Deck 22: An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease

Question 1

Which of the following statements are true of resident flora (microbiota)? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The nasal cavities have a smaller flora than do the bronchioles.
B)Many of our resident flora prevent pathogens from establishing themselves.
C)Some colon flora produce vitamins that are useful to us.
D)The urinary bladder should have only a small population,and the blood should be free of bacteria.
E)Resident skin flora include fungi as well as bacteria.
F)Few pathogens reach the lungs,and those that do are quickly destroyed by red blood cells.

Answer 1

B,C,D,E

Question 2

The sweeping of ciliated epithelium normally prevents pathogens from reaching the:

A)stomach
B)liver
C)skin
D)lungs

Answer 2

D

Question 3

In women,the vagina has:

A)a small bacterial flora
B)a medium-sized bacterial flora of no significance
C)a medium-sized bacterial flora that creates an alkaline pH
D)a large bacterial flora that creates an acidic pH

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Which of the following statements are true of portals of entry and exit? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The reproductive tract is the only portal of entry for the pathogens of sexually transmitted diseases.
B)Even a small break in the stratum corneum is a potential portal of entry for bacteria.
C)The HCl in gastric juice destroys many pathogens that enter with food and drink.
D)There is no direct portal of entry to the human nervous system.
E)The human large intestine is a portal of exit for water-borne diseases such as cholera.
F)The nose is a possible portal of entry but not a portal of exit.

Question 5

The bacterial population of the urinary bladder is:

A)virtually nonexistent
B)medium sized
C)large
D)very large,but urination keeps removing the bacteria

Question 6

A microorganism that is usually harmless but may become a pathogen in specific circumstances is called:

A)a facultative anaerobe
B)an opportunist
C)antigenic
D)self-limiting

Question 7

The flaking of the stratum corneum continuously removes pathogens from the:

A)mouth
B)lining of the trachea
C)skin
D)stomach

Question 8

Hydrochloric acid destroys most pathogens that get to the:

A)intestines
B)stomach
C)lungs
D)mouth

Question 9

Which of the following statements are true of yeasts and molds? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)A superficial mycosis affects the skin or mucous membranes.
B)Yeasts in small numbers may be part of the resident flora of the skin or oral cavity.
C)The molds that form mycelia are not considered part of resident flora.
D)People with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to systemic mycoses.
E)Several systemic mycoses are lung infections following the inhalation of spores.
F)Molds are true pathogens in that they always cause disease whenever they are present.

Question 10

Which statement is NOT true of the normal flora (microbiota)of a person?

A)The urinary bladder is virtually free of bacteria.
B)The skin has a small bacterial and fungal population,especially where the skin is dry.
C)The blood should be free of microorganisms.
D)The oral cavity has fungi and protozoa as well as bacteria.

Question 11

Which of the following statements are true of viruses? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)A virus has either DNA or RNA surrounding its protein core.
B)To reproduce,a virus must be within a living cell.
C)Viruses spread from person to person only by direct contact.
D)Viruses cause disease by killing the cells they reproduce within.
E)The enzymes secreted by viruses are needed for them to obtain food.
F)Some viruses require insect vectors to spread from host to host.

Question 12

With respect to the skin,the largest resident flora would be found in the:

A)femoral area
B)patellar area
C)iliac area
D)plantar area

Question 13

The part of the small intestine with the largest resident flora (microbiota)is the:

A)duodenum
B)jejunum
C)ileum
D)cecum

Question 14

Which of the following statements are true of infections and disease? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)When the number of cases of a disease rises sharply,the disease is called endemic.
B)Subclinical is a synonym for asymptomatic or inapparent.
C)An acute infection is always localized,and a chronic infection is always widespread.
D)A communicable disease is not always contagious,and a contagious disease is not always communicable.
E)A post-op infection of abdominal skin sutures is an example of a nosocomial infection.
F)A person who has recovered from a disease but remains a source of the pathogen is considered a carrier.
G)When influenza is followed by bacterial pneumonia,the pneumonia is considered a secondary infection.
H)A zoonosis is a disease that affects only wild animals.

