Deck 15: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Identity _____ is not one of James Marcia's (1966)identity status categories.

A)achievement
B)foreclosure
C)activation
D)diffusion

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Aaron has always been kind of a slacker.In high school,he never joined any clubs or teams,but managed to get good enough grades to graduate.He wasn't sure what he wanted to do next,so he got a job at the local convenience store.Aaron spends most of his free time at home,watching videos or playing games on his computer.Aaron appears to be _____ in the degree to which he's committed to his new identity,and _____ in the degree to which he's spent time and effort examining his options.

A)high;high
B)high;low
C)low;high
D)low;low

Answer 2

D

Question 3

The adolescent identity crisis

A)is generally resolved by age 14.
B)is generally resolved by ages 18.
C)may extend into early adulthood.
D)is largely a myth,and is not taken seriously by psychologists.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Barbara is a college student who has spent the past few years looking at different careers.She's always liked mathematics and science,so she looked at careers in physics,engineering,and medical research.After weighing all the options,she's decided to study biomedical engineering.Barbara appears to be _____ in the degree to which she's committed to her new identity,and _____ in the degree to which she's spent time and effort examining her options.

A)high;high
B)high;low
C)low;high
D)low;low

Question 5

Tyrone is a college student who's trying to decide what he wants to do with his life.He was interested in history,so he majored in history for his freshman year.As a sophomore,he was more interested in economics,and changed his major.Then,after he saw "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull," he got a summer job working on an archaeological project,and now he is thinking of changing his major again and becoming an archaeologist.James Marcia might say that Tyrone is in the _____ identity status.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 6

The idea of adolescence as a distinct stage of development

A)has always been known.
B)comes to us from ancient Hebrew and Arabic cultures.
C)developed during the early Enlightenment in Europe.
D)developed during the 19th century.

Question 7

Aaron has always been kind of a slacker.In high school,he never joined any clubs or teams,but managed to get good enough grades to graduate.He wasn't sure what he wanted to do next,so he got a job at the local convenience store.Aaron spends most of his free time at home,watching videos or playing games on his computer.Aaron is most likely in the _____ identity status described by James Marcia.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 8

The idea of adolescence as a distinct stage of development

A)comes primarily from rural life.
B)was developed in the 16th century.
C)was developed in ancient China.
D)developed in part as a result of industrialization.

Question 9

Individuals in the _____ identity achievement status category tend to be more prejudiced and authoritarian than people in the other categories.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 10

Tyrone is a college student who's trying to decide what he wants to do with his life.He was interested in history,so he majored in history for his freshman year.As a sophomore,he was more interested in economics and changed his major.Then,after he saw "Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull," he got a summer job working on an archaeological project,and now he is thinking of changing his major again and becoming an archaeologist.Tyrone appears to be _____ in the degree to which he's committed to his new identity,and _____ in the degree to which he's spent time and effort examining his options.

A)high;high
B)high;low
C)low;high
D)low;low

Question 11

Jaleesa's parents are both successful attorneys.Jaleesa has always admired them and wanted to follow in their footsteps,so she plans to go to law school when she finishes college.After that,she plans to join the family firm.In the meantime,she's been helping out in her parents' office by serving as a receptionist and file clerk on summer vacations.Jaleesa seems to be in the _____ identity status described by James Marcia.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 12

Erik Erikson suggested that adolescents require a _____ to explore different identity options.

A)psychological ethnicity
B)psychological constancy
C)psychological moratorium
D)psychological ideation

Question 13

Barbara is a college student who has spent the past few years looking at different careers.She's always liked mathematics and science,so she looked at careers in physics,engineering,and medical research.After weighing all the options,she's decided to study biomedical engineering.Barbara seems to be in the _____ category of identity status.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 14

According to Erik Erikson,the normative psychosocial crisis of adolescence is

A)integrity vs.despair.
B)industry vs.inferiority.
C)initiative vs.guilt.
D)identity vs.identity confusion.

Question 15

Erik Erikson suggested that adolescents resolve the identity crisis through

A)introspection.
B)learning new skills.
C)developing trust.
D)interactions with other people.

Question 16

_____ is not one of the historical reasons for separating adolescence as a distinct life stage.

A)Preparation for newly created careers
B)Keeping young people out of the work force
C)Empirical data on cognitive development
D)Protecting young people from moral hazards

Question 17

Individuals in the _____ identity status category tend to score highest on measures of achievement motivation,moral reasoning,and intimacy with their peers.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 18

_____ are not among the factors which may dictate the types of identities available to adolescents.

A)Social norms
B)Individual interests
C)Genetic determinations
D)Parental values

Question 19

Jaleesa's parents are both successful attorneys.Jaleesa has always admired them and wanted to follow in their footsteps,so she plans to go to law school when she finishes college.After that,she plans to join the family firm.In the meantime,she's been helping out in her parents' office by serving as a receptionist and file clerk on summer vacations.Jaleesa appears to be _____ in the degree to which she's committed to her new identity,and _____ in the degree to which she's spent time and effort examining her options.

