Deck 7: Microbial Nutrition, Ecology, and Growth

Question 1

An important mineral ion that is a component of chloroplasts and stabilizer of membranes and ribosomes is:

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)potassium.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The term autotroph refers to an organism that:

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The methanogens, producers of methane gas, require environments that:

A)have sunlight.
B)are very acidic.
C)have abundant oxygen and CO₂.
D)are extremely cold.
E)are anaerobic with hydrogen gas and CO₂.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The use of energy by a cell to enclose a substance in its membrane by forming a vacuole and engulfing it is called:

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 5

Which of the following microorganisms would find hypotonic conditions most detrimental?

A)bacteria
B)protozoa
C)fungi
D)algae
E)cyanobacteria

Question 6

Which of the following require the cell to use ATP?

A)facilitated diffusion
B)diffusion
C)endocytosis
D)osmosis
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 7

The type of photosynthesis that does not produce oxygen:

A)occurs in cyanobacteria.
B)does not require CO₂ as a reactant.
C)occurs in certain bacteria.
D)does not require sunlight.
E)occurs in algae and plants.

Question 8

The movement of substances from lower to higher concentration across a semi-permeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier and use energy is called:

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 9

The term phototroph refers to an organism that:

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 10

Microorganisms require small quantities of this nutrient for enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure:

A)element
B)macronutrient
C)water
D)growth factor
E)trace element

Question 11

The movement of substances from higher to lower concentration across a semi-permeable membrane that must have a specific protein carrier but no energy expenditure is called:

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 12

When bacteria that are living in a freshwater stream moved to seawater, then what would happen?

A)It would be in a hypotonic solution.
B)It would gain water.
C)It would be in a isotonic solution.
D)It would shrivel.
E)None of the choices mentioned above are correct.

Question 13

Microorganisms require large quantities of this nutrient for use in cell structure and metabolism:

A)element
B)macronutrient
C)water
D)growth factor
E)trace element

Question 14

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration is called:

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 15

The term heterotroph refers to an organism that:

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 16

An organic nutrient that cannot be synthesized by the organism and must be provided is called a/an:

A)element.
B)macronutrient.
C)water.
D)growth factor.
E)trace element.

Question 17

Organisms that feed on dead organisms for nutrients are called:

A)saprobes.
B)parasites.
C)autotrophs.
D)lithoautotrophs.
E)phototrophs.

Question 18

Diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane is called:

A)facilitated diffusion.
B)diffusion.
C)active transport.
D)osmosis.
E)endocytosis.

Question 19

An important mineral ion of the cytochrome pigments of cellular respiration is:

A)iron.
B)zinc.
C)calcium.
D)magnesium.
E)potassium.

Question 20

The term chemotroph refers to an organism that:

A)uses CO₂ for its carbon source.
B)must obtain organic compounds for its carbon needs.
C)gets energy from sunlight.
D)gets energy by oxidizing chemical compounds.
E)does not need a carbon source.

Question 21

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which newly inoculated cells are adjusting to their new environment, metabolizing but not growing is the:

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 22

The E.coli that normally live in the human large intestines and produce vitamin K that the body uses would be best termed a _____ relationship.

A)parasitic
B)saprobic
C)commensal
D)mutualistic
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 23

Which of the following choice is true in case of a microaerophile?

A)It grows best in an anaerobic jar.
B)It grows with or without oxygen.
C)It needs normal atmospheric levels of oxygen.
D)It requires a small amount of oxygen but won't grow at normal atmospheric levels.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 24

The majority of organisms live or grow in habitats between:

A)pH 6 and 8.
B)pH 3 and 4.
C)pH 5 and 6.
D)pH 7 and 9.
E)pH 8 and 10.

Question 25

A microorganism that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase would find it difficult to live in an environment with:

A)carbon dioxide.
B)oxygen.
C)high salt.
D)temperatures above 37°C.
E)high acidity.

Question 26

Plant roots provide various growth factors for soil bacteria, and the bacteria help fertilize the plant by supplying it with minerals.This is an example of:

A)antagonism.
B)commensalism.
C)parasitism.
D)synergism.
E)mutalism.

Question 27

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated out on the incubator shelf, in an anaerobic jar and in a candle jar.After incubation there was moderate growth of cultures in the candle and anaerobic jars, but heavy growth of the culture on the incubator shelf.This species is a/an:

A)aerobe.
B)anaerobe.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophile.
E)capnophile.

Question 28

Contractile vacuoles are:

A)used to expel excess water from cells.
B)found in bacterial cells.
C)important to certain organisms in hypertonic environments.
D)protein carriers in cell membranes.
E)None of the choices are correct.

Question 29

All of the following could find a location in or on body tissues suitable for growth, except:

A)psychrophiles.
B)anaerobes.
C)facultative anaerobes.
D)mesophiles.
E)capnophiles.

Question 30

The time interval from parent cell to two new daughter cells is called the:

A)binary fission.
B)growth curve.
C)generation time.
D)death phase.
E)culture time.

Question 31

In the viable plate count method, a measured sample of a culture is evenly spread across an agar surface and incubated.Each _____ represents one _____ from the sample.

A)cell, cell
B)cell, colony
C)colony, cell
D)species, colony
E)generation, cell

Question 32

Cultures of a bacterial species were incubated on the shelf of a refrigerator, out on a lab benchtop, on the shelf of a 37°C incubator and on the shelf of a 50°C incubator.After incubation, there was no growth at 37°C and 50°C, slight growth out on the benchtop, and abundant growth at refrigeration.What term could be used for this species?

