Deck 22: Fungi Evolution and Diversity

Question 1

A sexual spore produced by a sac fungus is called a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)conidiospore.
C)ascospore.
D)basidiospore.
E)hypha.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following structures are NOT involved in sexual reproduction?

A)mushrooms
B)ascocarps
C)conidia
D)gametangia

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following fungi / Phylum associations is incorrect?

A)button mushrooms / Basidiomycota
B)morel mushroom / Ascomycota
C)Chytriomyces / Cytridiomycota
D)black bread mold / Zygomycota
E)cup fungus / Glomeromycota

Answer 3

E

Question 4

One of the long,branching filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of a fungus is called a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)conidium.
C)ascospore.
D)basidiospore.
E)hypha.

Question 5

Figure: Study the evolutionary relationships among fungi to determine if the following statements are true or false.
All fungi share a common ancestor as well as having a relatedness to animals.

Question 6

An asexual spore produced by a sac fungus or club fungus is called a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)conidiospore.
C)ascospore.
D)basidiospore.
E)hypha.

Question 7

Figure: Study the evolutionary relationships among fungi to determine if the following statements are true or false.
Molecular data suggests that AM fungi are more closely related to Sac than Club fungi.

Question 8

In time,bread becomes stale and grows mold on the exposed surfaces.Why does mold not begin growing inside the bread loaf?

A)Mold can grow only on dry surfaces.
B)Only molds at the surface of the bread can get oxygen to respire.
C)Mold actually begins from anywhere inside but produces colored spores only at the surface.
D)There is an antibiotic antagonism between the bread mold and the internal yeasts that made the bread rise.
E)The bread was sterilized when it was baked and thereafter mold spores from the air settle only on the outside of the cooled bread.

Question 9

The relationship between the fungi and algae in lichens is best described as

A)a simple cooperative mutualism between normally free-living strains.
B)a possible controlled parasitism wherein the fungi withdraw food from the algae and the algae do not benefit from the association.
C)an endosymbiotic transfer of the chloroplasts of algae to the hyphae cells.
D)a complete mixing of the genomes of the two groups at the cellular level.
E)a possible controlled parasitism wherein the algae are moistened and protected by the fungi,but the fungi do not benefit from the association.

Question 10

Which of the following spores is the result of asexual reproduction?

A)sporangiospores
B)zygospores
C)ascospores
D)basidiospores

Question 11

Figure: Study the evolutionary relationships among fungi to determine if the following statements are true or false.
Chytrids do not possess a shared derived characteristic that all other fungi possess.

Question 12

Which of the following traits are found in both fungi and animals?

A)heterotrophic & consume preformed organic matter
B)heterotrophic & absorb food
C)multicellular & saprotrophs
D)saprotrophs & contain cell walls of cellulose
E)saprotrophs & contain cell walls of chitin

Question 13

Figure: Study the evolutionary relationships among fungi to determine if the following statements are true or false.
Molecular data suggests that Club and Sac fungi are more closely related than Club fungi and Zygospore fungi.

Question 14

The parasitic sac fungus that grows on rye and other grains and contains the hallucinogenic chemical lysergic acid is

A)ergot.
B)Penicillin.
C)Rhizopus.
D)Saccharomyces.
E)Aspergillus.

Question 15

Fungal diseases include all of the following EXCEPT

A)thrush.
B)Strep throat (pharyngitis).
C)athlete's foot.
D)histoplasmosis.

Question 16

In differentiating fungi from plants and animals,which of the following statements is NOT true?

A)Animals are heterotrophic by ingestion while fungi are heterotrophic by absorption.
B)Plants have cell walls of cellulose; fungi have cell walls of chitin.
C)The energy reserve of fungi is starch while the energy reserve of animals is glycogen.
D)Fungal spores develop into haploid hyphae without embryo development; plants have embryo development.

Question 17

The presence of ____________ indicates that the air is healthy for humans to breathe.

A)lichens
B)ergot
C)yeast
D)mycorrhizae
E)smuts

Question 18

A mushroom would produce a sexual spore known as a(n)

A)mycelium.
B)conidium.
C)ascospore.
D)basidiospore.
E)hypha.

