Deck 14: Evidence of Evolution

Question 1

If you were looking for fossils,in which of the following types of rocks would you expect to find them?

A)igneous
B)metamorphic
C)sedimentary
D)volcanic
E)basalt

Answer 1

C
Explanation: For a fossil to be encased by rock,the remains are first buried in sediment;then the hard parts are preserved by a process called mineralization;and finally,the surrounding sediment hardens to form rock--sedimentary rock.

Question 2

When one group of organisms gives rise to several other groups of organisms,the original group is referred to as

A)a transitional ancestor.
B)a common ancestor.
C)a homologous ancestor.
D)an analogous ancestor.
E)a vestigial ancestor.

Answer 2

B
Explanation: A common ancestor group is one which has given rise to several different groups of organisms.

Question 3

Which of the following was a geologist who wrote The Principles of Geology,a very important book in helping Darwin shape the theory of natural selection?

A)Cuvier
B)Lamarck
C)Fitzroy
D)Lyell
E)Wallace

Answer 3

D
Explanation: Darwin brought Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology on the Beagle voyage.

Question 4

One of the most important observations made by Darwin on his trip around the world was that

A)species change from place to place and throughout time.
B)species have remained constant over time in some places but not in others.
C)species have remained constant over time.
D)species remain constant from place to place.
E)DNA from all species is very similar.

Question 5

The organism which is an intermediate between reptiles and birds is

A)Ambulocetus.
B)Rodhocetus.
C)Archaeopteryx.
D)Pakicetus.
E)Geospiza.

Question 6

The organisms,examined by Darwin on the Galapagos Islands,which were most important in his development of the theory of natural selection,were

A)rabbits and hares.
B)plants.
C)finches.
D)fish.
E)monkeys and armadillos.

Question 7

Structures that are anatomically similar because they are inherited from a recent common ancestor are called

A)vestigial structures.
B)analogous structures.
C)transitional structures.
D)directional structures.
E)homologous structures.

Question 8

Which person suggested that growth of populations outstrips growth in the supply of food?

A)Lyell
B)Malthus
C)Lamarck
D)Wallace
E)Cuvier

Question 9

A variety of genotypes and phenotypes in a population is useful because it

A)makes life more interesting.
B)makes genetic drift an unlikely occurrence.
C)means that the gene pool is constant and unchanging.
D)allows species to survive if the environment changes.
E)makes gene flow in and out of a population unlikely.

Question 10

A scientist who studies the fossil record for evidence of evolution is best termed what?

A)a biologist
B)a geologist
C)a biogeographer
D)a biochemist
E)a paleontologist

Question 11

Which of the following did Darwin suggest was the mechanism for evolution?

A)Natural selection
B)Analogous selection
C)Artificial selection
D)Founder selection
E)Bottleneck selection

Question 12

Fossils that have characteristics of two different groups of organisms are called

A)vestigial fossils.
B)analogous fossils.
C)homologous fossils.
D)transitional fossils.
E)founder fossils.

Question 13

Which line of evidence developed since the time of Darwin has strengthened support for his theory of natural selection?

A)comparative anatomy
B)biogeography
C)fossil record
D)comparative embryology
E)comparative biochemistry

Question 14

Which of the following statements about fossils is least accurate?

A)Fossils are mostly from the hard parts of organisms.
B)Fossils are found in sedimentary rock.
C)Soft body parts are often found along with the hard parts of fossils.
D)In general,the older a fossil is,the deeper it is burieD.
E)The fossil record indicates that life has generally progressed from simple to more complex.

Question 15

Natural selection was independently proposed as a means of evolution by which of the following individuals?

A)Lyell
B)Wallace
C)Cuvier
D)Lamarck
E)Malthus

Question 16

Which of the following most clearly reflects the thought of Lamarck rather than that of Darwin?

A)A population is able to produce more offspring than the environment can support.
B)Only certain members of a population survive and reproduce.
C)The members of a population have inheritable variations.
D)Any acquired change an organism gains over its life can be passed on to its offspring.
E)Natural selection results in a population adapting to the local environment.

Question 17

Darwin sailed around the world on the ship named the HMS

A)Lyell.
B)Fitzroy.
C)Cuvier.
D)Beagle.
E)Lamarck.

Question 18

Traits which are selected by humans instead of the environment are known as what?

