Deck 9: The Cell Cycle and Cellular Reproduction

Question 1

can be unleashed by internal or external signals.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

The diploid (2n)number of chromosomes for a human being is

A)23.
B)24.
C)44.
D)46.
E)48.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The function of mitosis is:

A)growth of the organism and tissue repair.
B)to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information.
C)asexual reproduction in some species.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

The function of mitosis is:

A)growth of the organism and tissue repair.
B)to ensure that each new cell receives a complete set of genetic information.
C)asexual reproduction in some species.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 5

Eukaryotic chromosomes

A)consist of both DNA and protein.
B)may occur as chromatin.
C)contain histones responsible for packaging DNA to fit into a small space.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 6

Cancer cells require many nutrients,which are supplied by blood vessels.The growth of new blood vessels to cancerous tissue is called:

A)angiogenesis
B)metastasis
C)carcinogenesis
D)apotosis

Question 7

are only present in the cell immediately before apoptosis begins.

Question 8

Interphase:

A)occupies the majority of the cell cycle
B)includes G1,S and G2 stages
C)results in an increase in cell size
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 9

Virtually all specialized cells of multicellular organisms

A)develop through mutation from less specialized cells of the organism.
B)contain more genetic material than less specialized cells of the same organism.
C)contain less genetic material than less specialized cells of the same organism.
D)have the same amount of DNA and the same number of chromosomes as all other cells of the organism and develop from the same basic stem cells.

Question 10

Which statement is NOT true about eukaryotic chromosomes?

A)There is only one chromosome of each type in each body cell.
B)Chromosomes contain both DNA and associated histones.
C)Chromosomes condense from chromatin at the start of mitosis.
D)Chromosomes disperse back into chromatin at the end of mitosis.
E)Chromosomes are not located within the nuclear envelope during mitosis.

Question 11

The region that contains the genetic information in a bacterial cell is called the

A)nucleus.
B)nucleoid.
C)nucleolus.
D)nucleosome.
E)nucleoprotein.

Question 12

Apoptosis

A)is programmed cell death.
B)is a process that acts to decrease the number of somatic cells.
C)frees the fingers and toes of the human embryo from their 'webbed' structure to independent structures.
D)All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Which of the following is NOT true concerning mitosis?

A)Plant cells lack centrioles while animal cells do not.
B)Both plant and animal cells undergo cytokinesis.
C)Mitosis allows growth and increase in size in both plants and animals.
D)Animal cells form a cell plate during cytokinesis while plant cells do not.

Question 14

are ordinarily held in check by inhibitors.

Question 15

Which is NOT true about the chromosomes of a multicellular organism?

A)They are made up of DNA and protein.
B)Each chromosome is replicated into two chromatids during the S phase of interphase.
C)Each chromosome separates into two daughter chromosomes by binary fission.
D)All cells contain chromosomes that carry the same genetic information.

Question 16

What is the result of a cell not meeting the criteria to pass the G₁ checkpoint?

A)The cell cycle halts.
B)The cell may enter the G₀ stage.
C)The cell may undergo apoptosis.
D)All of the above.
E)None of the above.

Question 17

If a parent cell has 48 chromosomes,how many chromosomes will each daughter cell have after mitosis and cytokinesis occurs?

A)24 chromosomes
B)48 chromosomes
C)12 chromosomes
D)96 chromosomes

Question 18

What structure will code for the proteins that will promote the normal cell cycle and prevent apoptosis?

A)Tumor suppressor genes
B)Oncogenes
C)Caspases
D)Proto-oncogenes

Question 19

The enzymes that bring about apoptosis are: called caspases.

Question 20

Generally,animals build an organism using the diploid number of chromosomes.However,insects in the order of ants,wasps and bees can use a haploid-diploid system where adults of one sex are formed with a haploid number of chromosomes.This would mean that

A)a single set of chromosomes is sufficient to code for a functional individual.
B)a female could determine the sex of the offspring by fertilizing or not fertilizing an egg.
C)the males and females are not equally "related" to their mothers considering the proportion of genes held in common.
D)All of the choices are true.
E)this system in no way differs from regular diploid organisms.

Question 21

Which statement is NOT true about mitosis?

A)Mitosis is a process that duplicates and divides the nuclear contents only.
B)Mitosis produces two daughter cells that contain the same number of chromosomes as the parent cell.
C)Mitosis produces two daughter cells that contain the same kinds of chromosomes as the parent cell.
D)Mitosis uses a diploid (2n)parent cell to form daughter cells containing a haploid number(n)of chromosomes.
E)Mitosis is involved in development of a fertilized egg into a multicellular organism.