Question 19

The difference between septate hyphae and nonseptate hyphae is

A)a difference in haploid and diploid cells.
B)a distinction between saprotrophic fungi and parasitic or disease-causing fungi.
C)a classification trait that separates basidiomycotes from ascomycotes.
D)a distinction between plasmodial masses with many nuclei and nonliving zygospores.
E)determined by whether the hyphae have cross walls or lack cross walls.

Question 20

Dikaryotic cells of fungi

A)are just another form of haploid cells.
B)is just another name for diploid cells.
C)contain paired haploid nuclei that fail to fuse for an extended period of time.
D)are nonseptate plasmodial masses with many nuclei and no cell partitioning.
E)are potential symbionts that can join with algae to form lichens.

Question 21

Crustose,fruticose,and foliose are varieties of

A)rusts and smuts.
B)mushrooms.
C)yeasts.
D)lichens.
E)mycorrhizae.

Question 22

Which of the fungal groups is mismatched with the asexual spore produced?

A)Ascomycota-conidiospores
B)Basidiomycota-conidiospores
C)Zygomycophyta-sporangiospores
D)Chytrids-zoospores
E)None are mismatched.They are all correctly matched.

Question 23

Species of ________ are known to consume jet fuel and wall paint.

A)club fungi
B)sac fungi
C)AM fungi
D)Chytrids

Question 24

Which of the following statements about mycorrhizae is/are true?

A)Fungi may enter the cortex of plant roots but do not enter the cytoplasm of plant cells.
B)Plants are harmed,while fungi benefit.
C)The presence of the fungi give plants a greater absorptive surface for the intake of minerals.
D)All of the above are true.
E)All statements are true except that plants are harmed,while fungi benefit.

Question 25

Yeasts

A)are members of the ascomycota.
B)reproduce asexually by budding.
C)are responsible for beer,wine,and bread production.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

Poisonous or physiologically active chemicals found in various fungi include all of the following EXCEPT

A)muscarine and muscaridine.
B)psilocybin,a structural analog of LSD and mescaline.
C)ergot alkaloids.
D)digitoxin.

Question 27

The organism pictured here is a member of Phylum ________.

A)Basidiomycota
B)Ascomycota
C)Zygomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 28

Mycorrhizal sac fungi that live in association with oak and beech tree roots are

A)truffles.
B)yeast.
C)chytrids.
D)ergot.

Question 29

The organism pictured below is a member of Phylum ___________.

A)Ascomycota
B)Basidiomycota
C)Glomeromycota
D)Cytridiomycota

Question 30

Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis,which reproduces asexually through the production of zoospores,recently destroyed populations of harlequin frogs in Central and South America.It is a member of which phylum of fungi?

A)Zygomycota
B)Chytridiomycota
C)Basidiomycota
D)Glomeromycota

Question 31

Fungi are thought to have been the first kind of eukaryotic cells that evolved.

Question 32

The part of a mushroom that we eat is usually the reproductive structure that supports the fruiting body.

Question 33

Fungal infections are difficult to treat because

A)fungal and human cells are so similar that it is difficult to make fungal medications that do not harm human cells.
B)they "hide out" inside of cells,and have long latent periods where medications can not get to the organism.
C)they mutate very rapidly and therefore become resistant to most medications.
D)All of the above.

Question 34

A normal inhabitant of the vaginal tract that causes "yeast infections" under certain circumstances is Saccharomyces.

Question 35

__________,a black mold that grows well on building materials,causes "sick building syndrome" in those who have been chronically exposed to its toxins.

A)Histoplasma
B)Candida
C)Stachybotrys
D)Aspergillus

Question 36

The fungi that parasitize cereal crops such as corn,wheat,oats,and rye are the

A)stinkhorns.
B)yeasts.
C)truffles.
D)lichens.
E)rusts and smuts.

Question 37

When the cap of an average gilled mushroom is cut off and placed on paper,a spoke-like print eventually appears on the paper under the cap.This powdery material would be

A)mycelia.
B)sporangia.
C)hyphae.
D)basidiospores.
E)conidiospores.

