Deck 34: Osmoregulation and Excretion

Question 1

Which of the following waste products take the most energy to produce?

A)Ammonia
B)Carbon dioxide
C)Uric acid
D)Urea
E)Water

Answer 1

C
Explanation: Synthesis of uric acid requires a long,complex series of enzymatic reactions that use even more ATP than does urea synthesis.

Question 2

A biologist is studying organisms which excrete ammonia.Based on this information you would conclude that he or she is studying which of the following?

A)Birds
B)Mammals
C)Sharks
D)Bony fish
E)Reptiles

Answer 2

D
Explanation: Ammonia is excreted by most fishes and other aquatic animals whose gills and skin surfaces are in direct contact with the water of the environment.

Question 3

Figure:
This figure shows the anatomy of the human urinary system.What does "d" represent?

A)The urinary bladder
B)The kidney
C)The urethra
D)The ureter
E)The renal artery

Answer 3

C
Explanation: "d" represents the urethra.See Figure 34.3A.

Question 4

What is the correct flow of urine from production to elimination from the body?

A)Kidneys - urethra - ureter - urinary bladder
B)Kidneys - ureter - urinary bladder - urethra
C)Kidneys - urethra - urinary bladder - ureter
D)Urethra - ureter - kidneys - urinary bladder
E)Urethra - urinary bladder - ureters - kidneys

Question 5

What happens if humans drink sea water?

A)Their rectal glands expel excess salt.
B)They secrete excess salt with their salt glands.
C)There is no net change in the water content of their cells.
D)Their cells lose water.
E)Their cells gain water.

Question 6

Which of the following organisms excretes urea?

A)Bony fish
B)Mammals
C)Insects
D)Reptiles
E)Birds

Question 7

The production of which waste product requires the greatest amount of energy?

A)Uric acid
B)Urea
C)Ammonia
D)Urea and ammonia are equal
E)Urea,ammonia,and uric acid all require the same amount of energy.

Question 8

If you are trying to disrupt the excretory ability of crustaceans by damaging their excretory organ,which one would you damage?

A)Gills
B)Nephridia
C)Flame cells
D)Coxal glands
E)Coelom

Question 9

Figure:
This figure shows the anatomy of the human urinary system.What does "c" represent?

A)The urinary bladder
B)The kidney
C)The urethra
D)The ureter
E)The renal artery

Question 10

Coxal glands of spiders are comparable to the _______ of annelids.

A)Maxillary glands
B)Malphigian tubules
C)Nephridia
D)Flame cells
E)Green glands

Question 11

In the segmented body of an annelid,there are paired excretory structures called:

A)Flame cells
B)Kidneys
C)Malpighian tubules
D)Nephridia
E)Nephrons

Question 12

Figure:
This figure shows the anatomy of the human urinary system.What does "a" represent?

A)The urinary bladder
B)The kidney
C)The urethra
D)The ureter
E)The renal artery

Question 13

If you were studying organisms which have flame cells you would be studying which of the following?

A)Earthworms
B)Fish
C)Insects
D)Sharks
E)Planarians

Question 14

What will happen to a planarian if their cilia were to cease functioning?

A)The cilia would cease propeling fluid through the nephridia and out of the body.This would prevent them from ridding the body of excess water and excreting metabolic wastes.
B)The cilia would cease propeling fluid through the excretory tubules and out of the body.This would prevent them from ridding the body of excess water and excreting metabolic wastes.
C)If the cilia ceased functioning then large amounts of excretory fluids would leak through the excretory tubules and out of the body.
D)The cilia would cease propeling fluid through the excretory tubules and into the body.This would cause them to rid the body of excess water and metabolic wastes.
E)The cilia would cease propeling fluid through the Malpighian tubules and out of the body.This would prevent them from ridding the body of excess water and excreting metabolic wastes.

Question 15

Which metabolic waste requires the greatest amount of water to excrete?

A)Uric acid
B)Urea
C)Ammonia
D)Uric acid,urea,and ammonia all require the same amount of water to excrete.
E)Uric acid,urea,and ammonia do not require any water to excretE.