Question 22

Which does NOT occur in telophase?

A)Cytokinesis is under way.
B)The nuclear envelope is being reconstructed.
C)The centromeres split apart.
D)Chromosomes de-condense into chromatin.
E)The nucleolus reforms.

Question 23

Below the skin are "stem cells" that divide,with some cells continuing the stem cell line and others being pushed toward the surface to flatten and die and be sloughed off.In the bone marrow other stem cells produce erythrocytes that lose their nucleus and function for a few months in the bloodstream before they too die.Such "dead end" cells that reproduce no further

A)leave the cell cycle in a G₀ phase,which immediately follows telophase.
B)leave the cell cycle in a G₃ phase,which immediately follows G₂.
C)halt in the midst of the S phase.
D)continually cycle but simply fail to go through cytokinesis.
E)reverse from G₂ to G₁.

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true about cancer cells?

A)They never fully differentiate.
B)They exhibit contact inhibition.
C)They exhibit uncontrolled growth.
D)They exhibit disorganized growth.
E)They may undergo metastasis.

Question 25

Binary fission in bacteria differs from mitosis because

A)the chromosome copies attach to the plasma membrane and are pulled apart by cell growth.
B)the chromosome is a simple DNA strand without complex proteins and no spindle forms.
C)there is no nuclear membrane to break down and rebuild.
D)All of the choices are correct.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 26

The haploid (n)number of chromosomes for a human being is

A)23.
B)24.
C)44.
D)46.
E)48.

Question 27

During which stage of the cell cycle is cell growth and replication of organelles most significant?

A)M phase
B)G₁ phase
C)G₂ phase
D)S phase
E)G₀ phase

Question 28

Apoptosis refers to cell death and

A)is always biologically detrimental to an organism.
B)is merely the accumulation of genetic errors.
C)is any failure of the genetic machinery to work properly.
D)is a failure in the translation or transcription mechanism.
E)can be programmed and is essential to normal development.

Question 29

Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle?

A)G₁,G₂,S,M
B)G₁,G₂,M,S
C)G₁,M,G₂,S
D)G₁,S,G₂,M

Question 30

Although cancer may originate in many regions of the body,many patients die from cancerous growth in the lungs,lymph glands,or liver.This is most readily explained as

A)spreading of cancer by angiogenesis.
B)metastasis occurring more commonly in organs that have a filter effect.
C)proteinase enzymes making cancer particularly damaging to these tissues.
D)growth anywhere but in these organs is called benign.
E)due to these organs simply being more susceptible to cancer.

Question 31

Oncogenes are all of the following EXCEPT:

A)mutated proto-oncogenes
B)cancer causing genes
C)genes that stimulate uncontrolled cell divisions
D)tumor suppressor genes

Question 32

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from this process in animal cells because

A)the plant endoplasmic reticulum forms a cell plate.
B)microtubules are laid down in a plywood-like cell plate pattern.
C)the Golgi apparatus produces vesicles that migrate along microtubules and fuse to become a cell plate.
D)the inner plasma membrane divides by cytokinesis as in animal cells and then secretes a cellulose cell wall.
E)asters coalesce to form a fibrous plate that reinforces with cellulose.

Question 33

What factors are evaluated before a cell is allowed to proceed through the G₁ checkpoint?

A)growth signals
B)availability of nutrients
C)the integrity of cellular DNA
D)all of the above
E)none of these

Question 34

Which is NOT correctly associated with cancer?

A)Angiogenesis forms new blood vessels and brings nutrients and oxygen to the tumor.
B)The disorganized mass of cells is encapsulated and does not invade adjacent tissue.
C)Metastasis establishes new tumors distant from the site of the primary tumor.
D)Cells have receptors to adhere to basement membranes,then secrete proteinase enzymes to invade underlying tissues.

Question 35

Which stage is most associated with a cell that is unable to divide again,such as a muscle or nerve cell?

A)M phase
B)G₁ phase
C)G₂ phase
D)S phase
E)G₀ phase

Question 36

The critical checkpoints that control the cell cycle are the:

A)M to G₁ stage and G₂ to M stage.
B)S to G₂ stage and G₂ to M stage.
C)G₁ to S stage and G₂ to M stage.
D)M to G₁ stage and S to G₂ stage.

