Deck 4: The Meanings and Dimensions of Culture

Question 1

Increasingly, individual rewards are an accepted norm in countries across the globe.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

The word "culture" comes form the Latin cultural, which is related to cult or worship.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Cultures with a high masculinity index tend to favor earnings, advancement and challenge.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

According to the text, the most masculine country is Germany.

Question 5

Culture is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret experience and generate social behavior.

Question 6

Countries with low uncertainty-avoidance cultures have a great deal of structuring of organizational activities, more written rules, less risk-taking by managers, lower labor turnover and less ambitious employees.

Question 7

A major dimension in the study of culture is values.

Question 8

An achievement culture is a culture in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is.

Question 9

United Kingdom is considered a high-neutral culture.

Question 10

The characteristic transgenerational means that culture has structure and is integrated; a change in one part will bring changes in another.

Question 11

According to the text, in Japan, the top cultural priority is independence.

Question 12

Results of the GLOBE project indicate that there are leader behaviors, attributes and organizational practices that are universally accepted and effective across cultures.

Question 13

Masculinity is defined by Hofstede as "a situation in which the dominant values in society are success, money and things".

Question 14

A specific culture is a culture in which both public and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well.

Question 15

Power distance is "the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations accept that power is distributed unequally".

Question 16

George England found that personal value systems are relatively stable and do not change rapidly.

Question 17

Geert Hofstede's four dimensions of culture are: power distance, uncertainty avoidance, tolerance for ambiguity and masculinity.

Question 18

In a study of the differences in work values across cultures, it was found that U.S.managers place high value on deference to superiors, on company commitment and on the cautious use of aggressiveness and control.

Question 19

Although culture is an important variable in understanding international management, it falls well short of affecting how people think and behave.

Question 20

Universalism is the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere without modification.

Question 21

Which of the following would be considered a typical U.S.cultural value?

A)Competition leads to imbalances and disharmony
B)Withholding information to gain or maintain power is acceptable
C)Competition stimulates high performance
D)Symbols and the process are more important than the end points

Question 22

If a culture encourages stability, it means that it:

A)Is averse to formal procedures
B)Encourages innovation
C)Is resistant to change
D)Focuses on short-term horizons

Question 23

In the graphic representation of the model of culture, the center or heart of culture is the:

A)Explicit artifacts and products of the society
B)Norms and values that guide the society
C)Implicit, basic assumptions that guide people's behavior
D)History of a nation and the resulting norms of behavior

Question 24

_____ is acquired knowledge that people use to interpret, experience and generate social behavior.

A)Edification
B)Culture
C)Symbol
D)Cognition

Question 25

Even though there are distinctions among organization cultures, research shows that managers from different countries often have:

A)Same organization policies
B)Value similarities
C)Class similarities
D)Similar political views

Question 26

_____ are basic convictions that people have regarding what is right and wrong, good and bad, important or unimportant.

A)Tenets
B)Edicts
C)Norms
D)Values

Question 27

Differences in work values have been found to reflect:

A)Culture only
B)Culture and education
C)Culture and industrialization
D)Industrialization only

Question 28

Culture is:

A)Individual
B)Acquired
C)Inherited
D)Unstructured

Question 29

Japanese firms tend to have a culture of deference which is supported by all of the following except

A)the unwillingness of workers to report problems to their superiors
B)the unwillingness of workers to question their superiors
C)the unwillingness of workers to challenge what has been decided
D)the unwillingness of workers to be loyal to the firm

Question 30

If cultural norms do not give employees bonuses or commissions as a form of recognition, it means that the culture:

A)Encourages stability
B)Is informal
C)Is high on organizational loyalty
D)Frowns upon individual rewards

Question 31

According to a cross-cultural study of differences in work values, _____ managers place a high value on deference to superiors, on company commitment and on the cautious use of aggressiveness and control.

A)U.S
B)German
C)French
D)Japanese

Question 32

The following definitions accurately match their dimension of culture except:

A)People as members of a group, organization or society share culture
B)Culture has structure and is integrated
C)Culture is based on the human capacity to change or adapt
D)Culture is cumulative, passed down from one generation to another

Question 33

Buildings and art are considered to be the _____ of a culture.

A)Explicit artifacts and product
B)Norms and values
C)Formal values
D)Basic assumptions that govern behavior

Question 34

The U.S.cultural value that suggests that individuals can influence the future is reflected in which management function?