A)high;high
B)high;low
C)low;high
D)low;low

Question 20

One form of Erik Erikson's psychological moratorium for adolescents in the United States is

A)working while in school,to help support your family.
B)dropping out of school to work.
C)extended education in high school and college.
D)taking over the family business after high school graduation.

Question 21

Adolescents who feel close to their families and suppress their own autonomy

A)are at risk for behavior problems.
B)may develop feelings of depression or low self-esteem.
C)will develop higher self-esteem and more mature coping abilities.
D)are on the normal path of adolescent development.

Question 22

Adolescents and their siblings general grow

A)much closer and more peaceful over the course of adolescence.
B)more egalitarian but more distant over the course of adolescence.
C)stormier but closer over the course of adolescence.
D)stormier and more distant over the course of adolescence.

Question 23

Makya is extremely proud of his Hopi heritage.He participates in tribal ceremonies,wears a lot of Hopi clothing and jewelry,and spends all of his time with other members of his tribe.He doesn't mix much with students from other ethnic groups,and thinks that the things they do are stupid and trivial.Makya has chosen _____ as the expression of his ethnic identity.

A)assimilation
B)marginality
C)separation
D)biculturalism

Question 24

The self-image of older adolescents as they enter adulthood is

A)prone to rapid fluctuations in both sexes.
B)prone to rapid fluctuations in girls.
C)prone to rapid fluctuations in boys.
D)relatively stable.

Question 25

Parents generally begin to treat their children more like adults when their children are in

A)early adolescence.
B)middle adolescence.
C)late adolescence.
D)early adulthooD.

Question 26

Individuals in the _____ identity status category tend to have the highest levels of anxiety and the most conflicts over issues of authority.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 27

Mustafa is having some problems fitting in.His parents are from Kuwait,but he's really attracted to the lifestyles of his high school classmates,so he downloads the same music they do to his iPod,and buys the same clothes they do.Unfortunately,he just can't seem to make any friends.Mustafa's ethnic identity seems to be in a state of

A)assimilation.
B)marginality.
C)separation.
D)biculturalism.

Question 28

Adolescents usually begin to explore their ethnic identities in meaningful ways during

A)early adolescence.
B)middle adolescence.
C)late adolescence.
D)early adulthooD.

Question 29

Individuals in the _____ identity status category are the most socially withdrawn,and seem to have the most psychological and interpersonal problems.

A)identity achievement
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 30

Adolescents who achieve complete autonomy and feel totally independent of their families

A)are at risk for behavior problems.
B)may develop feelings of depression or low self-esteem.
C)will develop higher self-esteem and more mature coping abilities.
D)are on the normal path of adolescent development.

Question 31

Tensions between adolescents girls and their families tend to peak when the boys are _____ years old.

A)11-12
B)12-13
C)13-14
D)14-15

Question 32

Fluctuations in self-image are most likely to occur when adolescents are _____ years old.

A)10-12
B)12-14
C)14-16
D)16-18

Question 33

Tensions between adolescent boys and their families tend to peak when the boys are _____ years old.

A)15-16
B)14-15
C)13-14
D)12-13

Question 34

Folayan is very proud of her Nigerian heritage.She likes to wear the clothing that her aunt in Lagos sends her for her birthday every year,and enjoys learning about her family's history and the history of her people.She also enjoys the rock music that she's downloaded to her MP3 player,and loves going to the movies and hanging out with all of the other teenagers at her school near the university in Iowa City.Folayan's ethnic identity is expressed in

A)assimilation.
B)marginality.
C)separation.
D)biculturalism.

Question 35

Achieving a strong ethnic identity

A)is associated with higher self-esteem and stronger self-efficacy in minority youth.
B)is easier for minority youth to achieve than for young people in the predominant ethnic group.
C)is associated with lower self-esteem and self-efficacy among minority youth.
D)is not needed and never achieved by young people in the predominant ethnic group.

Question 36

As adolescents first begin to establish ethnic identities,

A)they often become exclusive,turning against all but their own cultures.
B)they feel extremely positive about their own ethnic groups.
C)they withdraw,creating their own cultural norms.
D)they attempt to lose themselves in the dominant culture through assimilation.

