Deck 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy

Question 1

Little Sofia loves birds.She knows that birds fly.One day she goes to the zoo and sees an ostrich.When she learns that this is a bird that doesn't fly,it doesn't make sense at first.Piaget would say that she needs to _____ this new information about birds that can't fly.

A)assimilate
B)accommodate
C)habituate
D)defenestrate

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Whenever little Zbigniew drops his spoon,it falls to the floor.When he drops his cup,it also falls to the floor.This makes sense to him,so he can _____ the information that objects fall when dropped.

A)assimilate
B)accommodate
C)habituate
D)defenestrate

Answer 2

A

Question 3

According to Jean Piaget,the two processes involved in adaptation are

A)assimilation and habituation.
B)assimilation and accommodation.
C)habituation and accommodation.
D)habituation and the novelty response.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Developmental researchers believe that a baby has created a mental representation of something when he or she has

A)responded to its novelty.
B)developed its phonology.
C)grabbed it to play with it.
D)habituated to it.

Question 5

The first stage of development identified by Jean Piaget is the _____ period.

A)preoperational
B)sensorimotor
C)formal operational
D)concrete operational

Question 6

Jean Piaget suggested that an infant's motor activity contributed to its

A)physical growth.
B)need for contact comfort.
C)understanding of the world.
D)Moro reflex.

Question 7

The correct order of Piaget's stages of development is

A)preoperations,formal operations,concrete operations,and sensorimotor.
B)preoperations,sensorimotor,concrete operations,formal operations.
C)sensorimotor,preoperations,concrete operations,formal operations.
D)sensorimotor,preoperations,formal operations,concrete operations.

Question 8

When an infant can relearn something she's forgotten,and does so in much less time than she required for her original learning,we know

A)that the task was too easy.
B)that the task has regained its novelty response.
C)that she has some memory of the earlier learning.
D)that she has developed to the next neurological level.

Question 9

Dion has shown 1-month-old Eudora the same picture of Lucy every day for a week.When Gillian comes into the room,she brings that picture of Lucy,but also one of Marge.The baby seems much more interested in Marge's picture.This reaction to Marge's picture is called

A)habituation to the picture of Marge.
B)categorization.
C)a novelty response.
D)flashbulb memory.

Question 10

Habituation and novelty response in infants are used to test their

A)reflexes.
B)memories.
C)physical development.
D)motor skills.

Question 11

When little Brendan first saw a picture of Bullwinkle Moose,he looked at it for a long time.After he'd seen the picture several times,he spent less and less time looking at it each time.This tapering off of his interest is due to

A)habituation.
B)constructivism.
C)accommodation.
D)categorization.

Question 12

Jason is studying Piaget's theory of cognitive development.He's just learned that accommodation and assimilation are part of a larger process called

A)habituation.
B)semantics.
C)object permanence.
D)adaptation.

Question 13

Four-month-old Lucian learns mostly by listening,touching,and sucking on things.Piaget would say that he is in the _____ period of development.

A)sensorimotor
B)concrete operational
C)preoperational
D)formal operational

Question 14

Little Emilio has discovered that if he smears his baby food all over his face,the dog will lick it off.Since he thinks this is fun,Emilio does it all the time.Emilio's knowledge that the baby food will bring the dog running shows his understanding of

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)habituation.
D)causality.

Question 15

Clay is playing with 2-month-old Damian.As Damian watches,Clay covers the rattle with a blanket.Although Damian was having fun with the rattle,he doesn't look for it,and acts as if it never existed.Obviously,Damian has not yet achieved

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)habituation.
D)causality.

Question 16

_____ allows an infant to make sense of the world based on what she already knows,and _____ allows her to modify her understanding to incorporate new information.

A)Assimilation;accommodation
B)Assimilation;habituation
C)Accommodation;assimilation
D)Accommodation;habituation

Question 17

One of the first scientists to suggest that infants actively construct their own knowledge was

A)Jackie Gibson.
B)Mary Whiton Calkins.
C)Arnold Gesell.
D)Jean Piaget.

Question 18

Dakota,who is 3 weeks old,continues to treat a photograph as if it's novel,even after she has seen it many times.This indicates

A)that she has no memory of the photograph.
B)that she has become habituated to the photograph.
C)that her novelty response is malfunctioning.
D)that she has damaged her hippocampus.

