.
D) homeostasis.

Question 14

Which of the following is the clearest example of a homeostatic motivation?

A) self-actualization
B) fear of failure
C) temperature regulation
D) desire to succeed

Question 15

Which of the following best supports an incentive view of motivation?

A) a hungry mouse runs to the end of a maze to get food
B) a thirsty child turns on the garden hose to get water
C) a woman eats a piece of birthday cake although she is not hungry
D) a wildcat licks its paw to remove a thorn

Question 16

Homeostasis refers to:

A) a kind of sexual energy
B) maintenance of an optimum level of biological conditions
C) sensation-seeking
D) engaging in an act for its own sake, without any external reward

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of motivation as described in drive reduction theory?

A) the desire to ride a roller coaster
B) the enjoyment of painting or other creative activity
C) an interest in trying unfamiliar foods just for variety
D) the desire to remove a painful splinter

Question 18

The process that determines the reinforcement value of an outcome is called

A) energization.
B) homeostasis.
C) overjustification.
D) motivation.

Question 19

According to the drive theory of motivation, what does a motivation do?

A) It energizes unconscious processes that pull us closer to our goal.
B) It changes a person's preferences among possible outcomes.
C) It stimulates the particular muscles that are necessary to carry out a particular behavior.
D) It makes behavior more vigorous until it satisfies some need.

Question 20

Which of the following is a good example of an incentive?

A) the tendency to do whatever is necessary to maintain body temperature within narrow limits
B) the tendency for a person with unacceptable sexual impulses to engage in some nonsexual behavior instead
C) the tendency to do little or nothing immediately after a large meal
D) the tendency of a non-hungry person to eat a very attractive and tasty food

Question 21

People typically prefer a reward now rather than a larger reward in the future. However, people tend to prefer to wait for a reward rather than receive it now if the reward is

A) relatively small or trivial.
B) relatively large or important.
C) emotionally exciting.
D) likely to be painful.

Question 22

One criticism of Maslow's hierarchy theory is that it

A) is to general.
B) is culture-specific.
C) is not relevant.
D) has to many levels.

Question 23

One way of stating the overjustification effect is that

A) an event that leads indirectly to the satisfaction of biological needs can eventually become a motivator.
B) when the normal way of expressing a motivation is blocked, the energy associated with it will spill over into other activities.
C) people who have done something because of extrinsic motivations no longer do them because of intrinsic motivations.
D) people can engage in a particular activity, such as eating, because of incentives, even if they have no drive at the moment.

Question 24

A fifth-grader has just learned how to do some simple programming on her dad's computer. Now, her class at school is learning programming and she gets gold stars for doing well. If the overjustification effect occurs, what is likely to happen this summer when she no longer gets stars for programming?

A) She will not work as hard as she did before she received the reward.
B) She will continue at about the same rate as before she was rewarded.
C) She will work harder than before she received the reward.
D) She will only work hard if there is a bigger reward later on.

Question 25

A monkey goes through several steps to open a box containing nothing, just for the fun of opening it. This is an example of

A) secondary motivation.
B) homeostasis.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) intrinsic motivation.

Question 26

Which of the following illustrates the concept of delay of gratification?

A) preferring $500 now rather than $1,000 one year from now
B) preferring $1,000 one year from now rather than $500 now
C) preferring a 1-in-1,000 chance at $10,000 rather than $10 for certain
D) preferring $10 for certain rather than a 1-in-1,000 chance at $10,000

Question 27

Abraham Maslow proposed that we resolve conflicts by a:

A) will to meaning
B) will to power
C) drive to succeed
D) hierarchy of needs

Question 28

Betsy used to paint as a hobby. Now that she has become a professional portrait painter, she no longer enjoys painting during her spare time. This change in her motivations is an example of

A) the overjustification effect.
B) homeostasis.
C) self-actualization.
D) the externality hypothesis.

Question 29

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, you satisfy your lower needs

A) while satisfying your higher needs.
B) before moving on to your higher needs.
C) after moving on to your higher needs.
D) before moving on to your middle needs.

Question 30

Bobby's parents want him to stop drawing on the walls. So for a few weeks they pay him to draw on the walls, then stop paying him. Sure enough, when they stop paying, he stops drawing. Which principle did his parents make use of?

