Deck 3: Conception,prenatal Development,and Birth

Question 1

After conception,we refer to the fertilized egg as

A)a homunculus.
B)a fetus.
C)a zygote.
D)an embryo.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Neurogenesis is

A)a normal process in which nerve cells form.
B)a degenerative neural problem in some embryos.
C)the beginning of damage to the fetal brain due to alcohol use by the mother.
D)the result of cocaine use during pregnancy.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The embryo's bones,muscles,and circulatory system are formed by cells in its

A)ectoderm.
B)amnioderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)endoderm.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The fluid-filled membrane that protects the embryo is called the

A)fetal sac.
B)amniotic sac.
C)in vitro saC.
D)zygotic sac.

Question 5

Mara and Laurence have been unable to conceive a child after trying for over a year.One option for solving this problem is for the doctor to inject some of Laurence's sperm directly into Mara's uterus.This procedure is called

A)infertility.
B)in vitro fertilization.
C)artificial insemination.
D)surrogate motherhooD.

Question 6

Huong is a zygote.As he undergoes differentiation,his outermost cells will begin to form

A)skin cells.
B)a network of neurons.
C)a placenta.
D)a plethora.

Question 7

The embryo's digestive system,lungs,and glands are formed by cells in its

A)ectoderm.
B)pachyderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)endoderm.

Question 8

The main risk of most reproductive technologies described in the text is

A)a higher rate of birth defects.
B)future infertility or sterility.
C)rejection of the zygote during implantation.
D)multiple pregnancy.

Question 9

The embryo's skin,nerves,and sensory organs are formed by cells in its

A)ectoderm.
B)amnioderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)endoderm.

Question 10

Brad was conceived and carried by Angelina,a surrogate mother,and then raised by Jennifer and Owen as their own baby.Statistics show that Brad will most likely

A)be well adjusted in terms of his relationships.
B)be well adjusted in his peer relationships but have a strained relationship with his parents.
C)be well adjusted in his relationship with his father,but not his adoptive mother.
D)never find personal relationships easy or satisfying.

Question 11

_____ is the period of time from conception to birth.

A)Gestation
B)Contrition
C)Consanguinity
D)Contraception

Question 12

The embryonic period takes place from the _____ week after conception.

A)first to second
B)first to eighth
C)second to twentieth
D)second to eighth

Question 13

The stem cells in the zygote begin to assume specialized roles through the process of

A)differentiation.
B)diversification.
C)meiosis.
D)mediation.

Question 14

The embryo's ectodermal layer of cells will become

A)muscles and bones.
B)the lungs and digestive system.
C)skin,sensory organs,and neurons.
D)the circulatory system and glands.

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the prenatal stages of development?

A)Fetal
B)Homunculus
C)Embryonic
D)Zygotic

Question 16

Which of the following is not one of the layers of the developing embryo's cells?

A)Endoderm
B)Ectoderm
C)Mesoderm
D)Amnioderm

Question 17

Implantation of a zygote in the uterine lining takes place

A)immediately after fertilization.
B)about a day after fertilization.
C)within a week after fertilization.
D)in the second week after fertilization.

Question 18

The zygote has _____ of chromosomes.

A)13 pairs
B)23 pairs
C)46 pairs
D)64 pairs

Question 19

Because they have been unable to conceive a child for over a year,Tammy and L.J.have decided to try in vitro fertilization.This means that

A)their doctor will inject some of L.J.'s sperm into Tammy's uterus.
B)their doctor will mix L.J.'s sperm and Tammy's ova in a laboratory dish.
C)their doctor will ask them to find a male friend to impregnate Tammy.
D)they will adopt a zygote from their local fertility clinic.

Question 20

From about 8-40 weeks after conception,we refer to the newly conceived life as

A)a zygote.
B)an embryo.
C)a baby.
D)a fetus.

Question 21

A fetus is likely to yawn,curl its toes,and blink approximately _____ weeks after conception.

A)3
B)4
C)5
D)6

Question 22

At about 6 months after conception,fetuses tend to show the first signs of

A)kicking.
B)blinking,hiccupping,and swallowing.
C)waking and sleeping EEG patterns.
D)early signs of neurogenesis.

