Deck 6: Interdependency

Question 1

Amelia expects her friends to always be supportive of her,no matter what they have going on and to understand when she is too busy to help them.Lisa expects that her friends will often disappoint her and not be there for her when she needs someone to listen.It seems that Amelia and Lisa's _____ are different.

A) comparison levels
B) outcomes
C) investments
D) commitments

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In talking about interdependence theory,your textbook author suggests that people divorce:

A) when they are unhappy, no matter their other prospects.
B) when they are unhappy and their prospects seem brighter elsewhere.
C) when their comparison level is high.
D) when their comparison level is low.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Brittany used to be delighted when her husband came home from work early one day a week to spend time with her and their children.She now complains that he doesn't spend enough time with them and needs to make more of an effort.What happened?

A) Her comparison level went up without a change in the outcomes.
B) Her comparison level went down without a change in the outcomes.
C) Her outcomes went down without a change in her comparison level.
D) Her outcomes and comparison level went down.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

According to interdependence theory,punishments and undesirable experiences are known as:

A) damages.
B) costs.
C) profit losses.
D) entanglements.

Question 5

In interdependence theory the value of the outcomes that we believe we deserve in our dealings with others is our:

A) comparison level.
B) social exchange.
C) outcome.
D) investment level.

Question 6

Utilizing interdependence theory,Peter's decision to stay in his dissatisfying relationship with Julie might best be explained by his:

A) high CL.
B) high costs.
C) low CL_alt.
D) low rewards.

Question 7

Joan and Jim have more rewards than costs in their relationship.Jim has many potential alternative relationships.Joan's alternatives are limited.According to the principle of lesser interest:

A) Joan is more dependent on the relationship and therefore has more power.
B) Joan is more dependent on the relationship and therefore has less power.
C) Joan is less dependent on the relationship and therefore has more power.
D) Joan is less dependent on the relationship and therefore has less power.

Question 8

According to interdependence theory,we are dependent on our partner:

A) if we have relied on him/her in the past.
B) if we are less powerful than him/her.
C) if we are younger than him/her.
D) when the outcome we receive from our partner exceeds our CL_alt.

Question 9

According to interdependence theory,people's expectations for their current relationships are incorporated in the concept of:

A) alternatives.
B) comparison level.
C) outcome level.
D) rewards.

Question 10

Rhonda is not sure she loves her partner anymore.She gets little satisfaction from their relationship.She believes there are not a lot of other options for her.According to interdependence theory what is Rhonda likely to do?

A) Stay with her current partner no matter what
B) Leave her current partner, even if no others are available
C) Stay with her current partner until her alternatives improve
D) Stay with her current partner and try to improve the relationship

Question 11

Pauline moved from Minneapolis to Pierre,South Dakota.In Minneapolis,she had a long history of successful close relationships and several attractive men used to ask her out.In Pierre,she started what she considers a rather poor relationship with Thomas,a man whom she found to be insensitive but better than the other options available in her new,small community.Now that she's been in Pierre for an extended time,she thinks she will continue dating Thomas.Let ">" mean "is greater than." From the perspective of interdependence theory,Pauline is in a situation in which her:

A) CL > CL_alt > outcome.
B) CL > outcome > CL_alt.
C) CL_alt > CL > outcome.
D) CL_alt > outcome > CL.

Question 12

Maurice receives many rewards and has few costs in his relationship with Karla.He believes he should have many more rewards.What is likely to be the outcome of this arrangement?

A) Maurice is likely to experience satisfaction in this relationship.
B) Maurice is likely to experience dissatisfaction in this relationship.
C) Maurice is likely to be dependent on this relationship.
D) Maurice is likely to be independent in this relationship.

Question 13

Jamal is in a relationship where he has high outcomes and his comparison level and comparison level for alternatives are low.It is likely this relationship is:

A) happy and stable.
B) unhappy and unstable.
C) happy and unstable.
D) unhappy and stable.

Question 14

In considering ending her relationship with her husband,Marie considers how they might divide up their household goods,and how it might impact their children and their friends.In interdependence theory terms,Marie is thinking about:

A) comparison level.
B) comparison level of alternatives.
C) outcomes.
D) investments.

Question 15

Mary is in a relationship where her comparison level is high,her outcomes are below her comparison level,and her comparison level of alternatives is low.It is likely this relationship is:

A) happy and stable.
B) unhappy and unstable.
C) happy and unstable.
D) unhappy and stable.

Question 16

Our CL_alt is:

A) a judgment determined solely by the attractiveness of other potential partners.
B) determined by two factors, the attractiveness of other partners and the attractiveness of being by ourselves.
C) a multifaceted judgment encompassing both the various costs of leaving and the enticements offered by others.
D) relatively stable, based on our long history of relationships.