Question 37

Li's parents are Chinese Americans with a strong sense of their cultural heritage.In contrast,Li buys all of the latest fashions from Abercrombie & Fitch,listens to the newest songs on her iPod,and spends her time hanging out with the popular girls at school.Li deals with her ethnic identity through

A)assimilation.
B)marginality.
C)separation.
D)biculturalism.

Question 38

Mitch has a close,warm relationship with his parents.According to current research findings,it is likely that Mitch's relationships with his siblings will be

A)positive and relatively peaceful.
B)negative and relatively peaceful.
C)positive and relatively stormy.
D)negative and relatively stormy.

Question 39

As individuals move through adolescence,their perception of their family's actual day-to-day dynamics

A)becomes more idealized than reality.
B)becomes more accurate with regard to reality.
C)becomes more negative with regard to reality.
D)does not change.

Question 40

Researchers believe that early adolescents' shifts in self-image are largely due to

A)peer evaluations.
B)parental pressure to succeed.
C)academic pressure.
D)heightened self-consciousness.

Question 41

Ivana is a confident high school student with a good sense of humor.She's good at sensing other people's moods,and adjusts her behavior to make them feel comfortable without making a big deal out of it.Ivana seems to have excellent

A)social desirability.
B)social competence.
C)social anchoring.
D)social control.

Question 42

Adolescents' relationships with their siblings are usually

A)better than those they have with their friends.
B)worse than those they have with their friends.
C)similar to those they have with their friends.
D)not at all related to those they have with their friends.

Question 43

A _____ is usually a small group of 2-12 close,same-sex friends who spend time together.

A)crowd
B)peer group
C)reference group
D)clique

Question 44

_____ is not one of the purposes served by membership in a crowd.

A)Providing close friendships and personal support
B)Providing identities and positions in the school's hierarchy
C)Providing large groups of like-minded peers
D)Providing encouragement for particular lifestyle values

Question 45

Conformity to peer pressure

A)peaks when an individual is about 14 years old.
B)increases steadily throughout adolescence.
C)is strongest in late adolescence.
D)is largely a myth.Most adolescents don't suffer from peer pressure.

Question 46

Stephanie has never gotten along with her sisters.She usually picks fights with them and has a low opinion of their intelligence and personalities.Current research suggests that the quality of Stephanie's sibling relationships may have come partly from her parents' _____ style of parenting.

A)authoritarian
B)authoritative
C)disconnected
D)permissive

Question 47

Adolescents tend to spend increasing amounts of time with their

A)parents.
B)siblings.
C)peers,under adult supervision.
D)peers,without adult supervision.

Question 48

Conformity to parental influence

A)declines steadily in adolescence.
B)rises in early adolescence,then declines.
C)declines in early adolescence,then rises with cognitive maturity.
D)remains unchanged throughout adolescence.

Question 49

Adolescents tend to spend approximately _____ of their time with their peers.

A)40%
B)50%
C)60%
D)70%

Question 50

_____ is the most important factor in an adolescent's popularity.

A)Attractiveness
B)Social competence
C)Intelligence
D)Socioeconomic status

Question 51

In adolescence,interactions with opposite-sex peers

A)increase from childhood levels.
B)decrease from childhood levels.
C)remain at the same frequency as they were in childhood.
D)are unpredictable,increasing for many adolescents and decreasing for others.

Question 52

Peers are the strongest influence on adolescents'

A)long-term career plans.
B)religious beliefs.
C)clothing and music choices.
D)sense of right and wrong.

Question 53

A _____ is a group based on stereotyped behaviors and teenagers' reputations.

A)crowd
B)peer group
C)reference group
D)clique

Question 54

Peer relationships in adolescence generally tend not to

A)be independent of adult supervision.
B)include more interaction with opposite-sex peers.
C)involve large,relatively homogeneous groups.
D)involve more time spent in the company of parents and family friends.

Question 55

An adolescent is most influenced by his or her parents in matters of

A)lifestyle choices.
B)religious beliefs.
C)musical tastes.
D)social etiquette.

Question 56

Teenagers are most influenced by

A)their parents in matters of music and clothing.
B)their parents in matters of leisure-time activities.
C)their peers in matters of day-to-day social matters.
D)their peers in matters of career choices.

Question 57

Adolescent peer relationships tend to be

A)limited to one or two peers.
B)limited to small groups of 3-5 peers.
C)limited to same-sex peers.
D)in large groups of people with similar characteristics.

Question 58

Belonging to an adolescent crowd generally

A)lowers levels of psychological disasters.
B)promotes antisocial behavior.
C)promotes good long-term psychological adjustment.
D)has no influence on self-esteem.

