Deck 14: Psychoneuroimmunology and Immune-Related Disorders

Question 1

HIV is transmitted by _____ a person suffering from AIDS.

A)touching
B)sharing needles with
C)breathing the air near
D)being near

Answer 1

sharing needles with

Question 2

Which of the following will improve immune functioning during stressful events?

A)Finding benefits
B)Being alone
C)Being pessimistic
D)Using avoidance coping

Answer 2

Finding benefits

Question 3

Which of the following is a positive effect of depression?

A)Undisturbed sleep
B)Rapid wound healing
C)Increase in cellular immunity
D)Shorter inflammatory responses

Answer 3

Rapid wound healing

Question 4

_____ may mute the adverse effects of stress on the immune system.

A)Relaxation training
B)Pessimism
C)Repressing one's thoughts about the stressful event
D)Considering stress to be uncontrollable

Question 5

Which of the following best defines autoimmune diseases?

A)Diseases in which the immune system is not able to produce antibodies
B)Diseases in which the immune cells' attacks do not affect the foreign agent
C)Diseases in which the immune system fails to recognize the foreign agents that have entered the body
D)Diseases in which the immune system attacks the body's own tissues, falsely identifying them as invaders

Question 6

The interactions among behavioral, neuroendocrine, and immunological processes of adaptation are referred to as:

A)health psychology.
B)psychoneuroimmunology.
C)behavioral medicine.
D)psychosomatic medicine.

Question 7

Which of the following best describes rheumatoid arthritis?

A)It is a disease of lifestyle.
B)It is a disease that typically attacks men.
C)It is a disorder that can be cured by diet.
D)It is an autoimmune disorder.

Question 8

_____ levels are indicative of inflammatory activity and may increase in response to stress.

A)Cytokine
B)Serotonin
C)Thyroxine
D)Oxytocin

Question 9

AIDS is caused by a _____.

A)bacterial virus
B)protozoan
C)retrovirus
D)bacteria

Question 10

Activation of the HPA axis:

A)increases the number of white blood cells.
B)reduces the release of cytokines.
C)decreases the level of glucocorticoids.
D)increases in humoral immunity.

Question 11

Studies of personality and coping styles have found that the stress-immune functioning relationship is moderated by:

A)optimism.
B)avoidance coping.
C)isolation.
D)pessimism.

Question 12

Evidence suggests that some of the adverse effects of depression on immunity may be mediated by:

A)hostility.
B)disturbed hypothalamic functioning.
C)poor maturation of the immune system.
D)sleep disturbances.

Question 13

The tendency to seek social support and the perception that one had good emotional support were associated with _____ suggesting buffering of stress responses.

A)low NK cell activity
B)high NK cell activity
C)high T cell activity
D)low T cell activity.

Question 14

Who among the following is likely to have low NK cell activity?

A)Martha who is using avoidant coping methods to cope with the stress caused by the death of a friend
B)Amanda who is using active coping strategies to cope with stress caused by her recent divorce
C)Sean who is receiving emotional support from his wife to cope up with his work stress
D)Hector who is optimistic about being unemployed

Question 15

HIV primarily affects:

A)helper T cells and macrophages.
B)monocytes and granulocytes.
C)natural killer cells.
D)B cells.

Question 16

Which of the following statements is true of short-term stressors?

A)It activates immune cells that may help defend against wounds and infection.
B)It up-regulates immunity against specific invaders.
C)It leads to rapid decrease in immune cells.
D)It results in a shift from cellular immunity to humoral immunity.

Question 17

_____ is a generalized defense against pathogens.

A)Natural immunity
B)Specific immunity
C)Passive immunity
D)Humoral immunity

Question 18

Which of the following statements is true of the relationship between stress and the immune system?

A)Brief stressors lead to changes in cytokine production.
B)The immune system responds in the same way to all types of stress.
C)Specific immunity increases in response to acute short-term stressors.
D)Natural immunity decreases in response to immediate short-term stressors.

Question 19

Juan is very stressed about his recent divorce.He is preoccupied with his ex-wife.How is this stress likely to affect his immune system?

A)It will not affect his immune system.
B)His immune system will be less active than before.
C)His immune system will be more active than before.
D)Certain immune parameters will function better than before.

Question 20

Long-term provision of care to friends or family members with long-term illness has been linked to adverse effects on almost all functional measures of the immune system.This can be attributed to caregivers':

A)poor eating habits.
B)disrupted sleep patterns.
C)experience of severe stressors.
D)poor hygiene.

Question 21

Which of the following will occur first in a person affected with AIDS?

A)Reduction in helper T cell activity
B)Swollen glands
C)Chronic diarrhea
D)Skeletal pain

Question 22

Who among the following are likely to be better adjusted and most successful in coping with AIDS?