A)goal setting and career development
B)loyalty and commitment
C)career development and marketing
D)planning and scheduling

Question 35

According to the text, the highest cultural priority (or value) in Japan is considered as:

A)Cooperation
B)Individualism
C)Family security
D)Belonging

Question 36

All the following are true regarding business customs in South Africa except:

A)Most South Africans prefer face-to-face interactions
B)First meetings are less about business and more about establishing a relationship
C)Appointments should be made as far in advance as possible
D)Female representatives may encounter condescending behavior or "tests" that would not be extended to male counterparts

Question 37

Identify the handshake that does not accurately match the culture it is associated.

A)Asian-gentle
B)French-light and quick
C)Latin America-moderate grasp; repeated frequently
D)United States-soft

Question 38

According to the text, the highest cultural priority (or value) in the U.S.is considered as:

A)Family security
B)Belonging
C)Freedom
D)Cooperation

Question 39

Culturally, a German can be expected to have a _____ handshake.

A)Gentle
B)Light and quick
C)Brusk and firm
D)Long and involved

Question 40

All of the following are accurate descriptions of the main characteristics of culture except:

A)Culture is inherited or biologically based; it is not acquired by learning and experience
B)People as members of a group, organization or society share culture; it is not specific to a single individual
C)Culture is cumulative, passed down from one generation to the next
D)Culture is based on the human capacity to symbolize or use one thing to represent another

Question 41

Paternalism, measured by a manager's involvement in both personal and off-the-job problems of subordinates is very important in:

A)The United States
B)Australia
C)Japan
D)France

Question 42

Countries that have high individualism and relatively low power distance show the following features:

A)Prefer others to do things for them
B)Are upset when others have more power than they do
C)Are not upset when others have more power than they do
D)Are collectivist in their approach

Question 43

According to Dutch researcher Geert Hofstede, there are four dimensions of culture.These are:

A)Power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and masculinity
B)Tolerance, group orientation, aggressiveness and forwardness
C)Group orientation, uncertainty avoidance, aggressiveness and masculinity
D)Tolerance, power distance, individualism and aggressiveness

Question 44

Cultures with low _____ have people who are more willing to accept that risks are associated with the unknown and that life must go on in spite of this.

A)Individualism versus collectivism
B)Power distance
C)Uncertainty avoidance
D)Masculinity versus femininity

Question 45

According to Hofstede, countries with a high _____ index, place great importance on earnings, recognition, advancement and challenge.

A)Power distance
B)Masculinity
C)Uncertainty avoidance
D)Individualism

Question 46

Which of the following is an accurate values profile of successful Japanese managers?

A)Highly pragmatic, highly individualistic and strong achievement and competence orientation
B)Highly pragmatic, strong emphasis on size and growth and high value on competence and achievement
C)Highly pragmatic high achievement and competence orientation, an emphasis on profit maximization, organizational efficiency and high productivity
D)High moral orientation, high humanistic orientation and low value on achievement, success, competition and risk

Question 47

_____ is "the extent to which less powerful members of institutions and organizations power is distributed unequally".

A)Uncertainty avoidance
B)Individualism versus collectivism
C)Tolerance versus intolerance
D)Power distance

Question 48

_____ is the belief that ideas and practices can be applied everywhere in the world without modification.

A)Particularism
B)Universalism
C)Communitarianism
D)Individualism

Question 49

Hofstede's _____ dimension focused on the tendency of people to look after themselves and their immediate family rather than the tendency to belong to groups to look after each other in exchange for loyalty.

A)Individualism versus collectivism
B)Masculinity versus femininity
C)Uncertainty avoidance
D)Power distance

Question 50

George England, a researcher in the area of culture and values, found that personal value systems are:

A)Relatively stable and do not change rapidly
B)Relatively stable but change rapidly
C)Relatively unstable and change rapidly
D)Relatively unstable and do not change rapidly

Question 51

According to a study conducted by England and Lee, all of the following are accurate descriptions of the similarities in cultural values across nations except:

A)Although there are country differences in the relationship between values and success, findings across the four countries included in the study are quite similar
B)It is evident that value patterns predict managerial success and could be used in selection and placement decisions
C)There is a relatively weak relationship between the level of success achieved by managers and their personal values
D)The general pattern indicates that more successful managers appear to favor pragmatic, dynamic, achievement-oriented values, while less successful managers prefer more static and passive values

Question 52

_____ is "the extent to which people feel threatened by ambiguous situations and have created beliefs and institutions that try to avoid these".