Question 19

The fact that little Rosie has habituated to a photograph of Linus and his blanket suggests that she may have

A)neurological damage in the amygdalA.
B)created a mental representation of it.
C)accommodated it into her association cortex.
D)been distracted by her own blanket.

Question 20

Jean Piaget believed that infants

A)were passive receivers of information.
B)were too young to learn.
C)were biologically programmed with certain information.
D)were active learners.

Question 21

According to Jean Piaget,infants can generally tell that a face and voice belong together when they are approximately _____ months old.

A)1-4
B)4-7
C)7-10
D)10-18

Question 22

Categorization is similar to Piaget's idea of

A)assimilation.
B)accommodation.
C)object permanence.
D)decalage.

Question 23

Karim makes a funny face at baby Jamila and she makes it back at him several hours later,when he isn't making that face.Jamila is engaged in

A)object permanence.
B)pretend play.
C)categorization.
D)deferred imitation.

Question 24

All of the following are challenges to Piaget's observations on child development,except

A)limbless children learn as quickly as children with normally formed arms and legs.
B)1-month-old infants will not seek out hidden toys.
C)children appear to achieve object permanence much earlier than Piaget expected.
D)infants as young as 6-months-old can engage in delayed imitation.

Question 25

Natasha is 3 months old.Piaget would expect her to be in the _____ stage of the sensorimotor period.

A)1^st
B)2^nd
C)3^rd
D)4^th

Question 26

Wing Lee sees a toy train go into a tunnel and waits for it to come back out through the same opening.He's amazed when it comes out somewhere else.Piaget would say that Wing Lee cannot be more than _____ months old.

A)4
B)7
C)10
D)18

Question 27

When Demeter gives little Persephone some toy farm animals,a toy tractor,and a toy car,he notices that she tends to play more with the animals.This shows that Persephone is engaging in

A)memory.
B)pretend play.
C)categorization.
D)habituation.

Question 28

According to Jean Piaget,the sensorimotor period was made up of _____ stages.

A)2
B)4
C)6
D)8

Question 29

When baby Aaron realizes that the teddy bear and the stuffed moose are both soft and fun to hug,he is engaging in

A)memory.
B)pretend play.
C)categorization.
D)habituation.

Question 30

Clay is playing with 10-month-old Damian.As Damian watches,Clay covers the rattle with a blanket.Damian immediately looks under the blanket to get his rattle,showing that he has achieved

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)habituation.
D)causality.

Question 31

Little Boris accidentally kicked his mobile and liked the way it moved,so now he spends a lot of time kicking it.Piaget would say that he is probably _____ months old.

A)1-4
B)4-7
C)7-10
D)10-18

Question 32

Piaget's most important contribution to the study of infant cognition may have been

A)the development of accurate,age-graded stages.
B)discovering that infants can perform delayed imitation.
C)the idea that infants are active learners.
D)the idea that physical manipulation of objects is required for infant learning.

Question 33

When Chin sees a toy train go into a tunnel,he looks at the other end of the tunnel waiting for it to come out.Piaget would expect Chin to be _____ months old.

A)4-7
B)7-10
C)10-18
D)18-24

Question 34

Infantile amnesia was first suggested by

A)Eleanor Maccoby.
B)Mary Ainsworth.
C)John Watson.
D)Sigmund FreuD.

Question 35

_____ believed that the inability of infants to encode information made it unlikely that they could remember things.

A)Jackie Gibson
B)Sigmund Freud
C)Jean Piaget
D)Mamie Clark

Question 36

Brett allows baby Bridget to habituate to a stuffed squirrel toy.One week later,he tests her to find out whether she is still not very interested in the stuffed squirrel,even though she has not seen it in all that time.Brett is testing Bridget's

A)long-term memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)object permanence.
D)accommodation.

Question 37

Categorization helps infants in all of the following ways except that it does not

A)structure and clarify perception.
B)enhance their fine motor development.
C)help organize a lot of information in manageable,limited ways.
D)help the infant know what to expect in similar circumstances.

Question 38

In Meltzoff's (1998)experiment,6-month-old infants watched a model press his forehead to a panel.One week later,they imitated this display.Their behavior demonstrated that

A)Piaget was correct about children's cognitive development.
B)Piaget was incorrect in thinking such young children could not perform delayed imitation.
C)Piaget was correct about children's ability to habituate.
D)Piaget was incorrect about children's ability to develop syntax.