A)Paul, who is confident that the medical personnel who staff his experimental treatment program are outstanding in the field
B)Mary, who contracted AIDS through a transfusion and feels that she has no personal control over the disease
C)Tom, who has turned to alternatives of traditional medicine and feels that his holistic practitioner can best arrest the progression of the disorder
D)John, who feels that he can control the disease and its symptoms and has taken personal responsibility for its treatment

Question 23

Hayden found out that he is HIV seropositive during his last general checkup.But, Hayden has not experienced any of the symptoms that indicate the onset of AIDS.Which of the following will lead to the onset of the disease in Hayden?

A)Positive beliefs about self and future
B)Negative expectations of the disease
C)Being surrounded by friends and family
D)Disclosing his HIV seropositive status

Question 24

Sarah was recently informed that she is affected by AIDS.She is very depressed and has isolated herself from her friends.Which of the following should she do to fight against AIDS?

A)Practice meditation
B)Reduce physical exercise
C)Not disclose her HIV+ status
D)Use avoidance coping methods

Question 25

Which of the following statements is true of cognitive-behavioral interventions?

A)They need to be directed only at improving health behaviors.
B)They need to be directed only at stress management.
C)They can help in maintaining adherence.
D)They have no effect on the viral load.

Question 26

The most promising development in the treatment of AIDS is:

A)an HIV vaccine.
B)AZT.
C)HAART.
D)DDI.

Question 27

Who among the following are likely to adhere to HAART?

A)People with social support
B)Homeless people
C)IV drug users
D)Alcoholics

Question 28

The time between progression from HIV+ status to a diagnosis of AIDS is most strongly influenced by:

A)individual differences.
B)socioeconomic factors.
C)sexual orientation.
D)ethnicity.

Question 29

Which of the following psychological factors are associated with the onset or progression of cancer?

A)Emotional support
B)Anxiety
C)Social support
D)Optimism

Question 30

Who among the following is likely to develop AIDS slower?

A)Hispanics who test positive for HIV
B)Blacks who test positive for HIV
C)Whites who test positive for HIV
D)People from lower socioeconomic status who test positive for HIV

Question 31

Who among the following are likely to develop fewer cancers?

A)Alcoholics
B)Married people
C)People who are malnourished
D)People who consume fat

Question 32

Cognitive-behavioral intervention programs that work with other at-risk populations may not work as well with IV drug users because:

A)their peer group has too much influence.
B)they may lack good impulse control.
C)methadone programs don't work with them.
D)needle exchange programs are ineffective.

Question 33

Which of the following statements is true of cancer?

A)Most cancers are genetically inherited.
B)Many cancers have small growth cycle.
C)The same treatment is used for all cancers.
D)The same symptoms are expressed by all cancer patients.

Question 34

Who among the following is most likely to disclose their HIV status?

A)Someone who wants to protect his family
B)People with a strong support network
C)Those who are less likely to use condoms during intercourse
D)People with Latin origin

Question 35

Which of the following is an early symptom of central nervous system impairment in people suffering from AIDS?

A)Seizure
B)Disorientation
C)Profound dementia
D)Psychomotor retardation

Question 36

All cancers result from:

A)immunocompromise.
B)a dysfunction in RNA.
C)a dysfunction in DNA.
D)a reduction in DNA.

Question 37

Albert has been suffering from cancer for a year.The progression of the disease was faster in the first few months and later decreased gradually.Although Albert was suffering from cancer, the symptoms were more controlled in the later months.Which of the following is most likely the reason for the change in the course of the disease?

A)He was sleeping more and used active coping methods during the first few months.
B)He was using repressive coping methods to deal with cancer during the later months.
C)He accepted the fact that his cancer was fatal, and he will die during the later months.
D)He was not able to accept that he was suffering from cancer during the first few months.

Question 38

Educational interventions are an effective means of:

A)primary prevention for HIV+ individuals.
B)reducing behaviors that might infect others.
C)primary prevention for uninfected participants.
D)understanding the progression of the disease.

Question 39

Which of the following has been found to contribute to positive adjustment and long-term survival among people with AIDS?

A)Passive coping methods
B)Concealing one's sexual orientation
C)Disclosing one's HIV-seropositive status
D)Pessimism

Question 40

People who use the Internet to manage their HIV seropositive status are likely to _____ than those not using the Internet.

A)use passive coping skills
B)have less social support
C)engage in more information-seeking coping
D)be less knowledgeable about the disease and more interested in sharing their experience.

Question 41

Studies of diabetic control and adherence indicate that the best outcomes are found among adolescents who have:

A)individual therapy.
B)family therapy.
C)parents who are actively involved in tasks such as monitoring glucose levels.
D)a dense social support network.

Question 42

Which of the following is a symptom of rheumatoid arthritis?

