Deck 3: Health Behaviors

Question 1

_____ is the perception that one can perform an action, and that the action will have the intended effect.

A)Perceived vulnerability
B)Perceived threat reduction
C)Perceived health threat
D)Perceived behavioral control

Answer 1

Perceived behavioral control

Question 2

The rationale underlying self-monitoring is that:

A)people must understand the dimensions of the poor health habit before change can begin.
B)people should believe that a health measure will reduce potential health threats.
C)people should be afraid of their poor health habits in order to induce change.
D)people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits.

Answer 2

people must understand the dimensions of the poor health habit before change can begin.

Question 3

_____ refers to the belief that one is capable of making a health behavior change.

A)Assertiveness
B)Framing
C)Actualizing
D)Competence

Answer 3

Competence

Question 4

Russell had a few drinks for the first time at a party, and woke up the next day with a splitting headache.He thought his vision was blurred, and he could barely remember what he had planned for the day.He instantly realized that he may be vulnerable to health risks due to alcohol and decided to quit immediately.In this scenario, Russell's health habits are most likely to be controlled by his _____.

A)personal goals
B)perceived symptoms
C)social influence
D)intelligence

Question 5

People who are identified as intelligent in childhood:

A)are more likely to take calculated health risks in adulthood.
B)will be more knowledgeable in adulthood, but less healthy.
C)may develop cognitive distortions in adulthood.
D)have better health-related biological profiles in adulthood.

Question 6

When a person desires to practice a health behavior, it can be achieved by making a plan that links critical situations, or environmental cues to goal-directed responses.This is emphasized in the _____ model.

A)Implementation Intentions
B)Self-Determination Theory
C)Health Belief
D)Transtheoretical

Question 7

Threatening messages that are designed to change health behaviors can cause _____ and lead people to respond defensively.

A)psychological distress
B)physiological symptoms
C)negative perceptions
D)physical stress

Question 8

According to the theory of planned behavior, behavioral intentions are made up of:

A)attitudes to a specific action, subjective norms, and perceptions of control.
B)dimensions of poor health habits, and self-monitoring.
C)behavior changes, autonomous motivation, and perceived competence.
D)perceptions of vulnerability, magnitude of health threat, and self-efficacy.

Question 9

The _____ theory examines how people appraise health threats, and how they appraise their abilities to manage threats.

A)Implementation Intention
B)Protection Motivation
C)Self-Determination
D)Planned Behavior

Question 10

A(n) _____ may initially develop because it is reinforced by a positive outcome, but eventually becomes independent of the reinforcement process.

A)intervention
B)appeal
C)precontemplation
D)health habit

Question 11

_____ is the belief that one can control one's practice of a particular behavior.

A)Health locus-of-control
B)Self-esteem
C)Self-criticism
D)Self-efficacy

Question 12

Health promotion efforts most commonly capitalize on _____.

A)personal control
B)personal goals
C)values
D)teachable moments

Question 13

_____ messages are more persuasive for encouraging health behaviors with certain outcomes.

A)Prevention
B)Promotion-oriented
C)Negative
D)Positive

Question 14

Education appeals make the assumption that:

A)people who are predisposed to depression may react especially poorly to information about their risks.
B)people from families with a familial disorder may know that their personal risk is higher.
C)people will change their health habits if they have good information about their habits.
D)people are afraid that a particular habit is hurting their health, and they will change their behavior to reduce their fear.

Question 15

Focusing health promotions on people who are at-risk is more beneficial because:

A)it is obvious that people who are not at risk are more likely to stay healthy.
B)it is easier to prevent health problems among those who are not at risk.
C)it helps to identify other factors that may increase risks.
D)it helps to gradually reduce their risks.

Question 16

Most often people do not always perceive their risks correctly, and they view their poor health behaviors as shared by everyone.This perception is often _____.

A)unrealistically optimistic
B)unrealistically pessimistic
C)socially influenced
D)unambiguous

Question 17

A health habit is a health behavior that:

A)is only performed under supervision of health specialists.
B)is especially important for at-risk individuals to adopt.
C)is not always beneficial to an individual's metabolism and immune system.
D)is often performed automatically without awareness.

Question 18

_____ is experienced when individuals have free will, and choice to make decisions regarding health behavior change.

A)Self-reinforcement
B)Locus of control
C)Autonomous motivation
D)Perceived competence

Question 19

Which of the following statements best defines health promotion?

A)A philosophy that good health is a personal and collective achievement
B)The practice of preventing a disease rather than curing it
C)The performance of a health behavior automatically without awareness
D)A social activity designed to enhance and maximize awareness

Question 20

The _____ scale measures the degree to which people perceive their health to be under their personal control.

A)health locus of control
B)window of vulnerability
C)health belief model
D)abstinence violation effect

Question 21

_____ is when a person acts as his or her own therapist, along with guidance from outside, in order to modify the antecedents and consequences of the target behavior.

A)Self-control
B)Self-efficacy
C)Self-talk
D)Self-actualization

Question 22

The use of Antabuse in the treatment of alcoholism involves having the client sip his or her favorite drink while ingesting Antabuse.After several pairings, alcohol becomes associated with the Antabuse and elicits a(n) _____.

