Deck 11: DNA Technology

Question 1

The genetic units of interest in DNA sequencing,DNA probes and other research,related to proteins and traits of organisms,are the

A) wide number of similar genes among other organisms.
B) nucleotide (nitrogen base) sequences.
C) None of these answer options are correct.
D) one or more gene locations, for genetic traits.
E) number of chromosomes in the organism.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

An ill or injured patient may have suffered from damaged tissues that the cell cycle,including mitosis,won't naturally repair or replace.This may include damaged nerves,or skin,or muscle.A form of biotechnology that attempts to stimulate new cell divisions with application of cells that are genetically unspecialized,is

A) stem cell research.
B) genetic engineering.
C) pre-implantation genetic diagnosis.
D) cloning.
E) DNA profiling.

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Decorative flowers have been modified,from their wild type,to modern showy versions.Agricultural crops and livestock are selectively produced to have desirable nutrition and yield.Favorite dog and cat breeds exhibit desired traits of appearance and behavior.All of these are examples of

A) how strongly the traits and breeds of transgenic organisms have changed species already.
B) All of these answer options are correct.
C) many generations of traditional breeding techniques.
D) changes leading to new breeds, or entire new species can only be produced with transgenic organisms.
E) production of transgenic organisms by traditional breeding methods.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

When the genetic material of multiple organisms has been combined,it is called recombinant DNA.

Question 5

The first organism (organisms)to have been produced as transgenic organisms was (were)

A) eukaryotic yeasts.
B) agricultural plants.
C) viruses.
D) bacteria.
E) Dolly the cloned sheep.

Question 6

The method of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)is used to make enough exact copies of DNA for researchers to use in analysis.

Question 7

In medicine,agriculture,and conservation applications of biotechnology,the common genetic unit used is the

A) gene.
B) centromere.
C) nucleotide (nitrogen base).
D) chromatid.
E) allele.

Question 8

The current biotechnology (DNA technology)advancements,in understanding and method,ensure that the methods have no risks or ethical precautions.

Question 9

The medical goal in applying gene therapy to diseased people is to find substitute genes from other organisms to cure the disease condition.

Question 10

Because the rose is a plant,the likely cloning vector used to introduce necessary genes was a

A) cloned nucleus.
B) chromatid.
C) virus.
D) bacterial plasmid.

Question 11

Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis uses DNA testing to examine the genes in sperm,egg,or embryo cells.

Question 12

The small unit of self-replicating DNA used as a cloning vector in genetic engineering is a bacterial plasmid.

Question 13

The biotechnology method used to separate and discern specific DNA sequences of genes is "DNA polymerase."

Question 14

A GMO is a transgenic organism.

Question 15

Unlike plants,the production of transgenic animals commonly relies on viruses as cloning vectors.

Question 16

Advancements in many fields of biology,agriculture,conservation,and medicine benefit from DNA technology because

A) each organism, especially among the eukaryotes, inherits a mix of variable genetic information from previous generations.
B) even DNA replication and cell divisions can produce point mutations and gene abnormalities affecting traits of interest.
C) the genes among sometimes diverse organisms can produce favorable traits when transferred from one to another.
D) researchers have gained understanding of how the DNA structure relates to many traits, or diseases.
E) All of these answer options are correct.

Question 17

A form of biotechnology that uses genetically unspecialized cells to stimulate new cell divisions in the injured area is called

A) transferring a copy of an organism's entire genome to reproduce its traits.
B) manipulating original DNA sequences to "mutations" that may improve traits of interest.
C) All of these answer options are typical for cloning research methods.
D) selection of only one chromosome to transfer, bearing particular genes of interest.
E) selecting the sex of the offspring, extracting and transferring the sex chromosomes.

Question 18

Once the cloning vector was formed,injecting it into the rose cells could be done by

A) All of these options are possible, but depend on the vector and the receiving cell's properties.
B) enclosing it in a membrane-bound liposome that fuses with the cell membrane.
C) placing it in an empty virus protein coat that might be engulfed by the cell.
D) electrifying the cell membrane to open a temporary hole among the phospholipids.
E) attaching it to a small bead, and shooting it into the cell with a gene gun.

Question 19

The genetic molecular material that has been spliced together from multiple organisms is

A) RNA transcriptase.
B) a zygote.
C) any specific protein produced from a gene.
D) recombinant DNA.
E) both (either) RNA transcriptase, and any specific protein produced from a gene.

Question 20

The blue flower that Florigene produced is an example of

A) a clone.
B) stem cell research.
C) a transgenic organism.
D) applying gene therapy.

Question 21

If your physician suspects you have symptoms of a cancer or other genetic disease,he can collect cells for genetic testing by

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) sampling your blood cells.
C) sampling the tissue which is observed to be affected.
D) sampling cells in your saliva.
E) sampling cells that line your mouth.