Question 38

Determine which of the following scenarios would be most likely to occur if the cyanobacteria was removed from a lichen.

A)The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic cyanobacteria would no longer be available for the fungal cells.
B)The nutrients produced from the photosynthetic fungi would no longer be available for the bacterial cells.
C)The fungi would start to dry out due to the lack of water retention ability.
D)There wouldn't be any type of impact to the lichen at all.

Question 39

Which of the following information provides the strongest evidence to support the evolutionary relatedness between fungi and animals?

A)They both possess a cell wall made of chitin.
B)Both of them are heterotrophic.
C)Molecular data showing a similarity in DNA / RNA base sequences.
D)Some fungi and animals have flagella.

Question 40

Which is NOT a correct association of a fungus and product?

A)Rusts and smuts-truffles
B)Aspergillus-citric and gallic acid
C)Saccharomyces cerevisiae-beer and wine
D)Penicillium-antibiotics
E)Aspergillus-soy sauce

Question 41

Which of the following does not describe Phylum Ascomycota?

A)They are limited to only asexual reproduction.
B)Uses candidospores during reproduction.
C)Morel mushrooms are members of this phylum.
D)The fruiting body is known as an ascocarp.

Question 42

Cladosporium is a club fungus that is used to make beer and wine.

Question 43

Which of the following statements most accurately describes the structural components of fungi?

A)The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae.Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
B)The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae.Cellulose is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
C)The vast majority of fungi are unicellular organisms that are composed of a mycelium as well as individual hyphae.Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.
D)The vast majority of fungi are multicellular organisms that are composed of a single hyphae and multiple mycelium.Chitin is a structural carbohydrate that makes up the cell wall of fungi.

Question 44

Which of the following traits is not found in both fungi and animals?

A)saprotrophic
B)heterotropic
C)multicellular
D)consumers

Question 45

Many human diseases caused by sac fungi are acquired from the environment.

Question 46

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of Phylum Zygomycota? a.Hyphae of opposite mating strains touch each other
B)Gametangia merge,nuclei pair and fuse
C)Spores are released from the sporangium
D)Gametangia form at the end of the hyphae
E)A thick wall develops around the zygospore

A)a - d - b - e - c
B)a - b - e - c - d
C)a - b - c - d - e
D)e - d- a - b - c

Question 47

What is the correct order of reproduction in members of Phylum Basidiomycota a.Cytoplasmic fusion results in a dikaryotic mycelium
B)The mycelium produces basidiocarps
C)Nuclear fusion produces a diploid nucleus
D)Meiosis produces basidiospores
E)Spores germinate into haploid hyphae
F)Basidia develop on the gills of the mushroom
G)Basidiospores are released

A)a - b - f - c - d - g - e
B)a - b - f - d - c - g - e
C)a - c - f - d - c - g - e
D)a - b - f - c - d - g - e

Question 48

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi invade plant roots,with some species forming mutualistic associations that benefit both the fungus and the plant.

Question 49

Which statement is the most likely description of the common ancestor that exists between fungi and animals?

A)The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment.It was most likely a unicellular protist.
B)The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived on the terrestrial environment.It was most likely a unicellular protist.
C)The ancestor was a flagellated organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment.It was most likely a multicellular protist.
D)The ancestor was a multicellular organism that lived in some type of aquatic environment.It was most likely a flagellated protist.

Question 50

Based upon the current evolutionary tree,which of the following group would have the closest evolutionary relatedness to the fungi?

A)Choanoflagellates
B)Foraminiferans
C)Amoeboids
D)Cellular slime mold
E)Euglenoids

Question 51

Which of the following statements describes a mycorrhizae?

A)A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and the roots of most plants.
B)A mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants.
C)A mycorrhizae is a parasitic relationship between bacteria and the roots of most plants.
D)None of these statements describes a mycorrhizae.

Question 52

Mycorrhizae is a mutualistic relationship between fungi and algae in which the algae takes advantage of the fungi.