A)natural selection
B)analogous selection
C)artificial selection
D)founder selection
E)bottleneck selection

Question 19

Lamarck's theory of evolution included the idea that

A)the continual stretching of a giraffe's neck to reach leaves led to longer necks.
B)local catastrophes cause mass extinctions.
C)species are only produced through special creation.
D)species are unchanged over time.
E)natural selection is the driving force behind evolution.

Question 20

A research paper on the man who proposed the idea of inheritance of acquired characteristics would be on which person?

A)Cuvier
B)Lamarck
C)Fitzroy
D)Lyell
E)Wallace

Question 21

The ___________ is the total alleles of all the genes in all the members of a population.

A)genetic drift
B)gene flow
C)gene pool
D)gene migration
E)gene selection

Question 22

Structures which are fully developed in one group of organisms but reduced or possibly nonfunctional in a similar group are referred to as

A)vestigial structures.
B)analogous structures.
C)transitional structures.
D)directional structures.
E)homologous structures.

Question 23

Birds and insects both have wings,but we do not consider this similarity as evidence of relatedness because

A)bird and insect wings function on different physics principles of lift.
B)insect wings are vestigial.
C)the wings are not homologous structures with a common ancestral origin.
D)these animals did not evolve in the same region or live at the same time perioD.
E)the wings are different in sizE.

Question 24

A type of nonrandom mating that occurs when individuals tend to mate with those having the same phenotype with respect to certain characteristics is referred to as

A)disruptive mating.
B)directional mating.
C)artificial mating.
D)assortative mating.
E)homologous mating.

Question 25

Which is not a condition necessary for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A)There is no gene flow.
B)Nonrandom mating does not occur.
C)No mutations occur.
D)There is no natural selection.
E)There is genetic drift.

Question 26

Africa,Asia,South America,and Antarctica share some patterns of primitive (fossil)plants and early reptiles,but do not have similar mammal populations.This,therefore

A)casts serious doubts upon the theory of continental drift and fused land masses.
B)is an unsolved puzzle,probably due to the random nature of biological evolution.
C)suggests that a pattern of land bridges existed at different times in geological history.
D)suggests that the earlier plants and reptiles evolved while continents were joined,but mammals radiated into diverse groups after separation.
E)suggests that mammals evolved earlier while continents were joined,but plants and reptiles radiated into diverse groups after separation.

Question 27

Besides mutation,which of the following is important in generating phenotypic differences?

A)sexual reproduction
B)genetic drift
C)gene flow
D)stabilizing selection
E)microevolution

Question 28

Inbreeding within a population is an example of

A)mutation.
B)genetic drift.
C)gene flow.
D)nonrandom mating.
E)natural selection.

Question 29

Which of the following structures is not homologous to the others?

A)the wing of a bird
B)the wing of a bat
C)the fin of a whale
D)the wing of an insect
E)the leg of a cat

Question 30

When only a few individuals survive unfavorable times,thereby losing a majority of genotypes in the next generation,it is referred to as

A)artificial selection.
B)the bottleneck effect.
C)the founder effect.
D)the transition effect.
E)coevolution.

Question 31

In the Hardy-Weinberg equation,q² stands for

A)the frequency of dominant alleles.
B)the frequency of recessive alleles.
C)the frequency of homozygous recessive individuals.
D)the frequency of homozygous dominant individuals.
E)the frequency of heterozygous individuals.

Question 32

The raw material for evolutionary change is

A)gene flow.
B)genetic drift.
C)mutation.
D)nonrandom reproduction.
E)natural selection.

Question 33

If two adjacent populations of the same species show gene flow,then the two populations will

A)become more similar in their gene pools.
B)become isolated from each other.
C)develop into different species.
D)adapt to different conditions and become separate.
E)develop into a species and a sub-species.

Question 34

Almost all living organisms have the same triplet DNA code and many similar proteins.This is evidence for evolution based on

A)the fossil record.
B)biogeography.
C)comparative anatomy.
D)comparative embryology.
E)comparative biochemistry.

Question 35

If the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is met,what is the net effect?

A)evolution leading to a population better adapted to an unchanging environment
B)no evolution,because the alleles in the population remain the same
C)very slow and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation
D)evolution leading to a population better adapted to a changing environment
E)very rapid and continuous evolution with no increased adaptation

Question 36

What is the term for the accumulation of small changes in the gene pool of a species over time?