Question 15

With respect to the skin,the largest resident flora would be found in the:

A)cervical area
B)axillary area
C)frontal area
D)deltoid area

Question 16

Which statement is NOT true of the normal flora of a person?

A)The bacteria in the vagina create an alkaline pH that inhibits the growth of pathogens.
B)The colon has bacteria that produce vitamins,especially vitamin K.
C)The cilia of the nasal cavities sweep inhaled microorganisms to the pharynx.
D)The part of the small intestine with the smallest bacterial population is the duodenum.

Question 17

Our resident colon flora (microbiota)is important to us because the bacteria produce:

A)vitamins
B)minerals
C)carbohydrates
D)all of the above

Question 18

Which of the following statements are true of vectors and the diseases they spread? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)The human body louse is the vector of typhoid fever.
B)Mosquitoes are vectors of malaria and yellow fever.
C)Vectors spread disease when they bite humans or other warm-blooded animals.
D)The deer tick is the vector of Lyme disease and West Nile encephalitis.
E)Fleas are vectors of bubonic plague,epidemic typhus,and sleeping sickness.
F)The vector of a pathogen may be an essential part of the life cycle of that pathogen.

Question 19

Which of the following statements are true of bacteria? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Bacterial DNA is always in pairs of circular chromosomes.
B)The chemical structure of the cell wall of bacteria is the basis for the Gram stain.
C)A bacterial capsule inhibits phagocytosis by white blood cells.
D)Bacterial flagella permit attachment to a host cell.
E)Many bacterial toxins are enzymes the bacteria use to obtain food.
F)A bacterial spore is a reproductive structure that produces four bacteria from onE.
G)"Coccus" is to "sphere" as "bacillus" is to "square."
H)Anaerobic bacteria do not reproduce in the absence of oxygen.

Question 20

Which of the following statements are true of sterilization and pasteurization? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)

A)Pasteurization is the pathogen-destroying process for milk and milk products.
B)An antiseptic is a chemical that kills pathogens on inanimate surfaces.
C)A disinfectant is a chemical that kills pathogens on the skin or living tissue.
D)Boiling drinking water for a minute will kill most bacteria but may not kill bacterial spores.
E)Surgical instruments must be sterilized after each usE.
F)Bleach is an effective bactericide.

Question 21

A subclinical infection is one in which the person:

A)has no symptoms
B)does not have to see a doctor because the symptoms are mild
C)can be sure of recovery by drinking lots of fluids to lower the fever
D)should see a doctor if the fever is over 100.6°F

Question 22

An infection in which the person has no symptoms is called:

A)subclinical
B)asymptomatic
C)inapparent
D)all of these

Question 23

A disease that is normally present in a population,with an expected number of cases,is said to be:

A)endemic
B)epidemic
C)pandemic
D)epidemiologic

Question 24

A secondary infection is possible if a person:

A)is fatigued
B)is malnourished
C)has an infection that lowers resistance
D)does not take vitamin pills

Question 25

Septicemia is the presence of bacteria in the:

A)blood
B)lungs
C)cerebrospinal fluid
D)intestines

Question 26

Which of these is NOT a zoonosis?

A)chicken pox
B)rabies
C)plague
D)Lyme disease

Question 27

Bacteria that require oxygen in order to reproduce are called:

A)deoxygenated
B)oxygenated
C)aerobic
D)anaerobic

Question 28

Bacteria that cannot reproduce in the presence of oxygen are called:

A)deoxygenated
B)aerobic
C)facultatively anaerobic
D)anaerobic

Question 29

Spherical bacteria that grow in chains are called:

A)staphylococci
B)streptococci
C)diplococci
D)none of these

Question 30

When more than the usual number of cases of a disease occurs in a population,the disease is said to be:

A)endemic
B)epidemic
C)pandemic
D)epidemiologic

Question 31

Rod-shaped bacteria are called ____,and spiral bacteria are called ____.

