Deck 7: Repeated Measures Designs

Question 1

Balancing the order of conditions in a repeated measures design

A)averages practice effects across the conditions of the experiment.
B)eliminates practice effects in the conditions of the experiment.
C)equates practice effects with those found in random groups designs.
D)balances individual differences variables across the conditions of the experiment.

Answer 1

eliminates practice effects in the conditions of the experiment.

Question 2

Cite at least two reasons why a researcher might choose to use a repeated measures design.

Answer 2

The four reasons cited in the text are that repeated measures designs are ideal when only a small number of subjects is available;that repeated measures designs are more convenient and efficient;that repeated measures designs are generally more sensitive;and that repeated measures designs can be used to study differences within subjects over time or across stimuli.

Question 3

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B) for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color. Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red, blue, and yellow. The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality. Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

Answer 3

The dependent variable is participants' ratings of emotionality of the inkblots.

Question 4

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why researchers choose to use the repeated measures design?

A)Repeated measures designs require fewer subjects.
B)Repeated measures designs are more convenient and efficient.
C)Repeated measures designs are generally less sensitive than are independent groups designs.
D)Repeated measures designs are needed when the experimental procedures require participants to compare two or more stimuli.

Question 5

The need to balance practice effects in the repeated measures design is analogous to the need to balance ________ in the independent groups design.

A)order effects
B)individual differences
C)reactivity
D)subject loss

Question 6

Define differential transfer and describe one method a researcher could use to detect whether differential transfer is a problem in a repeated measures experiment.

Question 7

The difference between repeated measurements to establish test-retest reliability and experiments using repeated measures designs is that in experiments with repeated measures designs

A)the reliability of measurement is not important.
B)measurements are compared for different conditions of an independent variable.
C)measurements occur only twice.
D)a correlation coefficient would be used to determine consistency across measurements.

Question 8

What distinguishes the complete repeated measures design from the incomplete repeated measures design?

Question 9

In an independent groups design,a separate group of people serves as the control group.In the repeated measures design,

A)there is no control.
B)all participants participate in one condition of the experiment.
C)participants serve as their own controls.
D)test-retest reliability is the main goal of the research.

Question 10

What techniques are used in the complete and incomplete repeated measures designs to balance practice effects?

Question 11

Explain why ABBA counterbalancing would be ineffective in balancing practice effects in the complete repeated measures design when the practice effects involve an abrupt initial change followed by little change thereafter.

Question 12

Which of the following concerns leads researchers to balance practice effects in repeated measures designs?

A)Balancing practice effects allows researchers to determine the sources of systematic error variation in repeated measures designs.
B)Balancing practice effects allows researchers to account for individual differences variables in repeated measures designs due to participants' prior experience.
C)Balancing allows researchers to ignore sources of confounding that cannot be balanced in repeated measures designs.
D)Balancing allows researchers to control changes participants undergo with repeated testing in repeated measures designs.

Question 13

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B) for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color. Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red, blue, and yellow. The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality. Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
If the psychologist would like to have 50 ratings for each inkblot,how many participants will the psychologist need to recruit for the experiment?

Question 14

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B) for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color. Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red, blue, and yellow. The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality. Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
What potential confounding variable must be balanced in this research? Explain what balancing procedure would be best for this experiment.
B.Ten random sequences of A and B inkblots would counterbalance practice effects.

Question 15

Identify the differences between the random groups design and the repeated measures design in terms of how the independent variable is manipulated and what potential confounding variable must be balanced in each design.What method(s)are available for balancing in each design?

Question 16

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B) for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color. Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red, blue, and yellow. The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality. Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Question 17

Counterbalancing is an important research technique because it is used to

A)average individual differences variables across conditions of a repeated measures design.
B)average practice effects across conditions of an independent groups design.
C)average practice effects across conditions of a repeated measures design.
D)all of these

Question 18

What are one advantage and one disadvantage of using possible orders to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design?

Question 19

A researcher compares students' performance using a new learning strategy to their performance using the old strategy.Students' performance is first tested with the old strategy,followed by the new strategy.The results indicate that students perform better with the new strategy.These results

A)are uninterpretable due to the confounding with practice effects.
B)the order of the two learning strategies does not matter.
C)indicate that teachers should use the new strategy.
D)all of these

Question 20

There can be no confounding by individual differences variables in the repeated measures designs because

A)the same participants are tested in all conditions of repeated measures designs.
B)individual differences variables are held constant in repeated measures designs.
C)individual differences variables are eliminated in repeated measures designs.
D)only one participant is tested in all repeated measures designs.

Question 21

Each of the three techniques that are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design conforms to a general rule that can be stated as

A)each condition must appear in each ordinal position equally often.
B)each condition must appear in the first ordinal position equally often.
C)each condition must appear in each ordinal position at least twice.
D)each condition must appear in only one ordinal position.