A) homeostasis
B) Maslow's hierarchy of needs
C) overjustification effect
D) externality hypothesis

Question 31

Chuck's parents want him to learn to enjoy reading. Many psychologists would advise them not to pay him large rewards for reading. Why?

A) it interferes with his delay of gratification
B) externality hypothesis
C) homeostasis
D) overjustification effect

Question 32

Which of the following is probably an example of the overjustification effect?

A) Professional tennis players do not like to play tennis in their spare time.
B) Workers who are promised a bonus for increasing their productivity work harder than do workers who are not offered a bonus.
C) Children who are punished for touching the stove are more likely to quit touching it if the parents explain why they punished the children.
D) People who are trying to lose weight but who have just violated their diet are likely to overeat during the later meals of the day as well.

Question 33

For many people, the main motivation for certain behaviors (such as painting graffiti on walls) is "showing off." If someone now provides a small payment for the same behavior, the person's desire to do the behavior may actually decrease. The decreased motivation is an example of the

A) externality hypothesis.
B) overjustification effect.
C) principle of homeostasis.
D) hierarchy of needs.

Question 34

At the apex of Maslow's hierarchy is the need for

A) will to meaning.
B) will to power.
C) drive to succeed.
D) self-actualization.

Question 35

The tendency to defer gratification is a personality variable related to a person's ability to

A) inhibit the impulse to perform goal-directed behaviors.
B) feel happy in the face of adversity.
C) feel happy with a smaller, immediate reward rather than a larger, delayed reward.
D) choose a larger, delayed reward rather than an immediate, smaller reward.

Question 36

Playing the piano for the fun of it is an example of __________; playing the piano because one is being paid is an example of __________.

A) extrinsic motivation...intrinsic motivation
B) intrinsic motivation...extrinsic motivation
C) drive...homeostasis
D) homeostasis...drive

Question 37

You have been told you must receive a very painful, and completely unavoidable shock. Although you can't avoid the shock, you do get to choose when (within the next 10 years) you will receive the shock. If you are like most participants in a study who imagined such an event, you would choose to receive your shock

A) as far into the future as possible-10 years from now.
B) several years into the future-5 years from now.
C) fairly soon-several months from now.
D) as soon as possible-today.

Question 38

Research on delay of gratification suggests?

A) people usually select the immediate reward.
B) people are usually successful in delaying gratification .
C) people would rather delay a painful event instead of experiencing it immediately.
D) people would rather experience an emotionally exciting event immediately instead of delaying it.

Question 39

Suppose Shyla enjoys playing video games. If we start paying her substantial amounts to play more frequently, she may come to enjoy it less. This phenomenon is known as the:

A) overjustification effect.
B) opponent-process effect.
C) Zeigarnik effect.
D) von Restorff effect.

Question 40

Subjects in group A play a game for intrinsic motivations only. Subjects in group B are provided with extrinsic motivations as well. Then both groups are given a chance to play the game for only intrinsic motivations. What will probably happen?

A) Subjects in group A will be more interested in playing.
B) Subjects in group B will be more interested in playing.
C) Both groups will be equally and highly interested in playing.
D) Neither group will be interested in playing.

Question 41

Through which mechanism does insulin affect food intake?

A) It enables the intestines to digest certain types of protein that they would not otherwise be able to digest.
B) It increases the percentage of each meal that is stored as fats.
C) It increases the sensitivity of the taste buds to sugars.
D) It increases the preference for salty foods.

Question 42

You have won a contest, and the prize is a passionate kiss from your favorite celebrity! If you are similar to participants in a study who imagined such an event, you would choose to receive your kiss

A) as soon as possible. (Like right now!)
B) in a few days rather than right now.
C) at any time as much as another
D) never, because it probably won't be as good as you imagine it to be.

Question 43

An important source of energy for all parts of the body, and the main source of energy for the brain, is

A) sodium.
B) glucose.
C) phenylalanine.
D) insulin.

Question 44

How does the hormone insulin influence eating and hunger?

A) It increases the flow of blood to the lateral hypothalamus.
B) It regulates the entry of glucose into the cells.
C) It alters the sensitivity of the taste buds.
D) It controls the frequency of stomach contractions.

