Deck 7: Physical Development in Early Childhood

Question 1

Dr.Bradley is studying the normal physical growth patterns of children.This year,he will measure 100 children in each age group from birth to age 18.Dr.Bradley is using a _____ research design.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)Solomon four-way
D)quasi-experimental

Answer 1

A

Question 2

During early childhood,children's appetites

A)stay the same as they were in infancy.
B)decrease from their standard in infancy.
C)increase slightly from their standard in infancy.
D)increase a lot from their standard in infancy.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

On average,children in the preschool years grow _____ each year.

A)1
Inches
B)2
Inches
C)3
Inches
D)4

Answer 3

B

Question 4

The best advice to give parents about dinnertime for preschoolers is to

A)make them clean their plates because they need lots of good nutrition at this stage.
B)let them eat as much as they want,and then let them stop when they want.
C)be careful to keep them from overeating at any one meal to prevent them from becoming obese.
D)give up.Science has nothing useful to tell them.

Question 5

Dr.Andersen is measuring children's body mass index.The formula he uses for his calculations is

A)weight/height².
B)weight²/height.
C)weight/height.
D)height²/weight.

Question 6

Yukio is 5 years old.His body mass index is in the 48^th percentile for his age group.The likelihood that Yukio will be obese at age 12 is

A)75%.
B)50%.
C)25%.
D)0%.

Question 7

In general,children left to their own preferences

A)will eat proper portions over the course of a day.
B)need to be compelled to eat enough.
C)will eat too much if not watched carefully.
D)tend to prefer Brussels sprouts and spinach to candy.

Question 8

All of the following are good ways to prevent children from becoming overweight or obese except

A)provide children with a variety of healthy snacks.
B)encourage active play.
C)reinforce good eating habits with treats after meals.
D)be an active role model.

Question 9

Cally is 4 years old.She is 1.05 meters tall and weighs 18 kg.Her body mass index is about

A)13.7.
B)14.9.
C)15.5.
D)16.3.

Question 10

Children in the _____ percentile for body mass index are considered obese.

A)95th
B)85th
C)75th
D)65th

Question 11

Dr.Annapurna is studying the normal physical growth patterns of children.Every year,she measures the heights and weights of the same 100 children.She will follow their development from birth to age 18.Dr.Annapurna is using a _____ research design.

A)cross-sectional
B)longitudinal
C)Solomon four-way
D)quasi-experimental

Question 12

Hideo is 4 years old.He's currently 1 meter tall and weighs 16 kg.His body mass index is about

A)12.
B)14.
C)16.
D)18.

Question 13

Approximately _____ of preschoolers are picky eaters.

A)18-29%
B)28-39%
C)38-49%
D)48-59%

Question 14

_____ of children are considered to be in the normal range for body mass index.

A)60%
B)70%
C)80%
D)90%

Question 15

Children in the _____ percentile for body mass index are considered overweight.

A)60th
B)70th
C)80th
D)90th

Question 16

Physical growth in early childhood happens

A)slowly and steadily.
B)mostly at the beginning of the stage.
C)in fits and starts.
D)mostly at the end of the stage.

Question 17

Cross-cultural studies show that children's growth patterns are the same worldwide if the children receive proper nutrition and care.This finding demonstrates that children's growth is highly

A)individualized.
B)variable.
C)accommodating.
D)canalizeD.

Question 18

The best way to get a picky eater to try a particular food is

A)to bribe them with another food they like.
B)to threaten them with punishment.
C)to keep presenting that food with no pressure to eat.
D)to model eating the food with exaggerated enjoyment.

Question 19

On average,children in the preschool years gain _____ each year.

A)12 pounds
B)10 pounds
C)8 pounds
D)6 pounds

Question 20

All of the following contribute to childhood problems with obesity except

A)using food to reward good behavior.
B)allowing children to serve themselves at mealtime.
C)encouraging children to watch more educational television.
D)making a sad child feel better with a special treat.

Question 21

Synaptic pruning is the process of

A)creating new neurons.
B)creating new connections between neurons.
C)removing unused neural connections.
D)removing unused neurons.

Question 22

When children are allowed to serve themselves at mealtimes,

A)they generally overfill their plates.
B)they generally take too little food.
C)they generally take about 25% less than most adults would give them.
D)they generally make poor food choices.

Question 23

In early childhood,_____ provides "back-up insurance" for the plasticity of the brain.

A)synaptic pruning
B)synaptogenesis
C)myelination
D)neuro-linguistic programming

Question 24

New connections between neurons are formed through the process of

A)neurogenesis.
B)synaptogenesis.
C)epigenesis.
D)genetic determinism.

Question 25

_____ are chemicals that convey information between neurons.

A)Dendrites
B)Axons
C)Synapses
D)Neurotransmitters

Question 26

Synaptogenesis is the process of

A)creating new neurons.
B)creating new connections between neurons.
C)removing unused neural connections.
D)removing unused neurons.

Question 27

The first area of the brain to develop during early childhood is the

A)frontal cortex.
B)parietal lobe.
C)motor cortex.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 28

The last areas of the brain to be completely myelinated are in the

A)motor coordination areas.
B)areas that govern eye-hand coordination.
C)frontal lobes.
D)cerebellum.