Question 22

The value of applying DNA profiling to Tandem Repeat Sequences is that

A) the tandem repeat sequences are those that can be made into recombinant DNA.
B) they signal to researchers where there are genes that can be more easily cloned, or grown in stem cells.
C) None of the answer choices are correct.
D) a more efficient analytical focus is made on small portions of highly variable DNA sequences.
E) they serve as DNA probes, which indicate where disease-causing alleles are found.

Question 23

The researcher (researchers)who first established the method for DNA sequencing was (were)

A) Ian Wilmut.
B) James Watson and Francis Crick.
C) Frederick Sanger.
D) Gregor Mendel.

Question 24

Examine this diagram of short tandem repeats found in DNA profiling of three suspects in a crime.Man 1 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 5,000 people.Man 2 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 10,000 people.Man 3 shares the same number of STRs as 1 in 3,500 people.DNA extracted from samples at the crime scene found 6 STR repeats,giving the interpretation that

A) it is more rare to have six STRs than five or seven.
B) Man 2 must be guilty, based on this proof.
C) STR numbers match Man 2.
D) no conclusion can be made, because the STRs all repeat the same sequence of C-T-A.
E) Man 2 is likely guilty, considering that he has a rare STR profile that matches crime scene samples.

Question 25

The term that applies to the genetic ability of embryonic stem cells to produce any other specialized (differentiated)cell is

A) transgenic.
B) pluripotent.
C) recombinant.
D) totipotent.
E) DNA-profiled.

Question 26

Identify the correct comparison in the genetic characteristics between embryonic and adult stem cells.

A) Adult stem cells can produce any of the differentiated cells, while embryonic stem cells can't.
B) Embryonic stem cells are collected from the testes and ovaries, while adult stem cells are collected from other tissues.
C) Embryonic stem cells can produce any of the differentiated cells, while adult stem cells can't.
D) There is not real genetic difference between embryonic and adult stem cells, except how they were collected.
E) Embryonic stem cells are produced naturally in human development, while adult stem cells are from cloning.

Question 27

If disease symptoms are associated with a genetically inherited allele,tests can be performed

A) on the fetus, during pregnancy.
B) during all of these stages of life.
C) on the embryo prior to implantation.
D) during childhood or as an adult.

Question 28

The use of embryonic stem cells is ethically debated in the United States.Embryonic cultures are highly documented and the research activities are strongly regulated.Individual states disagree on whether,or how much embryonic stem cell research can be done.Some people,politicians,and researchers are optimistic that what lessons can be learned from embryonic stem cells can eventually lead to less controversial use of adult stem cells,because

A) with more research, scientists will be able to "turn on" genes in pluripotent adult stem cells.
B) heavier regulations will force the issue by completely stopping the use of embryonic stem cells.
C) researchers will run out of available human embryos that are currently available for research.
D) it will be simpler to extract more adult stem cells as more people learn about the option to donate.

Question 29

The method used to produce the cloned sheep,Dolly,was

A) embryonic stem cell transplantation.
B) polymerase chain reaction.
C) short tandem repeats.
D) somatic cell nuclear transfer.

Question 30

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis is one form of biotechnology associated with the fertility technology of

A) cloning.
B) adult stem cell research.
C) embryonic stem cell research.
D) the polymerase chain reaction.
E) in vitro fertilization.

Question 31

DNA sequences that do not code for proteins

A) regulate gene expression.
B) transcribe mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.
C) are structural, with repeated and translocated sections.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) nonfunctional in the case of pseudogenes.

Question 32

Being cloned,Dolly exhibited differences from normally reproduced sheep,in that she

A) was able to reproduce asexually, without requirement of a male sperm.
B) gave birth to healthy lambs through normal sexual reproduction.
C) developed lung disease at a young age of six years.
D) developed both arthritis in her hind legs, and lung disease, dying at a young age.
E) developed arthritis in her hind legs.

Question 33

After identifying a specific protein associated with a medical problem,the corresponding gene can identified with a ___,which is radioactively or fluorescently tagged.

A) homologous chromosome
B) DNA probe
C) pseudogene
D) heterozygous genotype
E) short tandem repeat

Question 34

The type of cell used from the donor,to provide genetic material that produced the cloned sheep,Dolly,was a

A) specialized somatic cell.
B) an embryonic stem cell.
C) a specialized somatic cell, specifically a mammary gland cell.
D) mammary gland cell.
E) an egg cell.

Question 35

For DNA sequencing,the technological process called ___ separates DNA fragments that have already been isolated and cut into different lengths.

