Deck 12: Socioemotional Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The way boys and girls act toward each other in middle childhood is intensified by

A)tribalistic in-group/out-group thinking patterns.
B)early desires for sexual contact.
C)horizontal decalage.
D)girls' brains having a denser corpus callosum than boys' brains.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Children at the _____ level of moral reasoning are most concerned with their own specific rewards and punishments.

A)conventional
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)anticonventional

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Erik Erikson suggested that school-age children face a normative crisis of

A)generativity and despair.
B)autonomy and doubt.
C)initiative and guilt.
D)industry and inferiority.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Most studies show that in middle childhood

A)boys are generally better at reading than girls.
B)girls are generally better at reading than boys.
C)most girls and most boys are generally similar on most measures.
D)girls tend to have higher self-esteem than boys.

Question 5

Negasi has just scored the winning goal for his lacrosse team.Erik Erikson would say that Negasi's scoring contributes to his growing sense of

A)autonomy.
B)generativity.
C)industry.
D)initiative.

Question 6

Although Abayomi is the star of her school's chess team,her parents don't think that's an appropriate activity for girls,so they criticize her for being on the team and not doing "real" girl things.Erik Erikson would warn that Abayomi's parents may be giving her a strong sense of

A)shame.
B)stagnation.
C)inferiority.
D)guilt.

Question 7

Adrienne is a confident 9 year old girl.She believes that she can do anything to which she turns her attention.She gets excellent grades,is a star athlete,and is a steady performer with the school band.Adrienne would probably score very highly on a test for

A)expressivity.
B)generativity.
C)instrumentality.
D)hedonistic reasoning.

Question 8

______ is generally encouraged in boys in the United States.

A)Expressivity
B)Generativity
C)Instrumentality
D)Hedonistic reasoning

Question 9

During middle childhood,

A)boys and girls generally don't want to play with each other.
B)boys and girls generally enjoy playing with each other.
C)girls are interested in playing with boys,but boys are not interested in playing with girls.
D)boys are interested in playing with girls,but girls are not interested in playing with boys.

Question 10

_____ is generally encouraged in girls in the United States.

A)Expressivity
B)Generativity
C)Instrumentality
D)Hedonistic reasoning

Question 11

Generally speaking,by the end of middle childhood

A)boys and girls both prefer stereotypical "girl" activities.
B)boys and girls both prefer stereotypical "boy" activities.
C)boys prefer stereotypical "girl" activities and girls prefer stereotypical "boy" activities.
D)girls prefer stereotypical "girl" activities and boys prefer stereotypical "boy" activities.

Question 12

Reuben prefers to read science fiction stories about travel in outer space.Rebecca would rather read stories about animals or ghosts.Their choices reflect their

A)gender stereotypic preferences.
B)different levels of instrumentality.
C)different levels of expressivity.
D)gender-specific brain development.

Question 13

Kermit works and plays well with other children.He spends a lot of time talking to his friends.It's important for him to know how other people feel,and to be sure that they clearly understand his point of view.Kermit would probably score highly on a test of

A)expressivity.
B)generativity.
C)instrumentality.
D)hedonistic reasoning.

Question 14

The self-concept becomes _____ in middle childhood.

A)more positive
B)more negative
C)more fragmented
D)more complex

Question 15

Boris is 10 years old.He's least likely to _____ when he describes himself.

A)talk about specific skills such as being good at chess
B)compare himself to other children that he knows
C)think of how his parents describe him
D)describe himself as "really smart"

Question 16

Individuals in middle childhood are able to have more detailed and balanced self-concepts than preschoolers because

A)they know more people outside the home.
B)they have had more experience.
C)not everyone they meet likes them.
D)their cognitive functioning has developed greater complexity.

Question 17

Ruth is looking at a new toy at the mall.She really wants to take it home,but has no money.She decides not to steal it because she's afraid that she'll be severely punished if she does.Lawrence Kohlberg would say that Ruth's decision is based on her thinking at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

A)conventional
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)anticonventional

Question 18

Martha always follows her teacher's directions carefully so that her teacher will give her a gold star at the end of each day.Natasha seems to be operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning described by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A)conventional
B)preconventional
C)postconventional
D)anticonventional

Question 19

Gender studies of self-esteem in middle childhood show that

A)boys and girls both have very high self-esteem.
B)boys and girls both have very low self-esteem.
C)boys tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than girls.
D)girls tend to have higher levels of self-esteem than boys.