Question 39

Jean Piaget called a child's ability to understand that things continue to exist even when they can't be seen

A)object permanence.
B)accommodation.
C)habituation.
D)causality.

Question 40

Njoku found some bottles of soda on his parents' picnic table and has been tipping them over at different angles to see how fast the soda will pour out on the ground.Piaget would expect Njoku to be _____ months old.

A)1-4
B)4-7
C)7-10
D)10-18

Question 41

The most widely used test of infant intelligence is the

A)Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
B)Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale (SBIS).
C)Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-III).
D)Apgar Test.

Question 42

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development are

A)highly predictive of adult intelligence.
B)moderately predictive of adult intelligence.
C)not predictive of adult intelligence.
D)not tests of intelligence.

Question 43

Children's scores on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development are

A)highly positively correlated with their IQ scores 18 years later.
B)negatively correlated with their IQ scores 18 years later.
C)moderately positively correlated with their IQ scores 18 years later.
D)not correlated at all with their IQ scores 18 years later.

Question 44

The book suggests using Urie Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective to understand different influences on a child's intelligence.This would mean classifying parents,peers,and grandparents in Bronfenbrenner's

A)microsystem.
B)megasystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 45

A child's parents are considered _____ influences on his intelligence.

A)proximal
B)distal
C)cephalocaudal
D)heritable

Question 46

Which of the following scales is not a part of The Bayley Scales of Infant Development?

A)A mental development index
B)A performance index
C)A psychomotor index
D)All of these are actually parts of the BSID.

Question 47

A child's social class is considered a _____ influence on her intelligence.

A)proximal
B)distal
C)cephalocaudal
D)heritable

Question 48

Japanese mothers tend to emphasize _____ more than American mothers.

A)interactive communication-based play activities
B)excellence-oriented play activities
C)options-limiting play activities
D)self-directed play activities

Question 49

The degree to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure is its

A)reliability.
B)categorization.
C)validity.
D)developmental index.

Question 50

Cross-cultural studies have shown that _____ mothers tend to engage in more exploratory play with their infants than _____ mothers.

A)Japanese;Kuwaiti
B)American;Japanese
C)Mayan;American
D)Kuwaiti;Mayan

Question 51

Baby Huey spends a lot of his time pushing toys around his crib.A developmental psychologist would say that he's engaging in

A)exploratory play.
B)symbolic play.
C)adaptive play.
D)categorical play.

Question 52

One way to see if an intelligence test for infants is useful is to compare its results to the results of intelligence tests taken by the same children 10-15 years later.This tests its

A)face validity.
B)internal validity.
C)concurrent validity.
D)predictive validity.

Question 53

Which of the following is not a good indicator of intelligence in infants?

A)Novelty responsiveness
B)Habituation
C)Quality of sleep
D)Ability to focus attention

Question 54

Exploratory play generally involves

A)make-believe scenarios.
B)re-enacting adult activities.
C)manipulating objects to learn about them.
D)pretending to be other people.

Question 55

Cross-cultural studies have shown that _____ mothers tend to engage in more symbolic play with their infants than _____ mothers.

A)Japanese;American
B)American;Mayan
C)Mayan;Kuwaiti
D)Kuwaiti;American

Question 56

When little Olga pretends that she is driving her playpen the same way that her parents drive the car,she is engaging in

A)exploratory play.
B)symbolic play.
C)adaptive play.
D)categorical play.

Question 57

Which of the following illustrates deferred imitation?

A)Little Najaw looks for her toy horse when it's hidden by a pillow.
B)Natasha makes funny faces at little Rocky,and he makes the same faces back.
C)Little Dudley realizes that his toy bear and horse are soft and cuddly,but his toy ranger is not.
D)Little Nell makes the funny face that her father made yesterday.

Question 58

Studies of children's IQ levels show that they correlate with _____ in infancy.

A)both habituation and novelty responsiveness
B)habituation,but not novelty responsiveness
C)novelty responsiveness but not habituation
D)neither habituation nor novelty responsiveness

Question 59

Stilson and Harding (1997)found that children are more likely to engage in symbolic play by the time they're about 40-months-old if their mothers engaged in _____ styles of play.