Question 23

Research on temperament has shown that

A)it is entirely inborn.
B)it is entirely environmental.
C)it begins with inborn tendencies that are shaped by the environment.
D)it begins with an environmental effect that changes fetal brain development to form a temperament.

Question 24

Sex differentiation begins

A)at conception.
B)after the first week of the zygotic stage.
C)at the beginning of the embryonic stage.
D)near the end of the embryonic stage.

Question 25

_____ occurs when an embryo has only one X chromosome but no Y chromosome.

A)Testicular-feminizing syndrome
B)Mitochondrial syndrome
C)Turner's syndrome
D)Maccoby's syndrome

Question 26

In the absence of specific hormonal signals,embryos will default to developing _____ genitals.

A)male
B)female
C)both male and female
D)neither male nor female

Question 27

The female genotype is

A)XX.
B)XY.
C)YY.
D)XXY.

Question 28

The Müllerian ducts in an embryo's gonadal streak

A)may develop into female sex organs.
B)may develop into male sex organs.
C)may develop into either male or female sex organs.
D)have nothing to do with sexual development.

Question 29

The use of ultrasound imaging

A)helps screen for genetic anomalies at conception.
B)requires the use of positron emission technology.
C)can endanger a fetus younger than 5 months old.
D)produces a sort of picture showing the fetus in utero.

Question 30

Fetuses have been observed inhaling,exhaling,and crying during the _____ month of pregnancy.

A)first
B)second
C)fourth
D)sixth

Question 31

The male genotype is

A)XX.
B)XY.
C)YY.
D)XXY.

Question 32

Some chromosomal abnormalities are the result of errors during the process of

A)meiosis.
B)mitosis.
C)habituation.
D)genetic determinism.

Question 33

A fetus begins to develop external genitals after about _____ weeks from conception.

A)6-8
B)8-10
C)10-12
D)12-14

Question 34

If a child has three copies of the 21st chromosome instead of two copies,that child will be born with

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Down syndrome.
C)mitochondrial syndrome.
D)Bowlby's syndrome.

Question 35

All of an embryo's major organs and body parts have formed by about _____ after conception.

A)4 weeks
B)8 weeks
C)16 weeks
D)32 weeks

Question 36

Sonograms are produced using

A)magnetic resonance imaging technology.
B)positron emission tomography imaging technology.
C)computerized tomography imaging technology.
D)ultrasound imaging technology.

Question 37

Neurogenesis is nearly complete in the fetal brain after approximately _____ weeks.

A)6
B)12
C)24
D)36

Question 38

The fetus begins moving spontaneously in about the fourth month of pregnancy.This is called

A)bipedalism.
B)quickening.
C)kicking.
D)neurogenesis.

Question 39

Ling has just felt her fetus kick for the first time.This means it is about _____ weeks after conception.

A)8
B)16
C)20
D)24

Question 40

Research shows that reading children's stories aloud during the seventh and eighth months of pregnancy will result in

A)newborns who can sound out the words of the story.
B)newborns who can recognize specific story lines and themes.
C)newborns who are more likely to be good at language acquisition.
D)None of these

Question 41

Sickle-cell anemia is

A)due to an error in meiosis.
B)due to an error in mitosis.
C)carried by a recessive gene.
D)carried by a dominant gene.

Question 42

_____ is not a prenatal test applied to an unborn child.

A)Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
B)Amniocentesis
C)Chorionic villi sampling
D)Karyotyping

Question 43

You are a doctor investigating birth defects.One of your patients has spina bifida.It's likely that her mother

A)smoked during her pregnancy.
B)was malnourished during her pregnancy.
C)abused alcohol during her pregnancy.
D)abused cocaine during her pregnancy.

Question 44

Hemophilia is

A)due to an error in meiosis.
B)due to an error in mitosis.
C)carried by a recessive gene.
D)carried by a dominant gene.

Question 45

Pregnant women who are over 30 years old

A)are more likely to give birth prematurely than younger women.
B)are more likely to give birth to babies with low birth weight than younger women.
C)are less likely than younger women to consult a physician for regular prenatal checkups.
D)are more likely to require caesarian sections for delivery than younger women.