Question 17

Millie is in a relationship in which her outcomes exceed her CL_alt,which in turn exceeds her CL.Josephine is in a relationship in which her CL_alt is greater than her outcomes,which in turn are greater than her CL.Which of the following statements is true?

A) Both Millie and Josephine are likely in stable relationships.
B) Millie's relationship is most likely unstable; Josephine's is stable.
C) Millie is likely to be happy in her relationship; Josephine is not.
D) Both Millie and Josephine are likely in happy relationships.

Question 18

One way to understand the rise in divorce rates since the 1960s is that:

A) CLs and CL_alts are lower today.
B) CLs and CL_alts are higher today.
C) CLs are lower and CL_alts are higher today.
D) None of these; neither has changed over time.

Question 19

Andrew feels like he has many different options in dating partners besides his current partner.It seems that Andrew feels:

A) his comparison level for alternatives is high.
B) his comparison level for alternatives is low.
C) his comparison level is nonexistent.
D) his comparison level is low.

Question 20

Which of the following principles holds that the partner who is less dependent on a relationship has more power in it?

A) Principle of lesser interest
B) Principle of increasing interest
C) Principle of low investment
D) Principle of low cost

Question 21

Which factors have been found to undermine the outcomes that lead to marriage?

A) Lack of effort
B) Unwelcome surprises
C) Unrealistic expectations
D) All of these.

Question 22

Relative to people engaged in an exchange relationship,those who are involved in a communal relationship:

A) experience a boost in mood after helping others.
B) monitor the others' contributions to joint tasks.
C) respond favorably to immediate repayment by others.
D) perceive the others' contributions as separate.

Question 23

In problem-solving tasks,research subjects were:

A) more likely to show disapproval and frustration with their spouse than with strangers.
B) more polite and congenial to their spouse than with strangers.
C) less likely to show disapproval and frustration with their spouse than with strangers.
D) less willing to persist at the task with their spouse than with strangers.

Question 24

Kayla doesn't want to offend or upset anyone,so during the few parties she attends,she tends to hang back and stay out of the way.Kayla seems to have:

A) a strong approach motivation.
B) a strong avoidance motivation.
C) a low comparison level.
D) a high investment level.

Question 25

According to Gable and her colleagues,which are two distinct motivations that affect interdependence?

A) Approach and avoidance
B) Avoidance and dependence
C) Desire and loss
D) Love and hate

Question 26

From an interdependency theory perspective,the most likely reason why we act compassionately and magnanimously is because:

A) we were socialized to do it.
B) we would experience guilt if we didn't.
C) our partners ask us to act benignly.
D) it increases the likelihood we will receive valuable rewards in return.

Question 27

In Gottman and Levinson's work,they found that couples at a low risk for divorce showed a ratio of positive to negative exchanges of:

A) 1:1.
B) 3:1.
C) 5:1.
D) 10:1.

Question 28

In close relationships:

A) positive events have greater psychological impact than negative events do.
B) positive and negative events have roughly the same impact.
C) negative events have greater psychological impact than positive events do.
D) positive events have greater impact in the early stages of relationships, but negative events have greater impact later on.

Question 29

Your best friend criticizes you,then offers you a compliment.Research suggests:

A) the compliment would soften the blow of the criticism, but the combination will still leave you distressed.
B) you will be delighted with the compliment and ignore the criticism.
C) the compliment and criticism will cancel each other out, leaving you in the same state you started in.
D) you will question your friend's reasons for giving the compliment, but not question the reasons for the criticism.

Question 30

People end up disappointed by relationships if their expectations are:

A) low.
B) glorified.
C) tied to their self-worth.
D) based on real experiences.

Question 31

Which of the following pairs is the best example of an exchange relationship?

A) Recently married couple
B) Brother and sister
C) Close same-sex friends
D) Store clerk and customer

Question 32

According to Gottman and Levenson's research,to stay satisfied with a close relationship,it is important to maintain a reward-to-costs ratio of at least:

A) 1 to 1.
B) 2 to 1.
C) 5 to 1.
D) 110 to 1.

Question 33

Of the following statements regarding communal relationships,which one is NOT true?

A) When we do favors for others, we prefer that they do not repay us immediately.
B) When we help others, our moods and self-evaluation change only slightly if at all.
C) When we are working with others on a joint project, we don't make a clear distinction between their work and our own.
D) We keep track of others' needs even when they will be unable to return favors.

Question 34

According to the model of relational turbulence,couples should expect:

A) increasing intimacy and interdependence to parallel with increasing satisfaction.
B) that they will experience ups and downs in their relationships from the beginning.
C) satisfaction with a relationship to level off for a time as the couple adjusts to increased interdependence.
D) decreasing satisfaction as intimacy and interdependence increase.

Question 35

The authors point to all of the following as explanations for why marital satisfaction declines EXCEPT:

A) lack of effort.
B) unwelcome surprises.
C) unrealistic expectations.
D) overcommitment.