Question 20

Natasha has just built a complicated model of the Great Pyramid at Giza.Her teacher liked it so much that she put it on display in the school's main showcase.Erik Erikson would say that this will contribute to Natasha's growing sense of

A)initiative.
B)autonomy.
C)identity.
D)industry.

Question 21

Even though Dahlia is supposed to be in school,she decides to attend a rally to support renewable energy resources.She believes that saving the planet is more important than arbitrary rules about attendance in school.Dahlia seems to be operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 22

Altruism is

A)more highly valued and rewarded in collectivistic societies.
B)more highly valued and rewarded in individualistic societies.
C)an expression of doing one's duty.
D)most likely to occur at the preconventional level of moral reasoning.

Question 23

Which of the following is not a criticism of Lawrence Kohlberg's work on moral reasoning?

A)His sample was biased.
B)Moral reasoning is not identical to moral behavior.
C)His work may not apply to girls' moral reasoning.
D)Children do not seem to go through stages of moral reasoning.

Question 24

Bronislava always crosses the street at the corner,and only when the light is green,because she knows that it's important to follow the rules of the road.She seems to be operating at the _____ level of moral development described by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 25

Ricky is crying.When Fred sees him,he walks over and offers Ricky some candy,hoping it will make Ricky feel better.Fred's behavior is

A)social aggression.
B)moral relativism.
C)preconventional thinking.
D)prosocial behavior.

Question 26

Which of the following is not a factor in elementary school children's shift from physical aggression to verbal aggression?

A)The achievement of generativity
B)The development of effortful control
C)The development of negotiation skills
D)The development of a wider vocabulary

Question 27

Prosocial acts

A)are always altruistic.
B)are culturally reinforced.
C)require individualistic thinking.
D)require collectivistic thinking.

Question 28

Children's prosocial behaviors are not

A)genetically influenced.
B)highly variable as children get older.
C)influenced by culture.
D)related to their family values.

Question 29

People who behave in particular ways because they're concerned about how other people will judge them are operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning described by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 30

Bojan always hands in his homework on time because he knows that it's important to follow the rules so everyone has the same chances.Bojan seems to be operating at the _____ level of moral reasoning described by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 31

A person whose behavior is based on overall moral principles,such as justice and the reverence for life,operates at the _____ level of moral reasoning described by Lawrence Kohlberg.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 32

Axel is very angry at Friedhelm,so he calls Friedhelm a "snerfberger." Axel is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)physical
B)verbal
C)instrumental
D)agonistic

Question 33

Giselle is angry at Patrice,so she hits him on the head with her math book.Giselle is demonstrating _____ aggression.

A)physical
B)verbal
C)instrumental
D)agonistic

Question 34

Fabrice is generally pretty selfish.He only thinks of his own pleasure,or of avoiding punishment if he's done something wrong.Fabrice's behavior is primarily motivated by _____ thinking.

A)altruistic
B)agonistic
C)hedonistic
D)transitional

Question 35

In elementary school,children's aggression is usually

A)verbal.
B)physical.
C)agonistiC.
D)congenital.

Question 36

Altruistic behavior is most likely based on _____ thinking.

A)conventional
B)unconventional
C)preconventional
D)postconventional

Question 37

Lucy is engaging in _____ when she shares her toys with Ethel.

A)social aggression
B)moral relativism
C)preconventional thinking
D)prosocial behavior

Question 38

Even though he's nearly late for school,Barnabas stops to help an old man who's fallen down on the sidewalk.Barnabas believes that helping a person in need is more important than an arbitrary rule about where he's supposed to be at a particular moment.Barnabas seems to be operating at the _____ level of moral development.

A)nonconventional
B)conventional
C)postconventional
D)preconventional

Question 39

Cosima doesn't like the fact that Griselda is so popular,so she starts a rumor that Griselda has been spreading rumors about the other children.Cosima's behavior is an example of _____ aggression.

A)relational
B)instrumental
C)physical
D)hostile

Question 40

Helping another person with no expectation of reward is

A)preconventional.
B)hedonistic.
C)agonistiC.
D)altruistic.