A)conditioned response
B)conditioned stimulus
C)unconditioned response
D)unconditioned stimulus

Question 23

Positive self-punishment involves:

A)rewarding oneself with something desirable after successful modification of a behavior.
B)administering an unpleasant stimulus to punish an undesirable behavior.
C)withdrawing a positive reinforcement in the environment each time an undesirable behavior is performed.
D)removing an aversive factor in the environment after successful modification of the target behavior.

Question 24

A behavioral response is most resistant to extinction if it is maintained by a _____ reinforcement schedule.

A)continuous
B)variable
C)random
D)static

Question 25

The most important principle in modeling is _____.

A)synergy
B)differentiation
C)similarity
D)persuasion

Question 26

Wanda's weight-loss counselor has observed that she has a self-defeating pattern of beliefs and cognitions about her inability to control overeating.Specifically, when she eats something that is not allowed on her diet she instantly loses hope, and ponders over her weak will power.Wanda's counselor is trying to encourage her to think otherwise, and continue with her diet routine even if she waivers a few times.In this case, the therapist is utilizing a technique called _____.

A)cognitive restructuring
B)positive reinforcement
C)self-monitoring
D)self-punishment

Question 27

_____ is learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.

A)Classical conditioning
B)Operant conditioning
C)Modeling
D)Guided participation

Question 28

A discriminative stimulus is important because:

A)it helps in distracting an individual from performing the target behavior.
B)its occurrence helps to eliminate a target behavior.
C)it signals that a positive reinforcement will occur.
D)it is incapable of eliciting a target behavior.

Question 29

Adolescents often begin to drink or smoke to reduce their nervousness in social situations by trying to communicate a cool and sophisticated image.This behavior is usually a response to _____.

A)depression
B)medication
C)social anxiety
D)relapse

Question 30

Relapse is more likely when an individual:

A)is over performing at work.
B)experiences negative affect.
C)has socially appropriate behaviors.
D)is unaware of treatment programs.

Question 31

Which of the following is a technique used in relaxation training?

A)Self-talk
B)Deep breathing
C)Hypnosis
D)Debriefing

Question 32

Classical conditioning is the pairing of a(n) _____ with a new stimulus to produce a conditioned reflex.

A)conditioned stimulus
B)unconditioned response
C)unconditioned reflex
D)conditioned response

Question 33

Rhonda entered into an agreement with her friend, Nancy, in an attempt to establish a regular exercise program.According to their agreement, Nancy must pay $1 to Rhonda every day that she exercises for at least 30 minutes.If she fails to do so, Rhonda must pay $1 to Nancy.This is an example of a _____.

A)self-reward
B)token economy
C)contingency contract
D)vicarious reinforcement

Question 34

Which of the following is an advantage of using behavioral assignments?

A)The therapist becomes involved in the treatment.
B)The therapist produces an analysis of the behavior that is useful in planning interventions.
C)The client commits to the treatment program only when a legal agreement is established.
D)The client gradually takes up responsibility for behavior change.

Question 35

Brenda has been trying to lose weight, and control her seemingly insatiable sweet tooth.To meet her goal, she has removed all cookies, candies, and ice cream from the kitchen cabinets and refrigerator.Instead, she has kept a bowl of fresh fruits on the kitchen counter to occasionally snack on.In this case, Brenda is practicing _____.

A)vicarious self-control
B)self-punishment
C)stimulus control
D)self-reinforcement

Question 36

_____ is a feeling of loss of control that results when a person has violated self-imposed rules.

A)Relapse
B)Social anxiety
C)Window of vulnerability
D)Abstinence violation effect

Question 37

The use of positive reinforcements, such as money or new clothing, to encourage weight loss in an obesity treatment program is an example of _____.

A)shaping
B)modeling
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning

Question 38

People often generate internal monologues that:

A)facilitates in changing a poor health habit.
B)interferes with the ability to change a behavior.
C)elicits a positive thought process.
D)inhibits a target behavior.

Question 39

Self-reinforcement involves:

A)learning that occurs from witnessing another person perform a behavior.
B)systematically rewarding oneself to increase or decrease the occurrence of a target behavior.
C)forming a contract with another person detailing what rewards or punishments are contingent on the performance of a behavior.
D)home practice activities that support the goals of a therapeutic intervention.

Question 40

Fred wants to lose 20 pounds.He places 20 one-pound boxes of lard in the refrigerator.As his weight-loss program proceeds, he removes one box of lard each time he succeeds in losing a pound.In this instance, Fred is using _____.

A)positive self-punishment
B)negative self-punishment
C)positive self-reward
D)negative self-reward

Question 41

Testing positive for a risk factor usually leads people into needless worry or hypervigilant behavior.

Question 42

In the precontemplation stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change:

A)people modify their behavior to overcome the problem.
B)people intend to change their behavior but have not yet done so successfully.
C)people have no intention of changing their behavior.
D)people are aware that they have a problem, and are thinking about it.