Question 16

If you were studying animals which produce uric acid you would be studying which of the following?

A)Birds
B)Sharks
C)Adult amphibians
D)Bony fish
E)Mammals

Question 17

Ammonia,urea,and uric acid come from ____________ which are removed from amino acids and nucleic acids.

A)Urea groups
B)Amino groups
C)Ammonia groups
D)Protein groups
E)Uric acid groups

Question 18

Figure:
This figure shows the anatomy of the human urinary system.What does "b" represent?

A)The urinary bladder
B)The kidney
C)The urethra
D)The ureter
E)The renal artery

Question 19

Which organisms do not excrete their metabolic wastes in the form of urea?

A)Sharks
B)Frogs
C)Turtles
D)Rabbits
E)Humans

Question 20

A biologist is studying the excretory system of insects.Based on this information you would conclude that he or she is studying which of the following?

A)Flame cells
B)Kidneys
C)Malpighian tubules
D)Nephridia
E)Nephrons

Question 21

The liquid that collects in the cavity of the glomerular (Bowman)capsule is:

A)Concentrated urine
B)Blood plasma minus proteins
C)Old bile ready for excretion
D)Glycogen and water
E)Albumin

Question 22

The kidneys are where urine is stored until it is voided from the body.

Question 23

Normally,concentrations of metabolically important substances,such as glucose,are:

A)High in the glomerular filtrate but only a trace in urine
B)Low in glomerular filtrate but high in urine
C)High in glomerular filtrate and urine
D)Low in both glomerular filtrate and urine
E)Excluded from entering the excretory system altogether

Question 24

Which of these is the correct sequence of blood vessels associated with the nephron?

A)Renal artery,peritubular capillary,afferent arteriole,efferent arteriole,venule
B)Efferent arteriole,glomerulus,venule,afferent arteriole,collecting duct
C)Afferent arteriole,glomerulus,efferent arteriole,peritubular capillary,venule
D)Afferent arteriole,glomerulus,peritubular capillary,efferent arteriole,venule
E)Venule,efferent arteriole,peritubular capillary,glomerulus,afferent arteriole

Question 25

(Describe the primary steps in urine formation. )Which pair of terms is mismatched?

A)Tubular secretion: convoluted tubules
B)Tubular reabsorption: convoluted tubules
C)Tubular reabsorption: glomerular capsule
D)Glomerular filtration: glomerular capsule
E)Tubular secretion: peritubular capillary network

Question 26

What is the correct order an excreted water molecule moves from the glomerulus to the collecting duct?

A)Loop of the nephron,glomerular capsule,proximal convoluted tubule,distal convoluted tubule
B)Glomerular capsule,proximal convoluted tubule,loop of the nephron,distal convoluted tubule
C)Glomerular capsule,proximal convoluted tubule,loop of the nephron and distal convoluted tubule
D)Proximal convoluted tubule,glomerular capsule,loop of the nephron,distal convoluted tubule
E)Glomerular capsule,proximal convoluted tubule,distal convoluted tubule,loop of the nephron

Question 27

The ____________ transports urine down through the renal medulla and delivers it to the renal pelvis.

A)The loop of the nephron
B)The proximal convoluted tubule
C)The glomerular capsule
D)The collecting ducts
E)The distal convoluted tubule

Question 28

Which of the following is not part of the nephron?

A)The proximal convoluted tubule
B)Bowman capsule
C)Loop of Henle
D)The distal convoluted tubule
E)Glomerulus

Question 29

Figure:
This figure shows a nephron and its blood supply.What does "e" represent?

A)The distal convoluted tubule
B)Peritubular capillaries
C)Efferent arteriole
D)Afferent arteriole
E)The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 30

A biologist is studying the part of the kidney which consists of six to ten cone-shaped renal pyramids.Based on this information you would conclude that he or she is studying which of the following structures?