Question 29

The junction where two neurons meet to exchange information is the

A)dendrite.
B)axon.
C)synapse.
D)cell body.

Question 30

Isaac is 6 years old.Although he used to have a lot trouble holding crayons and writing when he was younger,he can now print his name quite legibly.This is mostly due to

A)myelination.
B)canalization.
C)neurogenesis.
D)dendrochronology.

Question 31

The brain is composed of billions of

A)neurons.
B)chromatids.
C)axilla.
D)systoles.

Question 32

_____ makes the operation of the brain more efficient by eliminating unused or unneeded neural connections.

A)Synaptic pruning
B)Synaptogenesis
C)Myelination
D)Neuro-linguistic programming

Question 33

The fatty substance wrapped around axons is called

A)myelin.
B)myocardium.
C)mycelium.
D)myosin.

Question 34

Neurons that fire both when performing an action and when a person is watching someone else perform that action are called

A)axillary neurons.
B)synaptogenetic neurons.
C)reflexive neurons.
D)mirror neurons.

Question 35

Synaptogenesis

A)ends after age 5.
B)peaks at age 3
)
C)eliminates unnecessary neural connections.
D)continues throughout life.

Question 36

Myelination of the brain in early childhood

A)eliminates unneeded neural connections.
B)creates many new synapses.
C)improves children's impulse control to adult levels.
D)improves children's eye-hand coordination.

Question 37

The part of the neuron that receives information from other neurons is the

A)dendrite.
B)axon.
C)synapse.
D)cell body.

Question 38

When 5-year-old Ken is playing with his puzzles and reading to his younger sister,he is engaging in activities that promote

A)synaptic pruning.
B)neuropathology.
C)dendritic axonia.
D)synaptogenesis.

Question 39

Learning through imitation may be assisted by

A)axillary neurons.
B)synaptogenetic neurons.
C)reflexive neurons.
D)mirror neurons.

Question 40

The part of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the

A)axolotl.
B)axon.
C)axilla.
D)axiom.

Question 41

Ali's right foot is controlled by his brain's

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)right hemisphere.
C)left hemisphere.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 42

Being right- or left-handed is a sign of

A)synaptogenesis.
B)lateralization.
C)myelination.
D)mirror neuron.

Question 43

The last area of the brain to develop during early childhood is the

A)frontal cortex.
B)parietal lobe.
C)motor cortex.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 44

The idea that motor development in childhood is due entirely to the influence of the environment is most closely associated with

A)John B. Watson.
B)Arnold Gesell.
C)Myrtle McGraw.
D)Mary Ainsworth.

Question 45

The _____ is the part of the brain that controls reasoning and executive functions.

A)frontal cortex.
B)parietal lobe.
C)motor cortex.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 46

Chava is making up rhymes.The part of her brain she uses for this task is

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)right hemisphere.
C)left hemisphere.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 47

During the preschool period,children improve at games such as "Simon Says" and at tasks such as using their "indoor voice" at appropriate times because the _____ lobes of their brains are developing.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 48

The degree to which brain development can be altered by experience is called

A)synaptogenesis.
B)synaptic pruning.
C)vitrification.
D)brain plasticity.

Question 49

The left hand is controlled by the brain's

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)right hemisphere.
C)left hemisphere.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 50

Children's ability to engage in effortful control is dependent on the development of

A)the corpus callosum.
B)Broca's area.
C)the prefrontal cortex.
D)Wernicke's area.

Question 51

Four-year-old Nakai and his teenage cousin Nascha are both trying to learn American Sign Language._____ will find it much easier because _____.

A)Nascha;she has more experience at learning new things.
B)Nascha;she can attach the new information to what she already knows.
C)Nakai;his brain is mostly empty,so he has lots of space for new knowledge.
D)Nakai;his brain is currently undergoing rapid growth in its language centers.

Question 52

After having a hemispherectomy in infancy,most children

A)can never live a normal life.
B)never learn to speak.
C)have a great deal of trouble with mathematics.
D)adjust to a normal life due to the plasticity of the brain.

Question 53

The left and right hemispheres of the brain are connected by the

A)amygdalA.
B)hippocampus.
C)frontal lobes.
D)corpus callosum.

Question 54

The idea that motor development in childhood is due entirely to maturation is most closely associated with

A)John B. Watson.
B)Arnold Gesell.
C)Myrtle McGraw.
D)Mary Ainsworth.

Question 55

Two-year-old Tamir keeps singing the Oscar Meyer Wiener song,all day long.His lack of control over this may be due to the relative immaturity of his brain's _____ lobes.

A)frontal
B)parietal
C)occipital
D)temporal

Question 56

The left side of the brain is generally related to processing

A)patterns and images.
B)internal stimuli.
C)language.
D)emotions.

Question 57

When parts of a child's brain are undergoing extremely rapid development,we say that the child is in _____ for the activities associated with those structures.