Question 43

Social anxiety is a maladaptive habit necessitating an alternative way of coping.Which of the following techniques would be most effective in treating social anxiety?

A)Assertiveness training
B)Self-talk
C)Lifestyle rebalancing
D)Self-monitoring

Question 44

A family physician may be a particularly effective agent in promoting health-related attitudes and behaviors because:

A)individuals are more likely to follow a suggested treatment if they are paying for professional advice.
B)individual behavior modification programs are unsuccessful compared to social engineering efforts.
C)they recommend a one-to-one approach that is the least expensive and most efficient for changing health habits.
D)they are a highly credible source, and their recommendations have the force of expertise behind them.

Question 45

The _____ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change is conceptualized as a spiral.

A)contemplation
B)preparation
C)maintenance
D)action

Question 46

Mass media campaigns usually bring about:

A)insignificant health changes.
B)drastic attitude changes.
C)long-term behavior changes.
D)modest attitude changes.

Question 47

_____ involves restructuring the environment to avoid situations that evoke the target behavior.

A)Modeling
B)Discriminative stimulus
C)Cue elimination
D)Preparation

Question 48

Julian has decided to lose 15 pounds.He is concerned about the amount of fat he consumes and suspects that his cholesterol levels are high.He has purchased a popular book on low-fat diets, and has decided to go walking thrice a week after he buys a new pair of walking shoes next week.According to the transtheoretical model of behavior change, Julian is in the _____ stage of behavior change.

A)precontemplation
B)contemplation
C)preparation
D)action

Question 49

The first and most common strategy of primary prevention is to get people to alter their problematic health behaviors.

Question 50

In the _____ stage of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, people are aware that they have a problem and are thinking about it, but have not yet made a commitment to taking action.

A)maintenance
B)contemplation
C)action
D)preparation

Question 51

Which of the following venues for health habit modification is known to have a natural intervention vehicle that can comfortably fit health interventions?

A)The community
B)The school system
C)The Internet
D)The workplace

Question 52

The _____ stage, of the transtheoretical model of behavior change, requires the commitment of time and energy to achieve real behavior change.

A)contemplation
B)maintenance
C)preparation
D)action

Question 53

_____ is used to modify the environment in order to affect people's health behavior.

A)Relaxation training
B)Cognitive restructuring
C)Contingency contracting
D)Social engineering

Question 54

The window of vulnerability concept refers to the fact that certain times are better than others for modifying health practices.

Question 55

Which of the following is a difference between community-based interventions and individual-based interventions?

A)Community-based interventions can build on social-support for reinforcing health changes whereas individual-based interventions focus only on the individual.
B)Community-based interventions are restricted to a limited environment whereas individual-based interventions reach more people.
C)Community-based interventions are more influential among older adults whereas individual-based interventions are more successful among adolescents.
D)Community-based interventions can bring about significant changes among participants whereas individual-based interventions bring about only modest changes.

Question 56

Studies evaluating the effectiveness of the transtheoretical model of behavior change indicate that:

A)interventions matched to the particular stage that an individual is in are always successful.
B)interventions to bridge the gap between the preparation and action stages are inadequate.
C)the model's stages are inadequate in analyzing the processes that people go through.
D)the model's applications have shown mixed success.

Question 57

Promotion-oriented messages may be more successful in getting people to initiate behavior change, and prevention messages may be more helpful in getting them to maintain behavior change over time.

Question 58

_____ involves modifying the environment to affect one's ability to practice a particular health behavior.

A)Social engineering
B)Reconstruction
C)Cognitive restructuring
D)Passive retraining

Question 59

Health habits usually develop in childhood and begin to stabilize around age 20 or 25.

Question 60

Long-term maintenance of a behavior change can be promoted by leading a person to make other health-oriented lifestyle changes.This technique is called _____.

A)operant conditioning
B)cognitive restructuring
C)social engineering
D)lifestyle rebalancing

Question 61

How effective are educational appeals in changing attitudes toward health behaviors?

Question 62

Charles is a college student who smokes cigarettes.Use the health belief model to explain why Charles continues to smoke even though he is aware of the Surgeon General's warning about the relationship between cigarettes and cancer, or heart disease.

Question 63

Self-talk helps participants to talk themselves through tempting situations.

Question 64

Cognitive-behavioral interventions use several complementary methods to intervene in the modification of a target problem and its context.

Question 65

Perceived threat reduction is the perception that one can perform an action, and that action will have the intended effect.

Question 66

Have the patterns of disease in the United States changed since the turn of the twentieth century? Considering the current trends, explain the importance of lifestyle rebalancing.

Question 67

How is the Internet useful in contributing toward health interventions? Find an Internet health campaign and explain its pros and cons.

Question 68

There is no effort to dismantle the denial or irrational beliefs that often accompany bad health behaviors in motivational interviewing.

Question 69

The precontemplation stage in the transtheoretical model of behavior change occurs when a person has no intention of changing his or her behavior.

Question 70

As a philosophy, how is health promotion viewed differently by different people?