Deck 16: Performance-Enhancing Drugs

Question 1

Stimulant drugs like caffeine,amphetamines,and cocaine are sometimes considered to increase energy output and are,therefore,called __________ drugs.

A)androgenic
B)pharmacokinetic
C)ergogenic
D)tachyphylaxis

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of these was NOT one of the three reasons given for why we focus so much attention on drug use by athletes?

A)They are seen as role models for youth.
B)Athletes make so much money.
C)Drugs may give an unfair advantage and diminish the sport.
D)The athletes may be endangering their health.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

As part of the Omnibus Crime Control Act of 1990,anabolic steroids were

A)removed from dietary supplements and became prescription-only drugs.
B)listed as Schedule I controlled substances (no legal medical use).
C)listed as Schedule III controlled substances,with limited prescription refills.
D)required to be accurately labeled when included in dietary supplements.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

College athletes who want to avoid failing a drug test

A)can easily do so by not taking steroids and not taking amphetamines.
B)have to be sure to avoid eating almonds,because they might cause a false positive.
C)have to be very careful,because there are more than 3,000 products containing banned substances.
D)basically would have to not eat or drink anything the day of the event.

Question 5

Which of these was NOT mentioned as one of the psychological side effects of high doses of steroids?

A)memory loss
B)psychological dependence
C)mood swings
D)increased aggressiveness ("'roid rage")

Question 6

An American physician came back from the 1956 Olympic games after learning about the Soviets' use of a steroid drug and helped to develop and test more selective ____________ steroids.

A)short-acting
B)untraceable
C)anabolic
D)psychoactive

Question 7

One of the early types of stimulant drug reported to be used by boxers and others was

A)strychnine.
B)arsenic.
C)laudanum.
D)clenbuterol.

Question 8

After the National Football League banned the distribution of amphetamines in 1971,

A)random urine tests were used to make sure the players were not taking them.
B)there were half as many injuries as before the ban.
C)individual players could still get a prescription and use amphetamines if they wanted.
D)the ban was ignored,and most teams still bought amphetamines in large quantities for their players.

Question 9

Although testosterone and related anabolic steroids clearly increase muscle mass during puberty,it has been more difficult to determine scientifically whether adult men with normal testosterone can get much stronger from extra steroids,partly because

A)pure steroids have not been available for medical research.
B)no drug company will fund the research.
C)it would be unethical to expose research participants to the high doses of multiple steroids reportedly used by athletes.
D)the FDA doesn't want to find out that they might really work.

Question 10

During and after World War II,it was found that malnourished people could gain weight more rapidly if they were treated with

A)testosterone.
B)cocaine.
C)ephedrine.
D)St.John's wort.

Question 11

Laboratory studies of endurance on stationary bicycles have found that caffeine

A)can significantly improve work output at doses of 300-500 mg.
B)can double endurance at 80 mg,the amount in a can of Red Bull.
C)does not appear to improve performance.
D)does not work as well as it did in studies of marathon runners.

Question 12

So-called "pituitary giants" often die at an early age because their internal organs continue to grow due to excessive production of

A)red blood cells.
B)testosterone.
C)creatine.
D)human growth hormone.

Question 13

One ingredient in dietary supplements was banned by the FDA in 2004 after a Major League Baseball pitcher died from heat stroke after using it.The ingredient was

A)St.John's wort.
B)caffeine.
C)creatine.
D)ephedrine.

Question 14

The International Olympics Committee first established rules disqualifying competitors who failed or who refused to take drug tests in

A)1936.
B)1968.
C)1980.
D)1992.

Question 15

In the 1800s,the French cycling team endorsed Mariani's "wine for athletes" that contained

A)testosterone.
B)amphetamine.
C)a trace of bull's blood.
D)cocaine.

Question 16

It has been difficult to do double-blind,placebo-controlled studies on the effects of steroids because

A)the federal government will not allow research with controlled substances.
B)they produce detectable psychological effects.
C)the potency of the drugs is so variable from one sample to another.
D)the researchers could face a massive lawsuit.

