Deck 10: Physical Development in Middle Childhood

Question 1

The _____ of the brain do not undergo any significant changes in middle childhood.

A)prefrontal lobes
B)parietal lobes
C)temporal lobes
D)occipital lobes

Answer 1

D

Question 2

By the time she is 8 years old,a child's brain has reached _____ of its adult size.

A)60%
B)70%
C)80%
D)90%

Answer 2

D

Question 3

_____ is the process through which the left and right hemispheres of the brain begin to specialize for particular functions.

A)Synaptogenesis
B)Competitive elimination
C)Lateralization
D)Myelination

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In order to diagnose attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children,at least _____ of the diagnostic criteria must be present to a point where they are disruptive and inappropriate for at least _____ months.

A)10;4
B)6;6
C)4;4
D)4;6

Question 5

The most common cause of traumatic brain injuries in middle childhood is

A)child abuse.
B)automobile accidents.
C)sports injuries.
D)falling.

Question 6

The _____ of the brain are mainly responsible for focusing attention and short-term memory functions.

A)prefrontal lobes
B)parietal lobes
C)temporal lobes
D)occipital lobes

Question 7

_____ seems to have the most profound biological affect on increases in intelligence in middle childhood.

A)The increase in the size of the brain
B)The thickness of the cerebral cortex
C)The proliferation and pruning of the gray matter
D)The weight of the brain

Question 8

Dr.Broca wants to measure the intelligence of children between the ages of 6 and 11 years old.Assuming he can put the brains back into their heads with no harm to the children,which of the following methods will give him the most accurate results?

A)Weigh their brains.
B)Measure the size (or volume)of their brains.
C)Inspect the rate at which their synapses are being generated and pruned.
D)Measure the thickness of the frontal and temporal lobes.

Question 9

Brain development in middle childhood

A)begins at the medulla and moves upward.
B)begins at the temporal lobes and moves forward and backward.
C)begins at the occipital lobe and moves in a circuit.
D)begins at the prefontal cortex and moves in a circuit.

Question 10

Kiyoshi's second grade teacher is concerned.Kiyoshi often blurts out answers before questions are finished,has trouble waiting his turn,interrupts other students,fidgets in his seat,has trouble playing or working quietly,and talks too much.She suspects he may suffer from

A)hyperactive-impulsive type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B)inattentive type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C)combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
D)Post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 11

Although lateralization of the brain increases in middle childhood,communication between the left and right hemispheres is increased by

A)myelination of the prefrontal cortex.
B)competitive elimination.
C)development of the temporal lobe.
D)thickening of the corpus callosum.

Question 12

_____ are physical disabilities associated with traumatic brain injuries.

A)Trouble concentrating and planning
B)Trouble walking and talking
C)Trouble with effortful control and relating to others
D)Trouble with emotional control and short-term memory

Question 13

_____ is the strengthening of heavily used synapses and the elimination of unused synapses.

A)Synaptogenesis
B)Neurogenesis
C)Synaptic pruning
D)Competitive elimination

Question 14

As Jumoke's young male brain develops during middle childhood,changes are concentrated in areas dealing with

A)spatial-visual discrimination.
B)gross motor movement.
C)fine motor skills.
D)regulation of autonomic functions.

Question 15

_____ are social disabilities associated with traumatic brain injury.

A)Trouble concentrating and planning
B)Trouble walking and talking
C)Trouble with effortful control and relating to others
D)Trouble with emotional control and short-term memory

Question 16

As Ngozi's young female brain develops during middle childhood,changes are most accelerated in areas which deal with

A)language processing.
B)fine motor skills.
C)spatial-visual discrimination.
D)regulation of autonomic functions.

Question 17

Cyril is 8 years old.His parents notice that he is becoming much better at recalling word lists and doing simple mathematics.This is most likely due to development in his

A)frontal and occipital lobes.
B)parietal and occipital lobes.
C)temporal and parietal lobes.
D)medulla and temporal lobes.

Question 18

The main developments in a school-age child's brain are in areas concerned with

A)gross motor skills.
B)fine motor skills.
C)higher-level information processing skills.
D)the senses of vision and touch.

Question 19

_____ are cognitive disabilities associated with traumatic brain injury.

A)Trouble concentrating and planning
B)Trouble walking and talking
C)Trouble with effortful control and relating to others
D)Trouble with emotional control and short-term memory

Question 20

Theo has trouble keeping his attention focused on anything,he's easily distracted,and he doesn't seem to listen to people or follow instructions.Often,Theo loses his books or homework,and has trouble planning and organizing things.A school psychologist might suggest that Theo suffers from

A)traumatic brain injury.
B)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C)Turner's syndrome.
D)Post-traumatic Stress Disorder.