A)amusement-based
B)object-oriented
C)options-limiting
D)options-promoting

Question 60

Cross-cultural studies have shown that Japanese mothers tend to structure more _____ play for their infants.

A)exploratory
B)independent
C)interactive
D)obstructive

Question 61

Semantics refers to

A)the meanings of words.
B)the arrangement of words and phrases.
C)the production of vocal sounds.
D)the uses of language.

Question 62

Valentina asks 9-month-old Sasha if she wants the teddy bear or the stuffed moose.Sasha points to the moose.Sasha seems to have achieved _____but not _____.

A)language comprehension;language production
B)language production;language accommodation
C)language accommodation;language syntax
D)language syntax;language production

Question 63

Little Norbert knows that when his father says,"Let's go,Sport!" it means that they're going for a ride in the car.In other words,he has mastered the _____ of that expression.

A)semantics
B)syntax
C)grammar
D)phonology

Question 64

According to your textbook,all of the following are tools used for studying how children learn about language except

A)high-quality recordings.
B)parents' diaries.
C)linguistic computer simulations.
D)parents' language checklists.

Question 65

The book suggests using Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective to understand different influences on a child's intelligence.This would mean classifying a child's neighborhood and her parents' workplaces in Bronfenbrenner's

A)microsystem.
B)megasystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 66

Dr.Frankl wants to investigate infant language learning.He wants to use parents' observations,but considers them biased and unreliable.How can he make the parents' observations more reliable and less biased using a single,inexpensive method?

A)Use computer simulations of the observations.
B)Use high-quality audio recordings of all parent-child interactions.
C)Use high-quality video recordings of all parent-child interactions.
D)Give the parents printed checklists for recording their observations.

Question 67

When giving your child toys and books,

A)more is always better.
B)fewer is always better.
C)the quality of the books is most important.
D)parental interaction with the toys and books is most important.

Question 68

Providing your child with appropriate toys and books,being responsive,and engaging in joint attention with your child are all

A)habituation strategies.
B)scaffolding strategies.
C)semantic strategies.
D)distal strategies.

Question 69

Parents' diaries of their children's language development are problematic,and may suffer from all of the following errors except

A)parents are often biased observers.
B)the children described may be unrepresentative.
C)the parents may be unrepresentative.
D)there is never enough detail.

Question 70

Phonology refers to

A)the meaning of words.
B)the arrangement of words and phrases.
C)the production of vocal sounds.
D)the uses of language.

Question 71

When little Rita makes noises trying to imitate people talking,she is engaging in

A)semantics.
B)syntax.
C)pragmatics.
D)phonology.

Question 72

Shmuel asks 9-month-old Tavi to give him the teddy bear.Little Tavi smiles and hands it to him.Tavi is showing

A)language production.
B)language comprehension.
C)language accommodation.
D)language heritability.

Question 73

The basic ideas for scaffolding strategies were developed by

A)Jean Piaget.
B)Lev Vygotsky.
C)Mary Ainsworth.
D)Judith Rodin.

Question 74

Analyses of high-quality recordings of infants' speech

A)entirely support the work of B.
B)entirely support the work of Noam Chomsky.
C)show evidence that both biology and experience contribute to learning language.
D)show that infants have a long way to go before they learn anything about language.

Question 75

Little Emile has figured out that "Me want cookie" doesn't mean the same thing as "Cookie want me." This means he's learning about

A)semantics.
B)syntax.
C)pragmatics.
D)phonology.

Question 76

When a parent and child focus together on an object they are engaged in

A)parental responsiveness.
B)habituation.
C)joint attention.
D)accommodation.

Question 77

Parental belief systems that are based in cultural ideas about development are called

A)prejudices.
B)ethnotheories.
C)confirmation biases.
D)accommodations.

Question 78

The book suggests using Bronfenbrenner's ecological perspective to understand different influences on a child's intelligence.This would mean classifying a child's social class and culture in Bronfenbrenner's

A)microsystem.
B)megasystem.
C)exosystem.
D)macrosystem.

Question 79

Most toddlers generate grammatically correct sentences by the time they are _____ months old.

A)6
B)12
C)16
D)24

Question 80

Syntax refers to

A)the meanings of words.
B)the arrangement of words and phrases.
C)the production of vocal sounds.
D)the uses of language.