Question 41

Research shows that approximately _____ of children are victims of bullying.

A)55%
B)40%
C)25%
D)10%

Question 42

Cross-cultural studies show that _____ children are more likely to be the victims of bullies.

A)popular
B)cooperative
C)shy
D)intelligent

Question 43

_____ is not associated with high levels of aggressive behavior in children.

A)Authoritative parenting
B)Poverty
C)Physical punishment for bad behavior
D)Early childhood aggression

Question 44

The most successful form that school children can use to cope with stress is _____ coping.

A)active
B)aggressive
C)denial-based
D)ruminative

Question 45

Approximately ______ of all children live with a single mother or father.

A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%

Question 46

Wilma knows that Betty is mad at her.She's really worried that Betty will never talk to her again,and doesn't know what to do.She spends a lot of time writing about her worries in her diary,and thinks about how mad Betty must be all during school.Wilma is engaged in _____ coping.

A)active
B)aggressive
C)denial-based
D)ruminative

Question 47

_____ aggression is behavior designed to damage someone's friendships with other people.

A)Relational
B)Social
C)Verbal
D)Physical

Question 48

Sanjay is having trouble in his music class,so he asks the teacher for extra help.Sanjay is engaged in _____ coping

A)active
B)aggressive
C)denial-based
D)ruminative

Question 49

Which of the following situations does not involve bullying?

A)Ten-year-old Basil always teases 8-year-old Christophoros on the playground.
B)Drusilla always says embarrassing things to Cressida,a shy girl,in front of other children.
C)Alekona is a large,strong child who likes to beat up Kalino,the smallest boy in his class,after school.
D)Mililani is angry because Pualani wouldn't share her brownies,so she hit Pualani with her lunchbox.

Question 50

Nearly _____ of all children live with two married parents.

A)10%
B)30%
C)50%
D)70%

Question 51

Ram hasn't done his homework for math all year,but he's sure that his teacher will still give him a good grade,because he's always helping out by putting things away,running messages,and cleaning the erasers.Ram's thoughts about his math grade are an example of _____ coping.

A)active
B)aggressive
C)denial-based
D)ruminative

Question 52

_____ aggression is behavior designed to damage someone's status in a group.

A)Relational
B)Social
C)Verbal
D)Physical

Question 53

Bullying in middle childhood is usually

A)between children of the same sex.
B)between children of opposite sexes.
C)only seen among boys.
D)only seen among girls.

Question 54

When a more powerful child repeatedly hits,teases,or humiliates a particular weaker child,then he or she is _____ the weaker child.

A)being prosocial to
B)being an agonist to
C)being hedonistic with
D)being a bully to

Question 55

Cross-cultural studies show that _____ children are more likely to be the victims of bullies.

A)highly intelligent or school oriented
B)highly popular or cooperative
C)highly aggressive or irritating
D)highly adaptable

Question 56

Toshala's parents use an authoritarian parenting style.Toshala also has an angry temperament.It is most likely that she will use a(n)_____ coping style.

A)active
B)aggressive
C)denial-based
D)ruminative

Question 57

_____ aggression tends to become less prevalent in middle childhood.

A)Relational
B)Social
C)Verbal
D)Physical

Question 58

The best way for children to deal with bullies is

A)to respond with aggression,which is what they understand.
B)to avoid them as much as possible.
C)to give them whatever they want,so they leave you alone.
D)to cultivate your own group of close friends.

Question 59

Lakshmi is always being bullied by Parvati.One day she gets so upset by this that she slaps Parvati in the face.This is a form of _____ coping.

A)active
B)aggressive
C)denial-based
D)ruminative

Question 60

_____ is a form of problem-focused coping.

A)Asking someone for help
B)Eating chocolate brownies to forget your troubles
C)Pretending something had never happened
D)Getting a stomach ache from constantly worrying about your problems

Question 61

Which of the following is not an advantage of two-parent households?

A)They usually have more money than single-parent households.
B)The parents usually have more stable jobs than those in single-parent households.
C)The parents usually care more about their children than single parents.
D)The families usually move less often than single-parent households.

Question 62

All of the following are probably positive outcomes of sibling conflict in middle childhood except

A)opportunities to blow off some steam by venting emotions.
B)higher grades,because conflict sharpens intelligence.
C)better anger management skills.
D)more empathy.