A) translation
B) electrophoresis
C) the polymerase chain reaction
D) binary fission

Question 36

A source for stem cells to be found in humans is in

A) adults, in several specialized tissues.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) skin cells.
D) embryos, after division of the original zygote.
E) the bone marrow.

Question 37

A couple,both carriers of Cystic Fibrosis alleles,can prepare for a child being born with the disease,by testing with

A) preimplantation genetic diagnosis.
B) cloning and testing the unborn child.
C) gene therapy.
D) polymerase chain reaction.

Question 38

Before a desired gene can be spliced into a bacterial plasmid cloning vector,the gene must first be ___ from the original DNA.

A) injected into a bacterial cell or a virus, having different sequences
B) cloned from the mix of recipient DNA, and
C) injected into a stem cell, to determine any unwanted traits
D) precisely cut, with a restriction enzyme,

Question 39

Identify the least practical option,if your personal genetic testing indicates the presence of a disease-causing allele.

A) You may decide as a potential parent, with your partner, to not have children.
B) You and your physician may seek treatment for the identified faulty protein(s) caused by the disease allele.
C) You will be certain of having the disease, but because it is genetic, you have limited medical options.
D) You and your physician may identify preventative measures before the disease advances.

Question 40

Many plants,fungi,and even animals can asexually reproduce new genetic copies of themselves because fragments survive.This is a natural version of

A) cloning.
B) meiosis.
C) mutation.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.
E) transgenic organisms.

Question 41

After a cell has been removed from an embryo for preimplantation genetic diagnosis,the embryo

A) cannot develop into a fetus or baby.
B) will be used for gene therapy on parents or siblings.
C) will then be placed in a cloning chamber.
D) will continue to grow and develop.

Question 42

The number of nucleotides sequence in chimpanzees is approximately

A) three billion.
B) 400 thousand.
C) 15 million.
D) ten billion.

Question 43

Analysis of data showed that humans and chimpanzees share ___ of common DNA sequences,and ___ of sequences (genes)coding for proteins.

A) 98%; 85%
B) three billion nucleotides; 25 thousand genes
C) 96%; 99%
D) 50%; 98%

Question 44

Although uses of gene therapy are greatly anticipated,a medical,technological limit to the application is that

A) researchers have difficulty finding useful genes, from other species, to use.
B) only diseased cells can be targeted.
C) although suitable genes can be identified, there is no way to know the nucleotide sequences.
D) There are no technological limits, but rather ethical ones.

Question 45

Figuer:
The chromosomes of humans and chimpanzees look virtually identical in structure, size, and stained banding patterns.
As you may remember from chapter 9,section 9.1,karyotypes are used to show chromosomes,and can provide comparative information.The shape,size and stained banding patterns of human and chimpanzee chromosomes was derived

A) through repeated DNA isolations, fragmentations, plasmid insertions, and bacterial culture growth prior to sequencing of each genome.
B) from the application of DNA profiling and tagging of short tandem repeats in humans and chimpanzees.
C) by stimulating cells into mitosis, stopping the process at metaphase, then staining and imaging the chromosomes.
D) after an original human and an original chimpanzee embryonic stem cell was isolated for retrieving the chromosomes.

Question 46

The larges difference in chromosomes found between humans and chromosomes,at (human)chromosome 2,is hypothesized to be

A) an evolutionary selection that merged two chromosomes in humans after evolving from a common ancestor with other primates.
B) the result of the specific family lineage of the chimpanzee, Clint, who provided the DNA and chromosome samples for study.
C) the only genetic difference that prevents humans and chimpanzees from closer resemblence, behaviors, and communication.
D) a widely divergent set of genes found in the human chromosome 2, that is not found in the shorter chimpanzee chromosomes.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 47

As researchers continue to use DNA technology to study genomes,one area of focus that could support evolutionary relationships between humans and chimpanzees is

A) going to determine how much of a "wild" genome humans have, providing ethical mandate for conservation of chimpanzees.
B) in linking specific genotypes to the phenotypes that show obvious appearance differences between the two species.
C) the study of whole chromosomes, and individual genes different among species, indicating potential sequences of evolutionary divergence.
D) that comparison of the two species' genomes may lead to new promise for gene therapy for treatment of diseases.

Question 48

Among biotechnology applications,gene therapy and genetic engineering are similar,except that

A) a human receiving gene therapy in the somatic cells could not pass on the new alleles to children.
B) there is no genetic difference between transgenic organisms and humans having had gene therapy.
C) the genetic sequences transferred in gene therapy are from human to human.
D) genetic engineering requires DNA sequencing to identify the genes, while human gene therapy does not.
E) Both answers, regarding the human-to-human gene transfer, and the human with gene therapy not passing on genes to children are correct.