Question 36

Larry and Moe are careful to pay each other back for anything they borrow.If Larry needs help and Moe says he can't,Moe doesn't feel guilty for refusing.Clark and Mills would say that Larry and Moe have a(n):

A) communal relationship.
B) unrealistic relationship.
C) exchange relationship.
D) balanced relationship.

Question 37

In _____ relationships,we are governed by a desire for and expectation of immediate repayment for benefits given.

A) communal
B) exchange
C) love
D) attachment

Question 38

With whom are people most likely to withhold criticism,swallow disapproval,and suppress signs of frustration?

A) Wife
B) Total stranger
C) Husband
D) Children

Question 39

Based on the research cited in the text,during the first few years of marriage marital satisfaction:

A) goes up.
B) goes up until the arrival of a first child.
C) drops.
D) fluctuates more dramatically than it does among couples who have been married for several years.

Question 40

Equity theory suggests that people are most satisfied in relationships that include which of the following attributes?

A) Distributed justice
B) Retributive justice
C) Western justice
D) Proportional justice

Question 41

Both Aletha and her partner are getting equal amounts from their relationship.Aletha feels she is putting more into the relationship.According to equity theorists,Aletha is likely to feel:

A) dissatisfied because if she is contributing more she should also be getting more out of the relationship.
B) satisfied because both she and her partner are getting equal amounts out of the relationship.
C) dissatisfied because the more one puts in the more dissatisfied that person is with the relationship.
D) satisfied because she knows she is doing all she can for the relationship.

Question 42

As an aspect of relationship maintenance,commitment is related to all of the following characteristics EXCEPT which one?

A) Higher levels of sexual activity
B) Willingness to make sacrifices
C) Considering one's relationships to be better than those of others
D) More accommodative behaviors

Question 43

According to the investment model of commitment:

A) investment is the primary antecedent of commitment.
B) investment, alternatives, and satisfaction all contribute to commitment.
C) different forces lead to women's commitment in heterosexual relationships than to men's commitment in gay relationships.
D) there are three different types of commitment (personal, constraint, and moral).

Question 44

Individuals high in avoidance (in terms of attachment)tend to be:

A) more attentive to alternative relationships and less likely to pursue communal norms.
B) generous with potential partners but become nervous when those individuals behave communally toward them.
C) accepting of occasional neediness and likely to pursue communal norms.
D) anxious to avoid conflict and get nervous if others don't expect anything from them.

Question 45

In his relationship with Andrea,Tom perceives his ratio of benefits to contributions to be 30/80,whereas he perceives Andrea's ratio to be 50/100.Tom probably experiences:

A) equity.
B) underbenefit.
C) overbenefit.
D) entrapment.

Question 46

According to equity theory,an effective way to restore equity is:

A) to actually change your own or your partner's contributions or outcomes.
B) to change your perceptions of your own or your partner's contributions or outcomes.
C) to leave the relationship.
D) All of these.

Question 47

From an equity theory perspective,who will feel distressed?

A) Partners in equitable relationships
B) Underbenefited partners
C) Overbenefited partners
D) Both underbenefited and overbenefited partners

Question 48

The two domains particularly sensitive to equity according to the textbook authors are:

A) household tasks and child care.
B) affection and money.
C) hours spent at work and money.
D) household tasks and affection.

Question 49

People who are _____ tend to have higher CL_ALTs than others.

A) ambivalently attached
B) avoidantly attached
C) securely attached
D) preoccupied

Question 50

Empirical research concerning equity theory:

A) consistently shows that it is better to be overbenefited.
B) has produced mixed results on the effects of being overbenefited.
C) shows that household chores and child care are two domains where the equitable division of labor is not very important.
D) consistently shows that it is detrimental to be overbenefited.

Question 51

Anton feels he needs to continue his relationship with his wife because if they broke up it would be very costly for him financially and damage his business.Anton is showing:

A) moral commitment.
B) personal commitment.
C) accommodative commitment.
D) constraint commitment.

Question 52

Which of the following correctly lists all three elements that predict commitment in the investment model of commitment?

A) Satisfaction level, quality of alternatives, and investment size
B) Quality of alternatives, attachment, and equality
C) Investment size, equality, and expectations
D) Satisfaction level, expectations, and attachment

Question 53

Commitment is best characterized as:

A) the strength of one's intentions to continue a relationship.
B) the kinds of future outcomes a person expects from a relationship.
C) the effort a person spends searching for a meaningful relationship.
D) an acceptance of positive relationships and rejection of negative ones.

Question 54

Research shows that in relationships in which the men adhere to traditional expectations,the women involved are:

A) generally happier and healthier than in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes.
B) generally not as happy and healthy as in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes.
C) just as happy and healthy as those in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes.
D) happier than those in relationships involving men who believe in more equality of the sexes but also more likely to suffer from depression and anxiety.