Question 21

Current research shows that the different levels of development of gross motor skills reported in boys and girls during middle childhood is mainly due to

A)biological differences.
B)differences in brain structure.
C)socio-cultural factors.
D)mythology,as there are no reported differences.

Question 22

Experts recommend that school-age children engage in a minimum of _____ minutes of vigorous physical activity every day.

A)15
B)30
C)60
D)90

Question 23

Which of the following are not among the diagnostic criteria for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder?

A)Often fidgets with hands or feet or squirms in seat
B)Often overly organized,to the point of obsession
C)Often talks excessively
D)Often has trouble waiting one's turn

Question 24

_____ is the hormone that stimulates the flow of energy to the body in high-stress situations.

A)Oxytocin
B)Cortisol
C)Melatonin
D)Insulin

Question 25

Children who suffer from severe post-traumatic stress disorder

A)generally grow out of it by the time they reach adolescence.
B)will generally rebound in one or two years.
C)cannot be treated using current therapeutic methods.
D)experience serious reductions in the volume of their hippocampus.

Question 26

Prolonged stress may affect a child's memory by damaging neurons in his or her

A)hippocampus.
B)prefrontal cortex.
C)amygdala.
D)occipital lobe.

Question 27

Saronna's motor cortex is developing much more quickly than her prefrontal cortex.It is possible that this may lead to

A)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B)post-traumatic stress disorder.
C)traumatic brain injury.
D)Down Syndrome.

Question 28

Calvin is an average 9-year-old boy.It is most likely that he gets most of his exercise at school during

A)physical education class.
B)recess.
C)class time.
D)after-school activities.

Question 29

School-age children's growing pains are actually caused by the

A)growth of muscle tissue.
B)growth of bone tissue.
C)strains of increased physical activity.
D)stress of being in a new stage of life.

Question 30

_____ is(are)not symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder.

A)Broca's aphasia
B)Intrusive thoughts
C)Emotional withdrawal
D)Flashbacks

Question 31

Which of the following statements about physical exercise in middle childhood is not true?

A)School-age children require at least 60 minutes of vigorous exercise every day.
B)Aerobic exercise seems to result in improvements to memory and cognitive processing.
C)Exciting first-person-shooter video games can provide good aerobic exercise for children.
D)Most physical education classes do not provide adequate opportunities for children's exercise.

Question 32

Renata is an obese 9-year-old girl.Knowing only this about her,you can say that it is most likely that she will also

A)do extremely well in school.
B)be motivated to engage in more physical activities.
C)be less adept at gross motor skills than thinner children.
D)be aerobically fit,despite her weight.

Question 33

Marshall and Bouffard (1977)found that childhood obesity

A)often spurs children on to greater intellectual growth.
B)can make children more likely to want to improve.
C)is caused by bad aerobic fitness.
D)is related to children's lack of competency in particular motor skills.

Question 34

Recent research indicates that

A)boys in middle childhood are better at running and throwing than girls.
B)girls in middle childhood are better at balance and flexibility than boys.
C)girls in middle childhood are better at running and throwing than boys.
D)girls and boys in middle childhood seem to be equally good at running,jumping,and skipping.

Question 35

The most popular organized youth sport in the United States is

A)baseball.
B)basketball.
C)soccer.
D)football.

Question 36

Like other chronic stress,post-traumatic stress disorder raises the level of _____ in a child's bloodstream.

A)insulin
B)cortisol
C)androgens
D)melatonin

Question 37

Scientists researching attention deficit hyperactivity disorder have

A)definitively traced the cause to the cerebellum.
B)definitively traced the cause to a particular cluster of genes.
C)definitively traced the cause to parental attachment styles.
D)determined that it may have many different causes.

Question 38

Feng and Lian have a really stormy marriage.Money is tight,they don't have many friends,and they spend most of their time arguing with each other.It is most likely that their son Xi-Wang will

A)habituate to the conflict over time,though still show some low-level physiological signs of stress.
B)excel in school to take his mind off his home life.
C)become extremely friendly and popular at school to offset his home environment.
D)become hypersensitive to his parents' conflict,and have high levels of cortisol in his bloodstream all the time.

Question 39

When Havel was 8 years old,he saw someone killed during a robbery in the convenience store.Since then,he's suffered from nightmares,sleep disorders,and flashbacks to the killing.Havel seems to be suffering from

A)traumatic brain injury.
B)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
C)Broca's aphasia.
D)post-traumatic stress disorder.