Question 45

Which hormone controls the rate at which nutrients (such as glucose) leave the blood and enter the cells of the body?

A) testosterone
B) estrogen
C) insulin
D) aldosterone

Question 46

Eating is limited by both short-term and long-term regulation. Which of these variables is most important for long-term regulation?

A) blood sugar level
B) body weight
C) stomach distention
D) the appearance and taste of the food

Question 47

Blood levels of insulin influence hunger because insulin

A) alters the taste buds.
B) acts as an enzyme to convert amino acids into neurotransmitters.
C) inhibits contractions of the stomach and the intestines.
D) causes sugars to leave the blood and to be stored as fats.

Question 48

When insulin levels are very low (as in diabetes),

A) glucose enters the fat cells and stays there.
B) the person does not feel hungry.
C) very little glucose enters the cells.
D) the brain uses proteins instead of glucose.

Question 49

The hormone insulin influences appetite by

A) altering the sensitivity of the taste buds.
B) regulating how much glucose enters the cells.
C) controlling the rhythm of stomach contractions.
D) stimulating activity by the skeletal muscles.

Question 50

Injecting insulin in a person whose levels are normal will result in

A) a decrease in appetite.
B) a high percentage of each meal being stored as fat.
C) the body's fat supplies being converted to glucose.
D) a low percentage of each meal being stored as fat.

Question 51

Consistently low levels of insulin will produce __________ appetite; consistently high levels of insulin will produce __________ appetite.

A) increased...decreased
B) decreased...increased
C) decreased...decreased
D) increased...increased

Question 52

How does a high level of blood insulin lead to an increase in appetite?

A) It causes glucose to be stored as fat instead of remaining available for use as energy.
B) It prevents glucose from entering the cells and thereby causes it to be excreted.
C) It directly alters the taste buds to increase their response to sweet tastes.
D) It increases the rate at which the body burns energy supplies and therefore increases the nutritional needs.

Question 53

When insulin levels are very high, glucose enters the cells of the body rapidly and much of it is stored as fat. If the insulin levels remain high, the stored fat cannot be used for energy. What happens to the person's appetite?

A) The appetite becomes very strong.
B) The appetite is about the same as usual.
C) The appetite becomes very weak.
D) The appetite fluctuates sharply from moment to moment.

Question 54

Insulin is released by the?

A) medial hypothalamus.
B) lateral hypothalamus.
C) pituitary.
D) pancreas.

Question 55

Weight gain is associated, at times, with

A) damage to the lateral hypothalamus.
B) consistently low insulin levels.
C) consistently high insulin levels.
D) consistently high levels of glucagon.

Question 56

Very low levels of insulin leads to weight __________; very high levels of insulin leads to weight __________.

A) gain; gain
B) gain; loss
C) loss; loss
D) loss; gain

Question 57

How does a high level of blood insulin lead to an increase in appetite?

A) It causes glucose to be stored as fat instead of remaining available for use as energy.
B) It slows digestive processes and therefore decreases the frequency of meals.
C) It directly alters the taste buds to increase their response to sweet tastes.
D) It increases the rate at which the body burns energy supplies and therefore increases the nutritional needs.

Question 58

An increase in the insulin levels in the body leads to

A) a willingness to eat bad-tasting foods.
B) prolonged nausea.
C) weight gain.
D) increased preference for salty foods.

Question 59

Which hormone causes a high percentage of each meal to be stored as fat?

A) epinephrine
B) prolactin
C) insulin
D) thyroid hormone

Question 60

For most people, insulin levels are higher in midday than they are in the middle of the night. This tendency helps to explain why people are generally

A) thirstier at night than during the day.
B) hungrier during the day than at night.
C) sleepier at night than during the day.
D) more active during the day than at night.

Question 61

The fat cells release a hormone that in effect tells the brain how much fat the body has, thereby decreasing appetite. That hormone is

A) vasopressin.
B) oxytocin.
C) leptin.
D) aldosterone.

Question 62

Leptin, a hormone that is released by the fat cells, travels to the brain, where it

A) decreases appetite.
B) increases appetite.
C) increases likelihood of body activity.
D) decreases the sex drive.

Question 63

Set point refers to

A) the constant body weight your body maintains.
B) the amount of insulin your body secretes in response to a meal.
C) the point of stomach distention that results in satiation.
D) the level of blood glucose that triggers the beginning of fat storage.