Question 63

Studies in both individualistic and collectivistic cultures indicate that if parents want their school-age children to develop good social skills and to do well in school,they should

A)use harsh punishment for bad behavior.
B)give their children complete independence,so they'll learn to handle making their own decisions.
C)hold their children to high expectations,while being warm and supportive at all times.
D)reward good behavior and employ heavy guilt or shame when punishing bad behavior.

Question 64

In blended families,

A)older children tend to adapt better than younger ones.
B)daughters are less likely to adjust to the new arrangement than sons.
C)the better the newlyweds' relationship,the better their relationships will be with the children.
D)children's schoolwork will improve as they channel more energy into school to compensate for their unhappiness at home.

Question 65

Longitudinal studies of children whose parents have divorced revealed that

A)children's behavioral problems increased yearly until adulthood.
B)children never lose the hope that their parents will reunite.
C)there are no long-term academic effects on boys or girls.
D)most negative effects on children's behavior and emotions are resolved within two years.

Question 66

School-age children spend approximately _____ of their time with their peers.

A)40%
B)30%
C)20%
D)10%

Question 67

Which of the following is unlikely to cause children's behavioral problems during a divorce?

A)Decreased family income
B)Having to move to a new home
C)Parents who don't make a clean break,but remain friendly
D)Parents who are too preoccupied with their own problems

Question 68

Children who focus on a group's activities rather than on themselves,and who have good emotional intelligence are likely to be

A)popular.
B)rejected.
C)average.
D)controversial.

Question 69

Children who have been adopted

A)are less likely than their foster siblings to require referral to special education in school.
B)are less likely than their foster siblings to require counseling.
C)generally have lower IQ scores than their biological,non-adopted siblings.
D)generally do better in school than their biological,non-adopted siblings.

Question 70

Parents' interactions with their school-age children

A)are primarily centered around establishing routines and controlling emotional outbursts.
B)primarily consist of making and enforcing rules.
C)begin to include negotiations about rules and routines.
D)reverses,so that these more mature children can make up their own rules and parents can relax.

Question 71

High levels of sibling conflict in middle childhood may lead to all of the following outcomes except

A)eventual resolution and closeness because of shared conflict.
B)delinquency in adolescence.
C)escalating violence among siblings.
D)better conflict resolution skills.

Question 72

All of the following are true of rejected children except that

A)they are among the brightest children in their peer groups.
B)they may be viewed as disruptive troublemakers.
C)they may be viewed as socially withdrawn.
D)they may be viewed as poor at understanding other people's perspectives.

Question 73

_____ do not constitute a peer group.

A)Classmates
B)Latchkey children
C)Members of a Little League team
D)The members of a MySpace friends group

Question 74

Parents in two-parent households are more likely to use _____ parenting style.

A)an authoritarian
B)an authoritative
C)a permissive
D)a disconnected

Question 75

Children who are thought of as popular by their classmates

A)are often aggressive.
B)are well-liked by most of their peers.
C)often do not try to be the center of attention.
D)are actually children who are classified as neglected in sociometric nomination studies.

Question 76

Children in _____ households are more likely to have behavior problems.

A)two-parent
B)one-parent
C)blended
D)authoritative

Question 77

Children whose parents are sometimes in conflict

A)compensate by doing better in school.
B)are happier,as their parents are too busy with each other to bother the children.
C)may learn to model their parents' negotiating skills.
D)become bullies.

Question 78

_____ is the technique psychologists use when try to determine which children are popular by asking children to name their friends.

A)Sociometric nomination
B)A Solomon 4-way design
C)Naturalistic observation
D)A field experiment

Question 79

Studies of sibling relationships in middle childhood have determined that

A)sister-sister relationships tend to be more contentious than other sibling relationships.
B)brother-sister relationships tend to be closer than those of same-sex siblings.
C)goodness of fit for the siblings' temperaments is a key factor in these relationships.
D)brothers tend to view sharing secrets as a measure of closeness.

Question 80

Children of gay or lesbian parents generally

A)have lower self-esteem than children of heterosexual parents.
B)have lower levels of social competence than children of heterosexual parents.
C)get the same grades in school as children of heterosexual parents.
D)have not yet been studied,as the phenomenon is still too new.