Question 40

Mizuko is stressed because there is a spelling test today.Her stress about the test will most likely

A)motivate her to do better.
B)shrink her hippocampus,making her forget how to spell.
C)cause lasting brain damage.
D)dull her reactions to stress,allowing her to habituate.

Question 41

On average,girls tend to show early signs of puberty when they are approximately _____ years old.

A)8
B)9
C)10
D)11

Question 42

Smoll and Smith's (2002)Coach Effectiveness Training program stresses the idea that

A)"Success is found in striving for victory."
B)"Winning isn't everything,it's the only thing."
C)"Success means winning."
D)"Losers are failures."

Question 43

Euphemia is a normal 8-year-old girl,but seems unable to do many things as well as her friends.For example,she has trouble holding a pen,tying her sneaker laces,or typing email messages.Euphemia may suffer from

A)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B)post-traumatic stress disorder.
C)mitochondrial syndrome.
D)Developmental Coordination Disorder.

Question 44

Studies of Little League baseball players have shown that the best coaches do not

A)punish bad players and encourage good ones.
B)give specific technical instructions rather than general comments.
C)praise players consistently.
D)encourage thinking about failures in positive ways.

Question 45

A basic idea of Smoll and Smith's (2002)Coach Effectiveness Training program is

A)to emphasize winning.
B)to emphasize fun and effort.
C)to emphasize leadership skills.
D)to emphasize avoiding failure.

Question 46

In middle childhood,growth tends to be

A)concentrated in the arms and legs.
B)generally a smooth,day-to-day process.
C)approximately 5-7 inches per year.
D)in spurts,mostly taking place at night.

Question 47

Playing the electric guitar every day is most likely to

A)cause problems for a child's normal motor development.
B)result in major hearing loss during middle childhood.
C)enhance gross motor skills.
D)improve a child's cognitive processing speed and reaction time.

Question 48

Increased _____ is not a normal result of vigorous physical activity for children.

A)stress
B)energy
C)strength
D)blood flow

Question 49

All of the following activities require the use of fine motor skills except

A)hitting a home run.
B)sending text messages.
C)sculpting a model out of clay.
D)playing the oboe.

Question 50

Parents are generally a problem for coaches and players of organized sports unless the parents

A)stress fun over winning.
B)push their children to be star players.
C)focus on their children's team record.
D)stand up for their children if the coaches don't let them play enough.

Question 51

Smoll and Smith's (2002)Coach Effectiveness Training program stresses the idea that

A)"Winning isn't everything,it's the only thing."
B)"Failure is not the same thing as losing."
C)"Success is measured in the number of winning games each season."
D)"Victory is winning!"

Question 52

Roughly _____ of school-age children are diagnosed with vision problems.

A)5%
B)10%
C)20%
D)40%

Question 53

Which of the following statements about children's organized sports (such as Little League)is not true?

A)Organized children's sports can build leadership skills.
B)More parental involvement in children's sports is always better.
C)Children in organized sports may develop lower self-esteem.
D)Players prefer coaches who give specific instructions.

Question 54

Children who engage in daily aerobic physical activities

A)may develop asthmA.
B)are at an elevated risk for type-2 diabetes.
C)tend to score higher on standardized math tests.
D)vastly improve their fine motor skills.

Question 55

Children get their permanent teeth

A)molars first,then the middle teeth,and finally their front teeth.
B)in about the first two years of middle childhood.
C)in the last two years of middle childhood.
D)at a rate of about 4 per year during middle childhooD.

Question 56

On average,boys tend to show early signs of puberty when they are approximately _____ years old.

A)9
B)10
C)11
D)12

Question 57

Physical development in early childhood is concentrated in the

A)head.
B)arms and upper body.
C)legs and lower body.
D)internal organs.

Question 58

Brad is 4 years old,but seems unable to do many things as well as his friends.He can't balance on his bicycle,stand on one foot,or throw a basketball well.It is possible that Brad may suffer from

A)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
B)post-traumatic stress disorder.
C)mitochondrial syndrome.
D)Developmental Coordination Disorder.

Question 59

Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder

A)lack eye-hand coordination.
B)cannot perform two tasks at the same time.
C)have cognitive defects concerning planning and impulse control.
D)have significant difficulties with age-appropriate motor skills.

Question 60

_____ can greatly enhance the development of fine motor skills.

A)Practicing on a musical instrument
B)Development of the occipital lobe
C)Playing sports such as soccer
D)Synaptogenesis in the amygdala

Question 61

Children are currently exposed to _____ of advertising for unhealthy foods than they were 30 years ago.