A)a state of synaptic pruning
B)a sensitive period
C)an epigenetic period
D)a psychophysical normative crisis

Question 58

_____ describes the specialization of the left and right hemispheres of the brain.

A)Synaptogenesis
B)Lateralization
C)Myelination
D)Mirror neuron

Question 59

The idea that motor development in childhood may be the result of interactions between genetic programming and experience is most closely associated with

A)John B. Watson.
B)Arnold Gesell.
C)Myrtle McGraw.
D)Mary Ainsworth.

Question 60

Kenji is trying to figure out where a particular puzzle piece belongs.This information is generally processed in his brain's

A)prefrontal cortex.
B)right hemisphere.
C)left hemisphere.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 61

Preschoolers in child-care centers tend to be

A)much healthier than children reared at home.
B)much more likely to suffer from diarrhea and ear infections than children reared at home.
C)much more likely to be killed in an accident than children reared at home.
D)about as healthy in all measures as children reared at home.

Question 62

Hendrik is 4 years old.Last year,he had seven colds and this year he had nine colds.His parents are concerned.What can you tell them about Hendrik's health?

A)This is perfectly normal.Don't worry.
B)Hendrik's extremely healthy.Most children his age get 16-18 colds each year.
C)This is mildly worrisome.Most children Hendrik's age get only 1-2 colds each year.
D)Hendrik may have neurological damage.

Question 63

Public health experts have suggested that _____ can eliminate most childhood deaths from diarrhea,worldwide.

A)immunization
B)placing mosquito netting over their cribs
C)Oral Rehydration Therapy
D)more protein in the diet

Question 64

Gabriel has just learned to walk on tiptoe.He is likely to be about _____ year(s)old.

A)1
B)1
C)2
D)3

Question 65

In the United States,roughly _____ of children are not fully immunized as preschoolers.

A)6%
B)92%
C)18%
D)24%

Question 66

Cross-cultural studies of children's drawings in early childhood have demonstrated that

A)these are skills that are highly canalized.
B)these are skills that are genetically predetermined.
C)a child's culture shapes the development of his or her fine motor skills.
D)we just don't expect enough of today's preschool children,and our low standards impair their potential development.

Question 67

Small movements of the hands and fingers are

A)examples of gross motor skills.
B)examples of fine motor skills.
C)controlled by the occipital lobe of the brain.
D)developed only in middle childhooD.

Question 68

Ivana can hop and skip,and enjoys skating and riding her scooter.It's likely that she is at least _____ years old.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 69

The fact that Mayan preschoolers learn to do intricate weaving,and colonial American children learned to knit and spin wool demonstrates that

A)these are skills that are highly canalized.
B)these are skills that are genetically predetermined.
C)a child's culture shapes the development of his or her fine motor skills.
D)we just don't expect enough of today's preschool children,and our low standards impair their potential development.

Question 70

Simple interventions in public health,such as caregiver education,immunization,and Oral Rehydration Therapy,have _____ between 1960 and 2007.

A)reduced the worldwide death toll of children by about 50%
B)reduced the worldwide death toll of children by about 30%
C)reduced the worldwide death toll of children by about 10%
D)slightly increased the worldwide death toll of children

Question 71

Running and jumping are

A)examples of gross motor skills.
B)examples of fine motor skills.
C)controlled by the occipital lobe of the brain.
D)developed only in middle childhooD.

Question 72

The leading cause of death among preschool children in the United States is

A)accidental injuries.
B)the use of illicit drugs.
C)lack of immunization to childhood diseases.
D)malnutrition.

Question 73

In the United States,

A)all children are regularly immunized against childhood diseases.
B)nearly 20% of all infants are missing essential immunizations.
C)low-income children are more likely to be immunized than low-income English or Canadian children.
D)vaccines have been proven to cause autism in children if given too early.

Question 74

Natasha can dress herself without any help,tie her own shoes,and hold a pencil properly for writing.It's likely that she is _____ years old.

A)2
B)3
C)4
D)5

Question 75

The best way to keep preschoolers from catching a cold is for them to be

A)immunized.
B)taught to wash regularly with soap and water.
C)taught to use only antibacterial products.
D)given an occasional alcoholic beverage to kill germs.

Question 76

Felicia is 3 years old.It's likely that she can do all of the following except

A)ride a tricycle.
B)walk on tiptoe.
C)kick a ball.
D)skate.

Question 77

Erik is about 3 years old.It's likely that he can do all of the following except

A)put on his own shoes and socks.
B)hold a crayon between his fingers like an adult.
C)tie his own shoes.
D)use a spoon and fork.

Question 78

Cross-cultural studies of children's ability to create representational drawings of people seem to show that this skill is

A)hardwired into the brain.
B)influenced by learning.
C)absent in most non-urbanized cultures.
D)more prominent in more rural cultures.

Question 79

Anatoli is 2 years old.He is not likely to be able to do any of the following tasks except

A)skipping on one foot.
B)riding a tricycle.
C)kicking a ball.
D)riding a scooter.

Question 80

The most common cause of death for children between the ages of 1-4 years old is

A)automobile accidents.
B)fires.
C)airway obstructions.
D)drowning.