Question 46

_____ is the most common prenatal test.

A)Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
B)Amniocentesis
C)Chorionic villi sampling
D)Karyotyping

Question 47

A _____ is a DNA test for genetic anomalies.

A)genotype
B)karyotype
C)phenotype
D)endotype

Question 48

_____ is not a factor in complications that pregnant women may face.

A)Protein deficiency
B)Folic acid deficiency
C)Being over 30 years old
D)Too much zinc in the diet

Question 49

_____ is a condition in which part of a fetus's brain does not develop.

A)Anencelapathy
B)Spina bifida
C)Sickle-cell anemia
D)Turner syndrome

Question 50

You are examining a child who is short and stocky,with a small head,round face,slanted eyes,and a flat nose.She is cheerful and affectionate,but seems to have muscle weakness and difficulty learning.You should suspect that she may have

A)Turner's syndrome.
B)Down syndrome.
C)mitochondrial syndrome.
D)Bowlby's syndrome.

Question 51

Sex-linked recessive genetic disorders are generally carried on

A)the X chromosome.
B)the Y chromosome.
C)either the X or Y chromosomes.
D)both the X and Y chromosomes.

Question 52

_____ is the name for what happens when rare genetic disorders begin to surface more frequently in closed communities.

A)Genetic drift
B)Hybrid vigor
C)Hemophilia
D)Founder effect

Question 53

Smoking

A)reduces fertility only in men.
B)reduces fertility only in women.
C)reduces fertility in men and women.
D)has no effect on fertility in either men or women.

Question 54

Pregnant women who are under 18 years of age

A)are more likely than older women to require caesarian sections for delivery.
B)have a greater risk of miscarriage than older women.
C)are more likely to have miscarriages or stillborn babies than older women.
D)are more likely to give birth prematurely than older women.

Question 55

The chance of conceiving a baby with Down syndrome

A)rises with the mother's age at conception.
B)lessens with the mother's age at conception.
C)is entirely due to environmental teratogens.
D)is about 10% of all births.

Question 56

In _____,tests are made on some of the cells that attach the amniotic sac to the wall of the uterus.

A)preimplantation genetic diagnosis
B)amniocentesis
C)chorionic villi sampling
D)karyotyping

Question 57

Deficiencies in zinc and folic acid have been linked to all of the following complications for newborn babies except

A)high blood pressure.
B)central nervous system dysfunction.
C)low birth-weight.
D)premature birth.

Question 58

Tay-Sachs disease is

A)caused by an error in meiosis.
B)caused by an error in mitosis.
C)carried by a recessive gene.
D)carried by a dominant gene.

Question 59

_____ is a condition in which the spinal cord does not close completely.

A)Anencelapathy
B)Spina bifida
C)Sickle-cell anemia
D)Turner syndrome

Question 60

If both Tahoma and Anaba have a recessive genetic disorder,the chance of any of their children inheriting the disorder is

A)25%.
B)50%.
C)greater for the first child.
D)greater for later children.

Question 61

A pregnant woman who is HIV-positive

A)will always transmit the disease to her unborn baby.
B)can reduce the risk to her baby by taking appropriate medications during her pregnancy.
C)is at no risk for spreading HIV to her baby because it is filtered out by the placenta.
D)will have a stillborn chilD.

Question 62

Most women who learn that they are pregnant for the first time

A)have feelings of elation,driven by the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy.
B)become very unhappy and stressed due to the hormonal changes associated with pregnancy.
C)begin to bond closely with their babies during the first week or two of pregnancy.
D)cope best when their partners are communicative and they both agree on their roles in the relationship.

Question 63

A baby is born with cataracts,deafness,and some degree of mental retardation.As a developmental psychologist,you know that her condition may have been caused by

A)maternal malnutrition during pregnancy.
B)maternal stress during pregnancy.
C)maternal smoking during pregnancy.
D)Rubella.