A)about the same amount
B)considerably more hours
C)considerably fewer hours
D)about 10% fewer hours

Question 62

At the beginning of middle childhood,

A)boys and girls are about the same height and weight.
B)boys are taller and heavier than girls.
C)girls are taller and heavier than boys.
D)boys are taller than girls,but girls are heavier.

Question 63

After-school programs that include both structured physical activities and free play time in order to reduce Body Mass Index in children seem to be

A)effective,eliminating the problem.
B)somewhat effective,keeping the problem from getting any worse.
C)somewhat ineffective,slowing down but not stopping growth of the problem.
D)totally ineffective.

Question 64

Childhood obesity in urban areas is negatively correlated with

A)vending machines in schools.
B)the availability of parks and recreational areas.
C)school lunch programs.
D)the number of hours children spend watching television.

Question 65

Elakshi loves to watch television.She even likes the exciting and interesting advertisements.Unfortunately,more than _____ of these advertisements are for foods or activities that contribute to childhood obesity.

A)40%
B)50%
C)60%
D)70%

Question 66

Most school breakfast and lunch programs

A)offer processed foods,which contribute to childhood obesity.
B)offer a wide variety of healthy meals and snacks.
C)tend to offer whole grains and fresh fruits because they are cheaper.
D)have been eliminated by the United States Department of Agriculture.

Question 67

The stereotype of the jolly,friendly obese person tends to be

A)incorrect.
B)only correct for middle childhood,but not for later life.
C)only correct for adolescence and adulthood.
D)only correct in adulthooD.

Question 68

Overweight children who are rejected or abused by their peers generally tend to turn to _____ to console themselves.

A)food
B)academics
C)humor
D)sports

Question 69

Childhood obesity seems to be driven mostly by

A)social factors.
B)biological factors.
C)poorly run school lunch programs.
D)the availability of school vending machines.

Question 70

According to the National Center for Health Statistics,more than _____ of children between 6 and 11 years old are at risk for being overweight or obese.

A)35%
B)45%
C)55%
D)65%

Question 71

On average,girls tend to show early signs of puberty approximately _____ months before boys.

A)3
B)6
C)12
D)24

Question 72

By the end of middle childhood,

A)boys and girls are about the same height and weight.
B)boys are taller and heavier than girls.
C)girls are taller and heavier than boys.
D)boys are taller than girls,but girls are heavier.

Question 73

Based on what is currently known about childhood obesity,which of the following children is most at risk?

A)Bela,who plays in a youth lacrosse league
B)Elena,who eats mostly home-cooked meals
C)Vasile,who buys breakfast and lunch in the school cafeteria
D)Olga,who lives next door to a city playground

Question 74

Programs which teach school-age children to avoid sugary soft drinks seem to be

A)effective,eliminating the problem.
B)somewhat effective,keeping the problem from getting any worse.
C)somewhat ineffective,slowing down but not stopping growth of the problem.
D)totally ineffective.

Question 75

Overweight children tend to score _____ compared to children whose weights are normal.

A)lower on measures of social and emotional quality of life,but higher on measures of academic quality of life
B)lower on measures of academic quality of life,but higher on measures of physical quality of life
C)lower on measures of physical and social quality of life,but higher on measures of academic quality of life
D)lower on measures of physical,social,emotional,and academic quality of life

Question 76

Overweight children tend to

A)be happier and more popular than thin children.
B)be rejected or abused by other children.
C)develop excellent senses of humor as coping mechanisms.
D)develop excellent cognitive skills as coping mechanisms.

Question 77

The hormonal signals which initiate the process of puberty originate in the

A)pituitary gland.
B)adrenal glands.
C)hypothalamus.
D)amygdala.

Question 78

A program in which classroom teachers taught children behavioral strategies for reducing the amount of time they devoted to television and video games,in order to reduce their weights was

A)effective,eliminating the problem.
B)somewhat effective,keeping the problem from getting any worse.
C)somewhat ineffective,slowing down but not stopping growth of the problem.
D)totally ineffective.

Question 79

Because of how their neighborhoods have been designed,

A)suburban communities provide more opportunities for children to exercise by walking to schools,stores,and libraries.
B)the danger of urban environments prevents many children from going outside to play.
C)malls and other similar shopping centers provide excellent opportunities for active children to exercise.
D)children in urban areas generally have excellent access to wilderness and recreational areas.

Question 80

School-age children generally require _____ hours of sleep every night,to be healthy.

A)11-12
B)10-11
C)9-10
D)8-9