Question 59

A crowd is

A)a group of cliques that interact on a regular basis.
B)a small group of close-knit friends with similar interests.
C)a large group of peers whose membership is based on stereotyped behaviors.
D)a group put together by the school for a particular activity.

Question 60

_____ is not among the factors usually associated with determining an adolescent's membership in a clique.

A)Orientation toward school
B)Orientation toward the teenage culture
C)Involvement in antisocial activities
D)Orientation toward siblings and parents

Question 61

Jeannette is very aggressive.She's a confident,good-looking teenager who knows what she wants and is going to get it.Jeannette is likely to be

A)extremely popular.
B)a bully.
C)victimized by a bully.
D)of average popularity.

Question 62

In general,adolescent boys' friendships _____ than those of adolescent girls.

A)have higher degrees of intimacy
B)are more sensitive to concerns about rejection
C)are more fragile
D)last longer

Question 63

Studies of adolescent girls' dating behavior show that all of the following are problems,except

A)dating and going to parties regularly in middle and late adolescence.
B)never dating.
C)cutting back on dating after dating heavily.
D)beginning to date seriously in early adolescence.

Question 64

Which of the following has not been linked to intensive dating in adolescents under 15 years of age?

A)Increased use of alcohol and drugs
B)Increased self-esteem
C)Increased risk of sexual activity
D)Increased superficiality

Question 65

Adolescent boys generally _____ than adolescent girls.

A)are more concerned with closeness in their friendships
B)have more friends
C)are more concerned with their friends' loyalty
D)settle fights without much effort more easily

Question 66

Most of the psychological and social problems experienced in adolescence

A)are brought on by the hormonal changes of puberty.
B)are resolved by the beginning of adulthood.
C)are serious enough to require professional treatment.
D)are related to substance-abuse issues.

Question 67

In general,early adolescent dating experiences consist of

A)relatively serious one-on-one romantic relationships.
B)chaperoned one-on-one romantic relationships.
C)going out in large mixed-sex groups.
D)casual dating in couples.

Question 68

The average adolescent begins dating when he or she is approximately _____ years old.

A)11-12
B)12-13
C)13-14
D)14-15

Question 69

Gustaf is a 16-year-old who's just moved to a new town.If he wants to be popular with his new peers,he should try to be _____ around them.

A)aggressive
B)a bit shy
C)intelligent
D)funny

Question 70

In general,adolescents who experiment with alcohol

A)will not develop any serious drinking problems.
B)will become dependent on alcohol.
C)will become alcohol abusers.
D)will move on to more dangerous substances.

Question 71

Many of the serious psychological problems seen in adolescence

A)actually develop in early childhood.
B)are brought on by hormonal changes during puberty.
C)are brought on by the stresses of adolescent social situations.
D)are treated with antidepressants,such as Prozac.

Question 72

Popular adolescents tend to be

A)more aggressive and shy at the same time.
B)neither aggressive nor shy.
C)aggressive.
D)shy.

Question 73

Adolescent girls are more likely to _____ than adolescent boys.

A)have fewer close friends
B)be less cliquish
C)make up quickly after disagreements
D)be concerned with their friends' loyalty

Question 74

Nikoleta is a 14-year-old high school student who has been dating heavily for about a year.She and her current boyfriend go out at least twice every week,and spend as much time together as they can.Nikoleta is most likely to be

A)more mature than other girls her age.
B)more achievement-oriented in school than other girls her age.
C)more likely to be depressed than other girls her age.
D)less likely to engage in sexual activity than other girls her age.

Question 75

Most adolescents

A)have few psychological problems throughout adolescence.
B)suffer from depression.
C)are involved in ongoing acts of delinquency.
D)suffer from anxiety-related conditions.

Question 76

Marcel is generally pretty shy.He tries not to make waves,and often hangs back a bit when meeting new people.Marcel is likely to be

A)extremely popular.
B)a bully.
C)victimized by a bully.
D)of average popularity.

Question 77

Adolescent girls prefer to date boys who are

A)their same ages.
B)younger than they are.
C)older than they are.
D)any age,as long as they're cute.

Question 78

Which of the following is not true about adolescents' real and imagined romantic involvements?

A)They generate predominantly positive emotions.
B)They generate a lot of negative emotions.
C)They may trigger episodes of depression.
D)They generally enhance adolescents' self-concepts.

Question 79

More than _____ of high school seniors in the United States tend to date the same person for more than a year.

A)50%
B)60%
C)70%
D)80%

Question 80

Adolescent _____ are more likely to disagree about issues of loyalty,and _____ are more likely to disagree about issues of control.

A)boys;boys
B)boys;girls
C)girls;girls
D)girls;boys