A)microevolution
B)genetic drift
C)directional selection
D)macroevolution
E)allele drift

Question 37

The equation p² + 2pq + q² = 1 describes

A)the process of evolution.
B)the size of a population.
C)the rate of speciation of species p and q.
D)the genotype and allele frequency of a population.
E)the phenotypic frequency of a population.

Question 38

A biologist finds structures that serve the same function but are not considered similar,nor do they share a recent common ancestor.These are

A)vestigial structures.
B)analogous structures.
C)transitional structures.
D)directional structures.
E)homologous structures.

Question 39

The Amish of Lancaster,PA,have a higher frequency of an unusual form of dwarfism than the population at large.This is probably an example of

A)artificial selection.
B)the bottleneck effect.
C)the founder effect.
D)the transition effect.
E)coevolution.

Question 40

A biologist is studying changes in allele frequency of a gene pool due to chance rather than selection by the environment,called what?

A)disruptive drift
B)heterozygous drift
C)stabilizing drift
D)directional drift
E)genetic drift

Question 41

DNA sequences that differ by a single nucleotide are termed

A)mutations.
B)single nucleotide polymorphisms.
C)gentoypes.
D)gene pools.
E)heterozygotes.

Question 42

In a population of pepper moths,the frequency of the DD genotype (dark-colored)is 0.25,and the frequency of the dd genotype (light-colored)is 0.25.What is the frequency of the Dd genotype (dark-colored)?

A)0.25
B)0.5
C)0.75
D)0.1
E)1.0

Question 43

In a population of pepper moths,the frequency of the DD genotype (dark-colored)is 0.25,and the frequency of the dd genotype (light-colored)is 0.25.What would be the frequency of the Dd genotype (dark-colored)in the next generation,assuming a Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?

A)0.25
B)0.5
C)0.75
D)0.1
E)1.0

Question 44

The sickle-cell allele is maintained in African populations even though when two sickle-cell alleles are inherited it can be fatal because

A)having two sickle-cell alleles makes the person immune to malariA.
B)having two non-sickle-cell alleles makes a person immune to malaria.
C)having a non-sickle-cell allele and a sickle-cell allele makes the person resistant to malaria.
D)having a non-sickle-cell allele and a sickle-cell allele makes the person more likely to be resistant to cystic fibrosis.
E)the sickle-cell allele is dominant.

Question 45

Figure:
This figure shows the three different types of natural selection.What does "C" represent?

A)disruptive selection
B)directional selection
C)genetic drift selection
D)stabilizing selection
E)adaptive selection

Question 46

Which population of butterflies is more likely to show the effects of genetic drift if half of its members are killed by a severe drought?

A)4 butterflies
B)40 butterflies
C)160 butterflies
D)4,000 butterflies
E)16,000 butterflies

Question 47

A lone wolf that has been rejected by its pack joins another pack.What has occurred?

A)directional selection
B)a bottleneck effect
C)stabilizing selection
D)gene flow
E)genetic drift

Question 48

Figure:
This figure shows the three different types of natural selection.What does "A" represent?

A)Disruptive selection
B)Directional selection
C)Genetic drift selection
D)Stabilizing selection
E)Adaptive selection

Question 49

If you were a biologist studying the type of natural selection where an extreme phenotype is favored and the distribution curve shifts toward that phenotype,what would you be studying?

A)disruptive selection
B)directional selection
C)genetic drift selection
D)stabilizing selection
E)adaptive selection

Question 50

The Afrikaner population of South Africa is descended mainly from a few Dutch colonists.The Afrikaner population now has a much higher frequency of the gene that causes Huntington disease than is present in the rest of the people of South Africa.This is likely due to

A)the bottleneck effect.
B)disruptive selection.
C)the founder effect.
D)stabilizing selection.
E)cohort selection.

Question 51

The type of selection where two or more extreme phenotypes are favored is referred to as

A)disruptive selection.
B)directional selection.
C)genetic drift selection.
D)stabilizing selection.
E)adaptive selection.

Question 52

Which type of natural selection occurs when an intermediate phenotype is favored?

A)disruptive selection
B)directional selection
C)genetic drift selection
D)stabilizing selection
E)adaptive selection

Question 53

If there is a change in allele frequency of a gene pool due to chance,it is referred to as

A)mutation.
B)genetic drift.
C)gene flow.
D)nonrandom mating.
E)natural selection.