A)The renal medulla
B)The renal nephron
C)The renal pelvis
D)The renal cortex
E)The renal collecting duct

Question 31

Figure:
This figure shows a nephron and its blood supply.What does "d" represent?

A)The distal convoluted tubule
B)Peritubular capillaries
C)Efferent arteriole
D)Afferent arteriole
E)The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 32

In healthy individuals glucose is found in the glomerular filtrate but not in the urine because:

A)The kidneys store glucose as glycogen
B)The kidney cells require glucose because energy is needed for active transport
C)Glucose is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream
D)Glucose is converted to amino acids in the kidneys
E)Glucose molecules are too large to pass through the loop of the nephron

Question 33

Which mechanism used to form urine requires a high blood pressure?

A)Glomerular filtration
B)Tubular secretion
C)Tubular reabsorption
D)Countercurrent reabsorption
E)Glomerular reabsorption

Question 34

The glomerular (Bowman)capsule:

A)Returns material to the blood
B)Filters material from the blood
C)Makes urea
D)Contains urine in its final state
E)Engages in tubular secretion

Question 35

Figure:
This figure shows a nephron and its blood supply.What does "c" represent?

A)The distal convoluted tubule
B)Peritubular capillaries
C)Efferent arteriole
D)Afferent arteriole
E)The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 36

Which is the correct order by which urine leaves the body?

A)Kidney,ureter,urinary bladder,urethra
B)Kidney,urethra,urinary bladder,ureter
C)Kidney,urinary bladder,ureter,urethra
D)Kidney,urethra,ureter,urinary bladder
E)Kidney,ureter,urethra,urinary bladder

Question 37

The outer portion of the kidney is referred to as:

A)The renal medulla
B)The renal nephron
C)The renal pelvis
D)The renal cortex
E)The renal collecting duct

Question 38

Figure:
This figure shows a nephron and its blood supply.What does "a" represent?

A)The distal convoluted tubule
B)Peritubular capillaries
C)Efferent arteriole
D)Afferent arteriole
E)The proximal convoluted tubule

Question 39

The functional unit of excretion found in the kidneys is the:

A)Nephron
B)Bowman capsule
C)Glomerulus
D)Alveoli
E)Microvilli

Question 40

If you were studying the tube which connects the kidneys and the urinary bladder you would be studying which of the following?

A)The urethra
B)The renal tubule
C)The distal convoluted tubule
D)The proximal convoluted tubule
E)The ureter

Question 41

The presence of ________ in the urine is an early indicator that tubular secretion is not functioning correctly.

A)Glucose
B)Bile
C)White blood cells
D)Uric acid
E)Lipids

Question 42

The optimal blood pH range is between 7.34 and 7.45.

Question 43

If the blood is alkaline:

A)More hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted
B)Less hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions are reabsorbed
C)Less hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions are excreted
D)The kidneys reabsorb increased amounts of water
E)The diet must be low in necessary acids

Question 44

If you were a doctor and had a patient who was suffering from water intoxication (drinking too much water),which of the following treatments would you administer in order to bring his body back into homeostasis?

A)An intravenous intake of water
B)An intravenous intake of a high-sodium solution
C)An intravenous intake of atrial natriuretic hormone
D)An intravenous intake of antidiuretic hormone
E)An intravenous intake of renin

Question 45

Which element is not part of the nitrogenous waste products produced by animals?

A)Phosphorous
B)Nitrogen
C)Carbon
D)Hydrogen
E)Oxygen

Question 46

If precipitates have built up forming a blockage in the ureter,what is the correct order of structures that will be blocked due to back filling of fluids?

A)Ureter - renal pelvis - collecting duct - distal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - proximal convoluted tubule - glomerular capsule
B)Ureter - renal pelvis - collecting duct - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - glomerular capsule
C)Ureter - collecting duct - distal convoluted tubule - renal pelvis - loop of Henle - proximal convoluted tubule - glomerular capsule
D)Glomerular capsule - proximal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - distal convoluted tubule - collecting duct - renal pelvis - ureter
E)Renal pelvis - distal convoluted tubule - loop of Henle - collecting duct - proximal convoluted tubule - glomerular capsule - ureter

Question 47

What is the relationship between water needed for the excretion of urine and the energy required to produce urine?