Question 17

The 2003 BALCO scandal involved a laboratory that was

A)accused of taking bribes not to report positive urine tests.
B)selling amphetamines to professional football players.
C)importing testosterone from China.
D)selling a previously undetectable steroid to baseball players.

Question 18

Women who use steroids to increase their strength might produce some irreversible effects,including

A)fluid retention.
B)increased facial hair growth.
C)breast enlargement.
D)mood swings.

Question 19

Extensive testing of the effects of amphetamines has concluded that they

A)do not really improve athletic performances.
B)can improve performances by a few percentage points.
C)actually make people perform more poorly.
D)enhance total work output by 30 percent or more.

Question 20

One side effect of the tougher 2006 drug testing policies in Major League Baseball is that

A)as many as one-fourth of the players on some teams have been permanently banned from the league.
B)steroid use has increased further,because the players now cannot use amphetamines.
C)chewing tobacco use has increased.
D)more players are diagnosed with ADHD so they can have therapeutic-use exemptions to take stimulant drugs.

Question 21

Small amounts of the stimulant,caffeine,are allowed in most sports.

Question 22

In the National Football League,use of both amphetamines and steroids by players was banned in 1971.

Question 23

Which of the following stimulant drugs have been used as performance enhancers in athletic competitions

A)strychnine
B)cocaine
C)caffeine
D)all of the above

Question 24

At the highest level of athletic competition (such as the mile run),amphetamines are probably not beneficial as performance enhancers because they only improve performance by 1%.

Question 25

Stimulants are sometimes used as performance enhancers in academic settings as well as athletic competitions.

Question 26

Besides amphetamine,what other stimulant drugs have been or are being used by athletes to improve performance? Describe the current status of each of these.

Question 27

Some bodybuilders are trying to appear not only big and strong,but also lean.This is sometimes referred to as looking

A)hot and heavy.
B)wired or hacked.
C)cut,ripped,or shredded.
D)smooth or dry.

Question 28

An ideal body fat range for a healthy male is

A)6 to 9 percent.
B)14 to 20 percent.
C)25 to 30 percent.
D)35 to 37 percent.

Question 29

Mariani's Coca Wine,which was sold as "wine for athletes," was an early version of a cola drink containing large amounts of caffeine.

Question 30

Rather than testosterone,athletes prefer to use more selective androgenic steroids.

Question 31

Distinguish between the terms anabolic and androgenic when referring to steroid effects.What natural male hormone does both? What happens if women use anabolic steroids?

Question 32

One widely-used legal dietary supplement that has been shown to increase strength is

A)ginseng.
B)taurine.
C)creatine.
D)high fructose corn syrup.

Question 33

When applied to a drug,the word ergogenic means "energy-producing."

Question 34

Use of substances to enhance performance in athletic competition has been traced back to ancient Egyptians,early Greeks,and the Aztecs.

Question 35

Some beta-2 agonists sold for treating asthma have been used by athletes as "nonsteroidal anabolic agents."

Question 36

One concern about the use of high doses of steroids is increased aggressiveness,known as "roid rage."

Question 37

The origin of the word "dope" is derived from the Dutch word used in South Africa to refer to

A)a cheap brandy used to impair the performance of racing horses.
B)a cheap brandy used to improve the performance of racing horses.
C)a naturally-occuring opioid used to impair the performance of racing horses.
D)a naturally-occuring opioid used to improve the performance of racing horses.

Question 38

Describe the development and current state of drug testing in Olympic competition.

Question 39

Clenbuterol was first detected in Olympic athletes in 1992.Originally developed as a bronchodilator for treating asthma,this drug is

A)an anabolic steroid
B)a beta-2 agonist.
C)a serotonin agonist.
D)a derivative of strychnine.

Question 40

We have had scientific evidence of the effectiveness of amphetamines in enhancing athletic performance for about 50 years.

Question 41

Describe several legally available dietary (nutritional)supplements that are used as possible performance enhancers.What is known about their effectiveness?