Question 64

Fiona brings her baby to your clinic.The child has microcephaly-small eyes,a narrow forehead,a low nasal bridge,and a thin upper lip.On cognitive tests,he scores well below average,and seems to have a very short attention span.His condition was probably caused by

A)Fiona drinking alcohol during her pregnancy.
B)Fiona abusing cocaine during her pregnancy.
C)Fiona smoking cigarettes during her pregnancy.
D)Fiona being malnourished during her pregnancy.

Question 65

Which of the following conditions in childhood is not associated with a mother's use of heroin during pregnancy?

A)Respiratory problems
B)Attention problems
C)Lower IQ
D)Behavioral problems

Question 66

The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome

A)are only short-term effects.
B)are short-term with regard to psychological and behavioral effects,but long-term with regard to physical effects.
C)are long-term effects.
D)are fatal by age 2.

Question 67

Cocaine use by pregnant women may lead to _____ in their babies.

A)low birth weight
B)respiratory problems
C)mental retardation
D)malformation of the eyes and nose

Question 68

If the mother smokes during pregnancy,which of the following hazards is not likely to affect the fetus?

A)Mental retardation
B)Premature delivery
C)Stillbirth
D)Low birth weight

Question 69

Filomenia is a heroin addict who has just become pregnant.As her doctor,you can tell her that she

A)need not worry about her baby because the placenta filters out the harmful drug.
B)will have a baby who is addicted to heroin.
C)will have a baby who will later suffer from severe anemia.
D)will have a stillborn baby.

Question 70

Maternal stress during pregnancy

A)has no effects on a fetus.
B)causes mutations during the embryonic stage.
C)is associated with premature birth.
D)doesn't happen because a woman's endorphin levels are very high.

Question 71

The time when a developing child is most sensitive to teratogens is

A)always in the zygotic stage.
B)always in the embryonic stage.
C)always in the fetal stage.
D)dependent on the type of teratogen.

Question 72

A new mother brings her baby to your clinic.The child has microcephaly-small eyes,a narrow forehead,a low nasal bridge,and a thin upper lip.On cognitive tests,he scores well below average and seems to have a very short attention span.You should diagnose the child with

A)Down syndrome.
B)Turner's syndrome.
C)fetal alcohol syndrome.
D)sickle-cell anemia.

Question 73

According to the most current research,a pregnant woman may safely _____ without harming her unborn baby.

A)drink any amount of alcohol
B)drink 1-2 alcoholic beverages per day
C)drink 1-2 alcoholic beverages per day only after the first trimester
D)drink no alcohol during her pregnancy

Question 74

Pregnant women

A)can take most over-the-counter medications with no fear of affecting their unborn babies.
B)can take most over-the-counter medications and prescription medications with no fear of affecting their unborn babies.
C)can take most prescription medications with no fear of affecting their unborn babies,but should avoid over-the-counter medications.
D)should avoid any medications,if possible,because any drug they take may harm their unborn babies.

Question 75

The effects of teratogens on an unborn child are

A)always immediately apparent at birth.
B)never apparent until some months or years after birth.
C)sometimes immediately apparent,and sometimes not apparent until years later.
D)almost always fatal within several months of birth.

Question 76

Your friend Soo tells you that she's pregnant for the first time.She also says she's feeling as if she's lost her youth and independence.Based on what you've learned in this chapter,you can tell her that

A)she shouldn't worry because it's just the hormones talking.
B)she's right.She's going to lose it all.She should have a good cry.
C)these feelings are normal for first-time parents,and will change over time.
D)she should have a beer and she'll feel better.

Question 77

Prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons has been linked to _____ in children.

A)facial deformities
B)lowered levels of psychomotor development
C)withdrawal symptoms
D)low birth weight

Question 78

Viruses,drugs,and environmental pollutants that can harm a developing fetus are called

A)teratogens.
B)mitochondria.
C)anencelapathies.
D)psychometric anomalies.

Question 79

Cocaine use by pregnant women may lead to all of the following conditions in their children,except

A)low birth weight.
B)hypersensitivity.
C)respiratory problems.
D)motor control problems.

Question 80

You are a doctor investigating birth defects.One of your patients has anencelapathy.It's likely that her mother

A)smoked during her pregnancy.
B)was malnourished during her pregnancy.
C)abused alcohol during her pregnancy.
D)abused cocaine during her pregnancy.