A)halophile
B)mesophile
C)anaerobe
D)psychrophile
E)capnophile

Question 33

An organism that grows slowly in the cold but has an optimum growth temperature of 32°C is called a/an:

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 34

The phase of the bacterial growth curve in which the rate of multiplication equals the rate of cell death is the:

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)All of the choices are correct.

Question 35

A microorganism that has an optimum growth temperature of 37°C but can survive short exposure to high temperatures is called a/an:

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 36

Barophiles are microorganisms able to tolerate:

A)a pH of 1 to 2.
B)high solute concentration.
C)high atmospheric pressure.
D)high osmotic pressure.
E)intense ultraviolet light.

Question 37

An organism with a temperature growth range of 45°C to 60°C would be called a/an:

A)extremophile.
B)thermophile.
C)psychrophile.
D)facultative psychrophile.
E)thermoduric.

Question 38

A halophile would grow best in:

A)acid pools.
B)fresh water ponds.
C)hot geyser springs.
D)arid, desert soil.
E)salt lakes.

Question 39

The stage in a normal growth curve when cells reach the maximum rate of cell division is the:

A)lag phase.
B)log phase.
C)stationary phase.
D)death phase.
E)fast phase.

Question 40

An organism that grows best at a higher CO₂ tension than is normally present in the atmosphere is a(n):

A)facultative anaerobe.
B)aerobe.
C)anaerobe.
D)aerotolerant anaerobe.
E)capnophile.

Question 41

The decline in growth rate during the death phase is due to all of the following, except:

A)the depletion of nutrients.
B)the depletion of oxygen.
C)the excretion of biochemical pollutants.
D)the excretion of organic acids.
E)the decrease in temperature of the culture.

Question 42

After binary fission, daughter cells will differ genetically.

Question 43

You inoculate a culture into a test tube containing broth and take it out of the incubator the next day.You see the culture is growing at the bottom of the tube.You conclude the culture must be:

A)aerobic.
B)anaerobic.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophilic.
E)aerotolerant.

Question 44

A closed culture system is used to determine a population growth curve.

Question 45

Lithoautotrophs use inorganic nutrients for carbon and energy sources.

Question 46

The direct cell count, using a cytometer, can quantitate viable cell numbers from a sample.

Question 47

The main reservoir of nitrogen is nitrogen gas from the earth's atmosphere.

Question 48

The time that it takes for a freshly inoculated agar culture to develop visible colonies is principally governed by that species generation time.

Question 49

Which of the following methods of enumerating cells is the only one to detect live cells?

A)direct microscopic count
B)viable plate count
C)turbidity
D)coulter counter
E)flow cytometer

Question 50

Bacteria have an average generation time of 24 hours.

Question 51

Most microorganisms on earth can only live and survive in habitats that are similar to human body conditions.

Question 52

Organisms depending on each for survival through time is coevoluion.

Question 53

If a culture starts out with 1 cell and after 4 hours there are 64 cells, how many generations have occurred?

A)4
B)5
C)6
D)12
E)impossible to determine

Question 54

Facultative anaerobes usually possess:

A)catalase only.
B)superoxide dismutase only.
C)both catalase and superoxide dismutase.
D)neither catalase or superoxide dismutase.
E)alternative mechanisms for dealing with oxygen.

Question 55

Transverse binary fission results in 4 daughter cells from 1 parent cell.

Question 56

Saprobes do not need a carbon source for growth and metabolism.

Question 57

Facilitated diffusion and active transport require a carrier protein to mediate the movement across the plasma membrane.

Question 58

You inoculate a culture into a test tube containing broth and take it out of the incubator the next day.You see the culture is growing equally throughout the broth.You conclude the culture must be:

A)aerobic.
B)anaerobic.
C)facultative anaerobe.
D)microaerophilic.
E)aerotolerant.

Question 59

The degree of turbidity in a culture correlates to the amount of cell growth.

Question 60

In a commensal relationship, the commensal benefits but the cohabitant is neither harmed nor benefited.

Question 61

All microbiota interactions with humans are harmful.

Question 62

Organisms called _____ live on or in the body of a host and cause some degree of harm.

Question 63

Your professor asks you to set up a pure culture of a bacterial species she is researching.She tells you that this species is a fastidious, gram positive mesophile that does not have catalase or superoxide dismutase.It is a capnophile and a halophile.Describe the type of culture medium, culture techniques, and environmental factors that you will use to grow this organism, and explain why you have selected each one.

Question 64

Discuss the differences in growth requirements between a photoautotroph and a chemoheterotroph.

Question 65

Compare and contrast the direct cell count and the viable plate method for analyzing bacterial numbers.Include a discussion of the procedure used in each method.

Question 66

In _____ conditions, the cell wall will help prevent the cell from bursting.

Question 67

An organism that uses CO₂ for its carbon needs would be called a/an _____.

Question 68

The toxic superoxide ion is converted to harmless oxygen by two enzymes: _____ and _____.

Question 69

Microorganisms that live in severe habitats, such as very hot, acidic, or salty environments, are called _____.

Question 70

Mediated transport of polar molecules and ions across the plasma membrane utilizes a _____ _____ that will bind to the substance effecting a conformational change that allows movement across the membrane.

Question 71

When whole cells or large molecules in solution are engulfed by a cell, this endocytosis is specifically termed _____.

Question 72

Choose an area of the body where biofilm is present and identify the kinds of bacteria present.Be sure to describe their nutritional and environmental requirements along with their niche.