A)The more water available the less energy needed for urine production
B)The less water available the less energy needed for urine production
C)The more water available the more energy needed for urine production
D)There is no correlation between water needed for urine formation and energy required to produce urine
E)The more energy available the more water needed

Question 48

The loop of of the nephron will exhibit:

A)Active release of sodium from the descending limb
B)Active release of sodium from the ascending limb
C)Passive release of sodium from the ascending limb
D)Water release from the ascending limb
E)Active transport of water

Question 49

When renin is released it will eventually:

A)Lower blood pressure
B)Lower blood volume
C)Convert angiotensin II to angiotensin I
D)Increase blood pressure for homeostasis
E)Inhibit aldosterone secretion

Question 50

Which hormone from the adrenal cortex will cause the distal convoluted tubules to reabsorb more sodium ions?

A)Renin
B)Angiosinogen
C)Angiotensin II
D)Antidiuretic hormone
E)Aldosterone

Question 51

Which body system does the bicarbonate buffer system work together with in order to maintain the pH of the blood?

A)Respiratory
B)Urinary
C)Digestive
D)Reproductive
E)Integumentary

Question 52

The hormone which is responsible for the reabsorption of water is:

A)Aldosterone
B)Renin
C)Antidiuretic hormone
D)Angiotensin I
E)Angiotensin II

Question 53

A biologist is studying the site in the nephron where most of the water and salt is reabsorbed back into the bloodstream.Based on this information,you would conclude that he or she is studying which of the following?

A)The proximal convoluted tubule
B)The collecting ducts
C)The distal convoluted tubule
D)The loop of Henle
E)The glomerulus

Question 54

How can urine contain a higher concentration of wastes (be hypertonic)than the blood?

A)Urine cannot since the process is passive diffusion
B)Reabsorption of water and salt in the loop of the nephron and collecting ducts leaves behind more concentrated urine
C)All stages in the kidney involve active transport
D)Urine can be hypertonic for small molecules if it is hypotonic for an equal number of big molecules
E)The whole nephron is impermeable to water

Question 55

The second way substances are removed from the blood and are added to the tubular fluid is:

A)Tubular reabsorption
B)Countercurrent secretion
C)Glomerular filtration
D)Pressure filtration
E)Tubular secretion

Question 56

The presence of which of the following,in high concentrations in the urine,would indicate that an individual is diabetic?

A)Bile
B)Red blood cells
C)Glucose
D)Albumin
E)Lipids

Question 57

If a person is experiencing kidney failure and is unable to secrete renin,what cascade of events are they likely to experience?

A)If renin is not secreted then angiotensinogen is not converted into angiotensin I.Angiotensin I will not be converted into angiotensin II which signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.Aldosterone influences the reabsorption of sodium ions and water.Blood volume and blood pressure will not increase.
B)If renin is not secreted then angiotensinogen is not converted into angiotensin I.Angiotensin I will not be converted into angiotensin II which signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.Aldosterone influences the reabsorption of sodium ions and water.Blood volume and blood pressure will then increase.
C)If renin is not secreted then angiotensinogen is not converted into angiotensin I.Angiotensin I will not be converted into angiotensin II which signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.Aldosterone influences the reabsorption of sodium ions and water.Blood volume will decrease while blood pressure increases.
D)If renin is not secreted then angiotensinogen will be able to be converted into angiotensin I.Angiotensin I is converted into angiotensin II which signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosterone.Aldosterone influences the reabsorption of sodium ions and water.Blood volume and blood pressure will then increase.
E)If renin is not secreted then angiotensinogen is not converted into angiotensin I.Angiotensin I will not be converted into angiotensin II which signals the adrenal glands to secrete aldosteronE.Aldosterone influences the reabsorption of sodium ions and water.Blood volume and blood pressure will stay the samE.