A)Nausea
B)Inflammation
C)Poor vision
D)Poor cognitive functioning

Question 43

_____ is an autoimmune disease that tends to affect the weight-bearing joints: the hips, knees, and spine.

A)Blood cancer
B)Osteoarthritis
C)Lyme disease
D)Cushing's disease

Question 44

_____ develops when the smooth lining of a joint, known as the articular cartilage, begins to crack or wear away because of overuse, injury, or other causes.

A)Cancer
B)Leprosy
C)Osteoarthritis
D)HIV

Question 45

Studies with human subjects indicate that exposure to stressors is related to immunologic change.

Question 46

Which of the following statements is true of rheumatoid arthritis?

A)It is the least crippling form of arthritis.
B)It primarily occurs in middle-aged people and the elderly.
C)It is usually fatal.
D)It is relatively unaffected by stress and psychological variables.

Question 47

Susan, Sarah, and Charlotte are suffering from breast cancer.Susan is a middle-class white woman with advanced breast cancer.Her family and friends provide her with emotional and instrumental social support.Sarah is a Hispanic woman from a working-class family.Her parents are deceased, her siblings do not contact her, and her husband and children are too frightened to be of much support.Charlotte is an African-American woman who was widowed recently.According to the scenario, who is more likely to survive the longest?

A)Susan
B)Sarah
C)Charlotte
D)There is no way to predict mortality in these cases.

Question 48

In therapy that is based on _____, therapists try to focus on the specific issues faced by the cancer patient.

A)long-term analysis of a patient's psyche
B)intense psychotherapy model
C)passive coping techniques
D)crisis intervention format

Question 49

Studies have found impaired immune functioning among bereaved individuals.

Question 50

Which of the following parts of the body will be affected by osteoarthritis?

A)Skin
B)Spine
C)Blood
D)Kidney

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true of osteoarthritis?

A)It cannot be managed through active coping methods.
B)It can be managed by reducing one's weight.
C)It affects the muscles around the bones.
D)It is common in children.

Question 52

Impaired immune functioning has been found in samples of adults who have experienced short-term marital conflict, marital separation, and divorce.

Question 53

One of the most common symptoms for women with AIDS is a gynecologic infection.

Question 54

Humoral immunity operates at the cellular level and is mediated by T lymphocytes.

Question 55

Which of the following best describes rheumatoid arthritis?

A)It is an autoimmune disease that only attacks the thin membrane surrounding the joints.
B)It is a chronic disorder in which complete recovery is not possible.
C)It usually results in depression which may enhance the pain.
D)It occurs only in middle-aged and older people.

Question 56

Which of the following statements best describes osteoarthritis?

A)It affects only the small joints of the wrists and hands.
B)It affects only the joints in the spine.
C)It involves the deterioration of cartilage in weight-bearing joints.
D)It is a genetic disorder.

Question 57

_____ is a most common difficulty experienced as a result of cancer.

A)Depression
B)Eating disorders
C)Anxiety disorders
D)Social awkwardness

Question 58

Susan has breast cancer.She is anxious and depressed.Although she receives a lot of help from her family and friends, she is unable to manage her treatment regime.She is scared of losing the organ and is worried about the reoccurrence of the cancer and pain.She is also worried that her cancer might be fatal.Her oncologist is like to recommend her therapy that follows the _____ format.

A)crisis intervention
B)intensive psychotherapy
C)self-help
D)psychoanalysis

Question 59

Which of the following statements is true of Type I diabetes?

A)It develops relatively late in life (after age 40).
B)It accounts for 90 percent of all diabetics.
C)It is characterized by an abrupt onset of symptoms.
D)It is primarily managed by reducing the sweet intake.

Question 60

Cancer patients who receive social support are likely to express:

A)improved immunologic responses, as it helps to improve their psychological status.
B)problems in psychological adjustment, because the support is usually not provided by professionals.
C)social awkwardness, because they are surrounded by people who do not know what they are experiencing.
D)depression, because it leads to the thought that they may not live as long as the others.

Question 61

How are depression, loneliness, and interpersonal conflict associated with the immune system?

Question 62

The most prevalent of the autoimmune diseases is cancer.

Question 63

Past sexual practice is an important predictor of AIDS-related risk behaviors.

Question 64

Japanese American women are more susceptible to breast cancer the longer they have lived in the United States and the more they have adopted the American culture.

Question 65

People suffering from Type I diabetes have higher adherence to self-management programs compared to the other programs.

Question 66

Why do people suffering from Type I diabetes show low adherence to self-management programs and their treatment regimen?

Question 67

How do psychosocial factors influence the initiation and course of cancer?

Question 68

A person may test HIV-seropositive (HIV+) but be free of a diagnosis of AIDS for years.

Question 69

she would like to know what to expect in terms of her friend's medical condition.What advice would you give her?

Question 70

Explain how stress is related to immune functioning and how the immune system responds to stress.