Question 22

When selected orders of conditions (Latin Square or random starting order with rotation)are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design

A)the number of selected orders must be exactly equal to the number of conditions in the experiment.
B)the number of selected orders will always be equal to one more than the number of conditions in the experiment.
C)the number of selected orders will always be equal to some multiple of the number of conditions in the experiment.
D)there is no restriction on the number of possible orders needed to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design.

Question 23

A researcher plans to conduct a complete repeated measures design in which the independent variable is manipulated using four conditions that vary the level of violence depicted in a photograph (none,low,medium,high).There are 10 photographs in each of the four conditions.Each participant will rate each photo once and therefore make a total of 40 ratings.If the researcher wishes to have 80 ratings for each photo,how many participants should the researcher recruit?

A)2
B)10
C)40
D)80

Question 24

Repeated measures designs are more sensitive than random groups designs because the systematic variation due to individual differences is _________ the statistical analyses.

A)eliminated from
B)added to
C)averaged into
D)a critical part of

Question 25

The additional step needed when analyzing the results in a complete repeated design is to

A)subtract the mean of all conditions from each participant's score.
B)multiply participants' score in each condition by the order in which the condition appeared.
C)add the participants' scores across all conditions and divide by the number of conditions.
D)compute the mean score for each participant for each condition of the experiment.

Question 26

The best solution when differential transfer is likely in an experiment is to

A)use selected orders in an incomplete repeated measures design.
B)use block randomization in a complete repeated measures design.
C)choose a different independent variable to investigate.
D)conduct a random groups design.

Question 27

The problem of _____ occurs when the effects of the manipulation for a condition persist or carryover into the subsequent conditions in a repeated measures design.

A)sensitivity
B)differential transfer
C)anticipation effects
D)counterbalancing

Question 28

In the incomplete repeated measures design,the levels of the independent variable for each participant are perfectly confounded with the

A)characteristics of that particular participant.
B)order in which the levels were presented.
C)individual differences variables in the experiment.
D)characteristics of the experimental task.

Question 29

Compared to random starting order with rotation,an advantage of the Latin Square technique for selecting orders in the incomplete repeated measures design is that in the Latin Square

A)each condition precedes and follows each other condition exactly once.
B)practice effects are balanced within each individual.
C)a random order of conditions is generated for each participant.
D)each condition is presented to each subject several times.

Question 30

A student is considering doing a complete repeated measures design experiment involving motor skills.The student's advisor has told him that people show a large initial improvement on the task followed by slow steady improvement after this initial change.The student must choose a technique for balancing practice effects.Which technique should the student not use?

A)block randomization
B)Latin Square
C)ABBA counterbalancing
D)all possible orders

Question 31

A health psychologist conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness of four techniques for helping a person to relax.The psychologist has a limited number of people available to participate in the experiment and each relaxation technique takes some time to complete.The psychologist has decided,therefore,to use the incomplete repeated measures design with all possible orders to balance practice effects.What is the minimum number of participants with psychologist will need for this experiment?

A)4
B)12
C)24
D)48

Question 32

A researcher designs an experiment with six conditions but each condition takes only a short amount of time to administer.The researcher has the opportunity,therefore,to administer many trials of each condition in the experiment.Which of the following techniques is likely to be most effective for balancing practice effects?

A)block randomization
B)random assignment
C)stratified randomization
D)all possible orders of conditions

Question 33

A repeated measures design experiment was done to test people's ability to solve problems that varied in difficulty at three levels (easy,moderate,and hard).The researcher used all possible orders to balance practice effects and so was able to determine that performance on the hard problems was better when they were preceded by a moderate difficulty problem than when they were preceded by an easy problem.Which of the following is a possible explanation of this finding?

A)negative transfer
B)differential transfer
C)progressive error
D)nonlinear practice effects

Question 34

Practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design are balanced by

A)ensuring that the results for each participant are balanced.
B)subtracting the results for the different groups of participants in the experiment.
C)averaging across the results for each pair of participants.
D)averaging across the results for all participants.

Question 35

A market researcher wants to test the effectiveness of three different types of advertisement.Participants will respond to many examples of each type of advertisement so that the researcher can determine each person's preference.What type of design is this researcher using?

A)replicated repeated measures design
B)partial repeated measures design
C)incomplete repeated measures design
D)complete repeated measures design

Question 36

When a participant in an experiment that involves the complete repeated measures design develops expectations about which condition should occur next in the sequence,the methodological problem that occurs is called

A)reactivity effects.
B)anticipation effects.
C)differential transfer
D)next-in-line effects.