Question 64

Most Pima Indians today are seriously overweight because of two factors

A) a high stress environment and lack of vitamins.
B) genetics and a change in the food their culture eats.
C) genetics and a high stress environment.
D) prenatal environment and sleeplessness.

Question 65

An area of the brain that is especially important in determining when to start and stop eating is the

A) cerebellum.
B) hippocampus.
C) medulla.
D) hypothalamus.

Question 66

Most Pima Indians today are excessively overweight. The main reason is

A) stress and emotional tension.
B) inability to produce the hormone aldosterone.
C) a virus that attacks their hypothalamus.
D) a combination of genetic predisposition and diet.

Question 67

Among the Pima Indians, obesity became much more common over the last few decades because of a change in their

A) stress levels.
B) genetics.
C) self-esteem.
D) diet.

Question 68

Leptin is a chemical that is released by __________ and that provides a signal to the brain to __________.

A) fat cells...decrease eating
B) the stomach...avoid the most recently eaten food
C) muscles...increase eating
D) the kidneys...increase salt intake

Question 69

Leptin is a hormone released by the __________. It is an important contributor to __________.

A) the cerebral cortex...sexual motivation
B) the pancreas...selection of diet
C) fat cells...long-term appetite regulation
D) the kidneys and adrenal glands...thirst and temperature regulation

Question 70

Knowing the regions of the brain associated with hunger and satiation has led to a number of medical researchers developing weight loss drugs. So far, the drugs marketed have been

A) very effective, but only with the severely obese.
B) very effective, but only with individuals 10-15 pounds off of their set point.
C) disappointing, but only for the severely obese.
D) disappointing in their effectiveness.

Question 71

The excessive accumulation of body fat is called

A) obesity.
B) gluttony.
C) anorexia.
D) bulimia.

Question 72

Damage to the hypothalamus can lead to

A) overeating only.
B) undereating only.
C) severe undereating or overeating.
D) loss of insulin.

Question 73

Pima Indians, who live in the Sonoran Desert region of Arizona, illustrate cultural influences on eating habits in what way?

A) They refuse to change from their traditional diet, which tends to be high in calories, leading to obesity.
B) They refuse to change from their traditional diet, which lacks the proper nutrients, leading to malnourishment.
C) As they switched from their traditional diet to a typical American diet, a large percentage of Pimas developed bulimia.
D) As they switched from their traditional diet to a typical American diet, a large percentage of Pimas became obese.

Question 74

People tend to maintain a nearly constant body weight over the course of months, unless something unusual happens. That constant weight is referred to as

A) healthy weight.
B) equilibrium.
C) ideal weight.
D) set point.

Question 75

Which of the following is evidence in favor of the existence of a set point in body weight?

A) After certain kinds of brain damage, individuals gain weight.
B) Most people maintain a nearly steady body weight over a long time.
C) Most people are hungrier during the day than they are at night.
D) People eat more than they need when food tastes good and less than they need when it tastes bad.

Question 76

Following damage to the __________, a rat eats meals at a normal frequency, but each individual meal is enormous. The rat acts as if it no longer feels the usual sensation of distention.

A) salivary cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
D) ventromedial hippocampus

Question 77

A person or animal would be most likely to be overweight under which of the following conditions?

A) consistently low insulin levels
B) damage to the area in and around the lateral hypothalamus
C) diabetes
D) damage to the area in and around the ventromedial hypothalamus

Question 78

Grace is a 15-year-old dancer and competitive track star who is concerned that all of the other girls in her glass have started puberty but she has not. The most likely cause for the delay in puberty is

A) the inhibitory effects of adrenaline that is released during competition.
B) the inhibitory effects of increased muscle mass on hormone production.
C) too little body fat to release enough leptin to trigger puberty.
D) an elevated ratio of testosterone to estrogen as a result of exercise.

Question 79

Which area of the hypothalamus seems to be important for ending meals?

A) pulvinar
B) paraventricular
C) suprachiasmatic
D) ventromedial

Question 80

Long-term regulation of food intake depends on the hormone __________, which is released by fat cells.

A) glucagon
B) cholecystokinin
C) aldosterone
D) leptin