A)Power distance
B)Uncertainty avoidance
C)Individualism versus collectivism
D)Masculinity versus femininity

Question 53

Confucianism, associated with China, does not lay emphasis on:

A)Respect for authority
B)Balance
C)Harmony
D)Profit

Question 54

Which of the following is an accurate values profile of successful U.S.managers?

A)High moral orientation, highly individualistic and a strong focus on organization compliance and competence
B)Highly pragmatic, highly individualistic and strong achievement and competence orientation
C)Highly pragmatic, high achievement and competence orientation, an emphasis on profit maximization, organizational efficiency and high productivity
D)Highly pragmatic, strong emphasis on size and growth and high value on competence and achievement

Question 55

Identify common characteristics found between Australian and Indian managers.

A)Both are highly individualistic
B)Both are highly pragmatic
C)Both have high moral orientation
D)Both strongly lay emphasis on competition and risk

Question 56

According to a cross-cultural study of differences in work values, _____ managers place a high value on the tactful acquisition of influence and regard for others.

A)Chinese
B)German
C)French
D)U.S

Question 57

Nations that are collectivist in their approach tend to be characterized by:

A)Large power distance and low individualism
B)Low power distance and high individualism
C)Small power distance and weak uncertainty avoidance
D)Large power distance and weak uncertainty avoidance

Question 58

Cultures with a low masculinity place great importance on conservation of the environment and tend to favor:

A)Third world countries
B)Less developed countries
C)Underdeveloped countries
D)Small-scale enterprises

Question 59

Hofstede's _____ dimension looked at the relationship between gender and work roles.

A)Power distance
B)Uncertainty avoidance
C)Masculinity versus femininity
D)Individualism versus collectivism

Question 60

Countries in which people blindly obey the orders of their superiors have a high:

A)Uncertainty avoidance
B)Masculinity index
C)Power distance
D)Individualism index

Question 61

In his early research, Trompenaars found that in countries such as the United States, Australia, Germany, Sweden and the United Kingdom, there was high:

A)Particularism
B)Communitarianism
C)Universalism
D)Specificism

Question 62

A(n) _____ culture is one in which people are accorded status based on how well they perform their functions.

A)Achievement
B)Ascription
C)Diffuse
D)Specific

Question 63

Under GLOBE analysis, which of the following countries were the most assertive?

A)Spain and U.S
B)Egypt and U.S
C)Spain and Ireland
D)Ireland and Sweden

Question 64

Discuss Hofstede's Cultural Dimensions.

Question 65

What is GLOBE? Discuss its cultural dimensions.

Question 66

Discuss the notions of individualism and communitarianism as given by Trompenaars.

Question 67

_____ is the belief that circumstances dictate how ideas and practices should be applied.

A)Universalism
B)Individualism
C)Communitarianism
D)Particularism

Question 68

A(n) _____ culture is one in which emotions are held in check.

A)Emotional
B)Buoyant
C)Neutral
D)Specific

Question 69

A(n) _____ culture is one in which status is attributed based on who or what a person is.

A)Diffuse
B)Ascription
C)Specific
D)Achievement

Question 70

Describe the term "culture".Is culture one thing or are there many dimensions to culture?

Question 71

Austria, the United Kingdom, the United States and Switzerland are all _____ cultures.

A)Diffuse
B)Specific
C)Emotional
D)Neutral

Question 72

According to Trompenaars, _____ refers to people regarding themselves as individuals, while _____ refers to people regarding themselves as part of a group.

A)Individualism; communitarianism
B)Individualism; specificism
C)Universalism; particularism
D)Communitarianism; universalism

Question 73

A(n) _____ culture is one in which both public and private space are similar in size and individuals guard their public space carefully, because entry into public space affords entry into private space as well.

A)Diffuse
B)Neutral
C)Emotional
D)Specific

Question 74

Describe the difference between an achievement culture and an ascription culture.How does an understanding of these differences help an international manager be effective in dealing with clients outside his or her own culture?

Question 75

Societal collectivism refers to the degree to which:

A)Individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness in their organizations or families
B)Individuals in organizations or societies encourage and reward individuals for being fair
C)Organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action
D)Individuals in organizations or societies are confrontational