Question 37

In some organisms,mitosis occurs without cytokinesis.This results in:

A)cell death
B)a multinucleated cell
C)cells arrested in the G₀ phase
D)cells with no nucleus
E)uncontrolled cell division

Question 38

Which sequence of stages in mitosis is correct?

A)prophase,anaphase,prometaphase,metaphase,telophase
B)prophase,telophase,anaphase,prometaphase,metaphase
C)prophase,prometaphase,metaphase,anaphase,telophase
D)telophase,anaphase,prophase,prometaphase,metaphase
E)anaphase,prometaphase,metaphase,prophase,telophase

Question 39

Angiogenesis:

A)is the growth of blood vessels into the tumor
B)is directed by additional mutations in tumor cells
C)brings nutrients and oxygen to a tumor
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 40

What occurs in anaphase?

A)Centrioles move to opposite poles.
B)Chromosomes move to opposite poles.
C)Chromosomes line up along the equator of the dividing cell.
D)The nuclear envelope disappears.
E)The nuclear envelope is constructed.

Question 41

Viruses and chemical exposure can cause mutations in proto-oncogenes which can lead to cancer.

Question 42

Which statement below best describes the difference between mitosis and cytokinesis?

A)mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the nuclear material while cytokinesis divides the cytoplasm
B)mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that divides the cytoplasm while cytokinesis divides the nuclear material
C)mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that uses a contractile ring to divide the nuclear material while cytokinesis uses the contractile ring to divide the cell membrane
D)mitosis is the portion of the cell cycle that uses a cell plate to divide the cell membrane in plant cells while cytokinesis uses a contractile ring to divide the cell membrane in animal cells

Question 43

What is (are)the structures designated by the letter 'A'.

A)spindle fibers
B)centrioles
C)chromosomes
D)kinetochore microtubules

Question 44

Organisms produced as a result of mitosis exhibit a great deal of genetic variation.

Question 45

What phase of mitosis is pictured?

A)prophase
B)prometaphase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 46

Generally,brain and nerve cells are not able to regenerate after injury because they have left the cell cycle and are unable to return.

Question 47

The purpose of therapeutic cloning is:

A)to produce an individual to the donor of the nucleus
B)to produce specialized tissue cells
C)to stimulate cells that have been arrested in the S phase
D)none of the above

Question 48

Cloning can only be carried out using adult stem cells.

Question 49

What phase of mitosis is pictured?

A)prophase
B)prometaphase
C)metaphase
D)anaphase
E)telophase

Question 50

The event that signals the start of anaphase is

A)division of the centromeres to separate sister chromatids.
B)migration of the centrioles to opposite poles of the nuclear space.
C)a cleavage furrow starts to form.
D)asters disappear.

Question 51

Which of the following statements applies to mitosis but not to cytokinesis?

A)it contains a checkpoint that will evaluate the quality of the cell
B)requires a large amount of ATP in order for the cellular mechanisms to function
C)if it is disrupted it can lead to an abnormal cell
D)it results in two daughter cells that are half the size of the original cell

Question 52

Which statement below lists the correct steps for binary fission?

A)1.attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane,2.enlargement of cell volume,3.DNA replication occurs,4.cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart,5.a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half
B)1.attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane,2.enlargement of cell volume,3.DNA replication occurs,4.a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half,5.cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart
C)1.a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half,2.attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane,3.enlargement of cell volume,4.DNA replication occurs,5.cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart
D)1.enlargement of cell volume,2.attachment of chromosome to the plasma membrane,3.DNA replication occurs,4.cell elongates and chromosomes are pulled apart,5.a new cell wall and plasma membrane divide the cell in half

Question 53

Contact inhibition stops normal cells from dividing when they come in contact with neighboring cells,but this is not functional in cancer cells.

Question 54

Generally,complex organisms do require more genes to control their synthesis and organization than do primitive organisms.However,the numbers of chromosomes vary from ants with 2,molds with 8-14,humans with 46,potatoes with 100 and the crayfish with 200! Some birds and insects have chromosomes that dwindle in size into obscurity,so it is not possible to establish a diploid number.How do you explain this situation?

A)there must be no relationship between amount of genetic information and complexity of the organism.
B)the number of genes per chromosome may vary among organisms,preventing a simple relationship between chromosome number and complexity.
C)birds and insects probably cannot follow the same mitotic laws as other organisms.
D)All of the choices are correct.