A)bacilli/cocci
B)spirilla/cocci
C)spirilla/bacilli
D)bacilli/spirilla

Question 32

A zoonosis is a disease that:

A)people give to their pets
B)people get from visiting zoos
C)people acquire from animals,the natural hosts
D)people acquire,but without symptoms

Question 33

Rod-shaped bacteria that grow in chains are called:

A)staphylobacilli
B)diplobacilli
C)streptobacilli
D)palisade bacilli

Question 34

An inapparent infection is one in which the person has no:

A)cough
B)rash
C)fever
D)symptoms at all

Question 35

The presence of bacteria in the blood is called:

A)septicemia
B)bacteremia
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and a chronic infection

Question 36

Which of these is a zoonosis?

A)measles
B)encephalitis
C)mumps
D)whooping cough

Question 37

An infection in which the person has symptoms is called:

A)symptomatic
B)apparent
C)clinical
D)all of these

Question 38

Which statement is NOT true of disease terminology?

A)An acute infection often has a rapid onset.
B)A self-limiting infection lasts a predictable period of time.
C)A chronic infection is often long lasting.
D)An endogenous infection is one that is acquired from food.

Question 39

Bacteria that can reproduce in the presence or absence of oxygen are called:

A)easy to please
B)multi-aerobic
C)facultatively anaerobic
D)pseudo-anaerobic

Question 40

An endemic disease is one that:

A)has gotten out of control
B)is spreading very rapidly
C)must be contained by quarantine measures
D)is expected in a population

Question 41

The cell walls of bacteria:

A)prevent rupture of the bacterial cell
B)are often either gram positive or gram negative
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and are the site of ATP production

Question 42

A nosocomial infection is one that is acquired:

A)at home
B)at work
C)by way of the nose
D)in a hospital

Question 43

Bacterial cells that have capsules are:

A)able to resist phagocytosis by the host's WBCs
B)able to move by sliding
C)likely to be stuck in the host's respiratory mucus
D)able to resist boiling

Question 44

Bacteria capable of self-locomotion have:

A)cilia
B)flagella
C)false feet,like amoebas
D)microvilli

Question 45

An antibiotic that is effective against just a few kinds of bacteria is called:

A)broad spectrum
B)narrow spectrum
C)single spectrum
D)wide spectrum

Question 46

A bacterial spore is a form that is:

A)resistant to heat
B)dormant,that is,inactive
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and resistant to cold

Question 47

The part of a bacterial cell that makes it gram positive or gram negative is the:

A)cell wall
B)cell membrane
C)spore
D)capsule

Question 48

Most bacteria that are able to form spores are found in:

A)freshwater
B)saltwater
C)the soil
D)the bodies of warm-blooded hosts

Question 49

Flagella enable bacteria to:

A)survive without oxygen
B)form spores
C)divide and reproduce
D)move

Question 50

Which statement is NOT true of bacterial cell structure?

A)The cell membrane is either gram positive or gram negative.
B)Bacteria with flagella are able to move.
C)Spores enable bacteria to survive drying.
D)Capsules inhibit phagocytosis by host WBCs.

Question 51

If part of a bacterial cell is antigenic,that means it stimulates the formation of:

A)antibodies
B)other antigens that are related
C)toxins
D)other bacteria

Question 52

The part of a bacterial cell that enables it to resist phagocytosis by WBCs is the:

A)cell wall
B)capsule
C)spore
D)cell membrane

Question 53

An infection that is acquired in a hospital or other healthcare facility is called:

A)institutional
B)neonasal
C)nosocomial
D)exoendogenous

Question 54

Bacteria usually reproduce by a process called:

A)binary fusion
B)meiosis
C)spore formation
D)binary fission

Question 55

Bacterial chemicals that are harmful to host cells are called:

A)antibodies
B)antigens
C)toxins
D)minerals

Question 56

Binary fission is the process by which:

A)viruses reproduce
B)bacteria get into host cells
C)viruses cause disease
D)bacteria reproduce

Question 57

A systemic infection is one that:

A)has spread from its initial site
B)may be spread by the blood
C)may be spread by the lymph
D)is all of these

Question 58

Most bacteria stimulate antibody production because they:

A)are antigenic,recognized as foreign
B)have receptor sites for antibodies
C)inhibit other aspects of the immune system
D)cannot be phagocytized

Question 59

Bacteria that might normally be killed by heat may survive if they are able to form:

A)capsules
B)proteins
C)spores
D)toxins

Question 60

An antibiotic that is effective against many kinds of bacteria is called:

A)broad spectrum
B)narrow spectrum
C)multispectrum
D)polyspectrum

Question 61

Mucous membrane tracts may be colonized by bacteria because they have:

A)openings to the environment
B)openings that are portals of entry
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and they have no defenses

Question 62

The time between the entry of a pathogen and the beginning of symptoms is called the:

A)dormant stage
B)noncommunicable stage
C)incubation period
D)outcubation period

Question 63

Respiratory pathogens are most often spread by:

A)saliva on eating utensils
B)droplets from nasal secretions
C)cutaneous contact
D)vectors

Question 64

A hospital patient whose urinary bladder infection is caused by the person's own colon flora is said to have an infection that is:

A)endogenous and localized
B)exogenous and systemic
C)endogenous and systemic
D)exogenous and localized

Question 65

The way a pathogen gets into a host is called the:

A)access site
B)transfer site
C)portal of entry
D)portal of exit

Question 66

A portal of exit may be:

A)the nose
B)the mouth
C)skin punctured by a mosquito
D)all of these

Question 67

A disease such as salmonella,which is acquired from contaminated food,is called:

A)communicable
B)contagious
C)noncommunicable
D)gustatory

Question 68

Which of these is LEAST important for preventing nosocomial infections?

A)proper disposal of a patient's urine and feces
B)healthcare personnel washing their hands thoroughly between patient visits
C)proper disposal of syringes
D)closing the door of the patient's room

Question 69

A portal of entry may be:

A)permanent,such as the mouth
B)temporary,such as a break in the skin
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and constant,such as the nose

Question 70

A potential source of infection for some diseases is:

A)an animal reservoir
B)a human carrier
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and a person with a subclinical infection

Question 71

A disease such as malaria,which is spread by a vector,is called:

A)communicable
B)contagious
C)noncommunicable
D)insectivorous

Question 72

Intestinal pathogens are usually spread by the:

A)oral-oral route
B)fecal-oral route
C)oral-fecal route
D)fecal-fecal route

Question 73

The way a pathogen leaves a host is called the:

A)portal of exit
B)transfer site
C)portal of embarkation
D)deaccess site

Question 74

A disease that may be spread directly or indirectly from host to host is called:

A)communicable
B)contagious
C)noncommunicable
D)none of these

Question 75

A disease such as tetanus,which is acquired by soil contamination of a wound,is called:

A)communicable
B)contagious
C)noncommunicable
D)none of these

Question 76

A person who recovers from a disease but continues to shed the pathogen is called:

A)an alternate host
B)a zoonotic host
C)a carrier
D)a transmitter

Question 77

Potential sources of infectious disease include:

A)animals
B)food and water
C)objects people have touched
D)all of these

Question 78

A disease such as cholera,which is spread by contaminated water,is called:

A)communicable
B)contagious
C)noncommunicable
D)aquatic

Question 79

The incubation period of diseases:

A)varies with each disease
B)usually has a normal range for each disease
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and is always measured in weeks

Question 80

Which of these is MOST important for preventing nosocomial infections?

A)proper disposal of a patient's urine and feces
B)healthcare personnel washing their hands thoroughly between patient visits
C)proper disposal of syringes
D)closing the door of the patient's room