Deck 13: Opioids

Question 1

By the beginning of the 20^th century,a greater percentage of Americans were dependent on opioids than at any time before or since.Opium smoking and medical use of injected pure morphine were important contributors to this,along with

A)intravenous use of heroin.
B)the growth of organized crime syndicates.
C)patent medicines containing opium extracts or morphine.
D)alcohol prohibition.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Heroin became the drug of choice for many opioid users

A)around 1900,because it could be injected.
B)during the 1920s,because it was easier to smuggle the small amounts needed for an effective dose.
C)during World War II,when supplies of raw opium were cut off.
D)in the 1960s,because users believed that it was more pure than other opioids.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

"Black tar" is

A)a name given heroin from Mexico that is brown or black in its pure form.
B)a type of street heroin that has been "cut" with powdered charcoal.
C)a synthetic opioid that is twice as potent as pure heroin.
D)an opium extract that is imported from Southeast Asia.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The earliest recorded use of opium as a medicine was probably by

A)the British,around 1600 AD.
B)Portuguese explorers,around 1400 AD.
C)Egyptians,around 1500 BC.
D)Romans,around 600 AD.

Question 5

Possession of opium,morphine,or heroin without a prescription was made a crime by

A)the 1906 Pure Food and Drugs Act.
B)a 1915 Supreme Court decision.
C)the 1970 Controlled Substances Act.
D)the 1986 Anti-Drug Abuse amendments.

Question 6

Naloxone,nalorphine,and naltrexone are examples of

A)NSAIDs.
B)opioid antagonists.
C)prescription opioids that are being misused and abused at increasing rates.
D)fake drugs sold over the Internet that are actually placebos.

Question 7

The 16^th century European physician Paracelsus,and later Dr.Thomas Sydenham promoted the use of

A)heroin.
B)laudanum.
C)opium smoking.
D)pure codeine.

Question 8

The two major active chemicals in opium are

A)morphine and codeine.
B)heroin and cocaine.
C)paregoric and laudanum.
D)meperidine and oxycodone.

Question 9

Which of these opioids is about 100 times as potent as morphine?

A)codeine
B)methadone
C)pentazocine
D)fentanyl

Question 10

In 1898,Bayer laboratories marketed diacetylmorphine tablets under the brand name

A)Darvon.
B)Sublimaze.
C)Demerol.
D)Heroin.

Question 11

Vicodin and OxyContin are examples of

A)NSAIDs.
B)narcotic antagonists.
C)prescription opioids that are being misused at relatively high rates.
D)fake drugs sold over the Internet that are actually placebos.

Question 12

Siegel and his colleagues have shown in animal studies that tolerance to opioids

A)is due to reduced absorption of the drug.
B)is not very great.
C)occurs after only a single exposure.
D)is partly due to conditioned responses.

Question 13

Enkephalins,endorphins,and dynorphins are

A)three types of opioid receptors found in the brain.
B)three classes of endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.
C)enzymes in the brain that convert morphine into its active form.
D)three chemical classes of synthetic prescription opioids.

Question 14

The Opium War of 1839-1842 resulted,among other things,in

A)the Chinese being allowed to continue to ship opium to India.
B)American ships being prevented from trading with China for many years.
C)the destruction of all poppy fields in Turkey.
D)the island of Hong Kong becoming a British possession.

Question 15

At the current time,most of the heroin in the U.S.originates from poppy fields in

A)Afghanistan.
B)Laos and Thailand.
C)Colombia and Mexico.
D)China.

Question 16

Papaver somniferum is the scientific name for

A)methadone.
B)the willow tree.
C)the opium poppy.
D)a research group studying sleep disorders.

Question 17

The fact that animals with no history of opioid withdrawal will press a lever to self-administer low doses of intravenous morphine or heroin demonstrates the importance of ____________ in developing opioid dependence.

A)withdrawal symptoms
B)positive reinforcement
C)peer pressure
D)tolerance

Question 18

One thing that apparently contributed to the spread of opium smoking in China was

A)a 1644 edict from the emperor forbidding tobacco smoking.
B)religious opposition to the use of alcohol.
C)widespread planting of opium poppies in China.
D)miners and railroad workers returning from America brought the habit with them.

Question 19

Although pain relief is now the major medical use for opioids,they have been used to save many lives (especially in underdeveloped countries)because of their ability to

A)decrease violent behavior.
B)lower blood pressure.
C)treat diarrhea.
D)decrease bleeding.

Question 20

The textbook says that opioid withdrawal is similar to

A)a bad case of intestinal flu.
B)a life-threatening disease.
C)a hangover from alcohol.
D)an allergy.

Question 21

Describe the typical withdrawal symptoms associated with physical dependence on opioids.

Question 22

Heroin is more potent than morphine because

A)it is often injected instead of swallowed.
B)it more readily crosses the blood-brain barrier.
C)it is a natural opioid.
D)it is a synthetic opioid.

Question 23

Long-term exposure to opioid drugs

A)has not been clearly shown to produce damage to any tissue or organ system.
B)causes damage to the mesolimbic dopamine system.
C)can weaken the heart.
D)is a common cause of kidney disease.

Question 24

The most popular prescription opioids are hydrocodone and oxycodone.

Question 25

In recent years,heroin use has been a rapidly spreading problem in the U.S.suggesting that it is becoming an epidemic.

Question 26

Withdrawal from opioid drugs is often fatal.

Question 27

In a heroin user,negative reinforcement of drug-taking behavior can occur when

A)the user overdoses and almost dies.
B)the person is trying the drug for the first time.
C)withdrawal symptoms are alleviated by another injection.
D)the user sees a needle or syringe.

Question 28

Describe how both positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement contribute to the development of dependence on opioid drugs.

Question 29

Long-term use of opioid drugs has been clearly shown to damage both the liver and the brain.

Question 30

Describe the most typical pattern of opioid abuse in the early 1900s,in the middle to late 1900s,and in recent times.

Question 31

Heroin was originally a brand name for diacetylmorphine,manufactured by Bayer laboratories.

Question 32

One of the major issues facing physicians today is that patients are not taking enough prescription opioids to manage their pain.

Question 33

The majority of U.S.soldiers who used heroin in Vietnam did so through the intravenous route because the drug was relatively impure.

Question 34

Naloxone and nalorphine are endogenous chemicals that have effects similar to morphine.

Question 35

Heroin first became popular among opioid abusers in the 1970s,due to returning Vietnam veterans.

Question 36

Morphine and codeine are derived from the opium poppy,Papaver somniferum.