Deck 4: Choice, Deterrence, Biological, and Psychological Theories

Question 1

This type of deterrence is imposed on adjudicated delinquents in order to deter them from continuing to commit delinquent acts in the future.

A)proposed deterrence
B)specific deterrence
C)general deterrence
D)actual deterrence
E)theoretical deterrence

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The focus of the positive school is on __________________.

A)punishment
B)deterrence
C)rehabilitation
D)incapacitation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

The Positive School of Criminology was founded by __________________.

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Robert Merton
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Helen McAninch
E)Cesare Beccaria

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Cesare Beccaria believed that punishment should be _____________.

A)swift
B)certain
C)severe
D)all of the above

Question 5

The attempt to maximize pleasure and minimize pain is called _______________.

A)selfish
B)rationalism
C)deterrence
D)hedonistic calculus

Question 6

The best know classical school proponent is ___________________.

A)Cesare Lombroso
B)Robert Merton
C)Sigmund Freud
D)Helen McAninch
E)Cesare Beccaria

Question 7

Which of the following is not part of the Positive School of Criminology?

A)determinism
B)multiple causes
C)emphasis on offender
D)hedonistic calculus
E)rehabilitation

Question 8

According to the classical school of thought, the challenge of the law and society is to ______________.

A)determine the causes of crime before they occur
B)determine the right treatment program for the offender
C)determine if the offender inherited his criminal behaviors
D)provide more jobs so that there is less crime
E)make the punishment fit the crime

Question 9

Rational choice or choice theory has its philosophical history in ___________

A)Darwinism
B)Sigmund Freud
C)the Classical School of Criminology
D)the Positive School of Criminology

Question 10

The term atavism means _____________.

A)reversion to a primitive type
B)psychologically disturbed
C)lack of education
D)lack of socialization
E)superior physical ability

Question 11

This type of deterrence seeks to discourage would-be delinquents from committing delinquent acts because of the threat of punishment.

A)proposed deterrence
B)general deterrence
C)specific deterrence
D)actual deterrence
E)theoretical deterrence

Question 12

According to the morphological approach, _____________________.

A)criminals are socialized to be criminal
B)criminals have psychological problems which causes their criminality
C)criminals need more educational training
D)criminals are biologically different from noncriminals
E)none of the above

Question 13

Which of the following is not part of the classical school of criminology?

A)free will
B)hedonistic calculus
C)determinism
D)emphasis of offense
E)punishment

Question 14

The positive school of criminology believed that ______________________.

A)behavior is beyond the individual's control
B)behavior is the product of free will
C)behavior is create by sprits and gods
D)behavior is the product of individual choice

Question 15

If you are executed because you have stolen a sheep in order that others may not steal sheep it is called ____________.

A)proposed deterrence
B)specific deterrence
C)general deterrence
D)actual deterrence
E)theoretical deterrence

Question 16

Routine activities theory is based on __________________.

A)rational choice
B)determinism
C)heredity
D)social forces

Question 17

The concept of _____________ is the ability to make a choice among various alternatives.

A)biological determinism
B)divine intervention
C)free will
D)decision models
E)heredity

Question 18

According to routine activities theory, crime occurs when there is a convergence in time and space of three factors.Which of the following is not one of those factors?

A)a motivated offender
B)a suitable target
C)the absence of a capable guardian
D)the probability of a prison sentence

Question 19

According to the classical school, behavior is rational and a product of ____________.

A)biological determinism
B)divine intervention
C)free will
D)decision models
E)heredity

Question 20

A formalized idea or set of principles that attempt to define and explain a phenomenon is called ______________________.

A)the scientific method
B)a theory
C)an idea
D)a methodology
E)a variable

Question 21

The term atavism means psychologically disturbed.

Question 22

The Somatotype Theory was formulated by Cesare Lombroso.

Question 23

It was Robert Martinson who wrote an article in 1974 about rehabilitation and concluded that nothing works.

Question 24

The classical school of thought focuses on the offender rather than the offense committed.

Question 25

The terms id, ego, and super ego were developed by Sigmund Freud.

Question 26

The part of one's personality that is comprised of unconscious biological and psychological desires and instincts is called the id.

Question 27

Karl Christiansen studied the delinquency of twins.

Question 28

A learning theory that states people learn by associating stimuli with certain responses is called classical conditioning.

Question 29

The part of one's personality that represents the identity of the individual and actual behavior is called the ego.

Question 30

A mesomorph is a body structure that is thin and frail.

Question 31

Routine activities theory is based on rational choice.

Question 32

The similarity of delinquent behavior between twins is referred to as the concordance rate.

Question 33

Cesare Lombroso studied college students and state prisoners.

Question 34

The part of one's personality that represents the conscience and moral character of the individual is called the ego.

Question 35

The return to a pattern of reaction characteristic of a less mature mode of adjustment is called regression.

Question 36

Dizygotic twins are also know as identical twins.

Question 37

Monozygotic twins are also known as identical twins.

Question 38

An endomorph has a body structure that is soft, round, and fat.

Question 39

The concept of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder was developed by Sigmund Freud.

Question 40

An ectomorph is a body structure that is muscular, firm, and strong.

Question 41

What were the three reasons for a renewed interest in the classical school of thought in the late 1970s?

Question 42

How do Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson explain the changes in crime rates?

Question 43

Explain the terms regression, reaction formation and rationalization.

Question 44

Explain Karl O.Christiansen's work on delinquency and twins.

Question 45

Explain the terms id, ego and superego.

Question 46

Describe in detail the Classical School of Criminology.

Question 47

What are the four assumptions of deterrence theory?

Question 48

Describe in detail the Positive School of Criminology.

Question 49

According to the text, the influence of the positive school of thought increased for two reasons.Explain each of those reasons.

Question 50

According to routine activities theory, crime occurs when there is a convergence in time and space of three factors.What are those three factors and explain each in detail.

Question 51

Explain the difference between classical conditioning, modeling, and operant conditioning.

Question 52

Explain the terms repression, denial and displacement.

Question 53

What were some of the main thoughts of Cesare Beccaria?

Question 54

Why doesn't the fear of sanctions deter juveniles from committing delinquent acts?

Question 55

How does Fetal Alcohol Syndrome affect criminal behavior?