Deck 6: How Cells Release Energy

Question 1

The six carbons that form glucose in your food,are effectively lost from the cell as a byproduct

A) both at the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, and in the Krebs cycle.
B) during the Krebs cycle as intermediate molecules are rearranged.
C) each time ATP synthase phosphorylates ADP.
D) as pyruvate is oxidized to form acetyl CoA.
E) when the glucose is initially broken apart in glycolysis.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

In animal,plant,fungal,and algal cells,the primary organelle that generates molecules of ATP is the

A) None of the answer choices are correct.
B) mitochondrion.
C) Golgi body.
D) ribosome.
E) lysosome.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The electrons that are transferred during cellular respiration are carried in the electron carrier molecules

A) NADH₂ and glucose.
B) NADH and NADP.
C) NADP and FADH₂.
D) NADH and FADH₂.
E) NADP and glucose.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Consider when an African rock python eats a Thomson's gazelle and begins breaking the gazelle down into component molecules with digestive acids.The digestion described is an example of cellular respiration.

Question 5

Plants are net

A) O₂ and CO₂ consumers.
B) O₂ consumers and CO₂ producers.
C) O₂ producers and CO₂ consumers.
D) O₂ and CO₂ producers.

Question 6

Animals are net

A) O₂ and CO₂ consumers.
B) O₂ producers and CO₂ consumers.
C) O₂ consumers and CO₂ producers.
D) O₂ and CO₂ producers.

Question 7

ATP is needed for metabolism in all cells,because six ATPs are covalently bonded together to form glucose for energy.

Question 8

Glycolysis occurs in the

A) cytoplasm.
B) cell membrane.
C) mitochondria.
D) nucleus.
E) lysosome.

Question 9

The three main biochemical pathways of cellular respiration are

A) Calvin cycle, Krebs cycle, and light reactions.
B) light reactions, carbon reactions, and electron transport.
C) glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transport.
D) glycolysis, light reactions, and Calvin cycle.
E) Krebs cycle, Calvin cycle, and electron transport.

Question 10

The main reason that cellular aerobic respiration needs to occur step by step instead of a single,big reaction is

A) cells produce the enzymes needed for cellular respiration very slowly.
B) too much energy would be released as heat, and destroy the cell.
C) cells don't store enough oxygen to absorb all the energy in one release.
D) glucose breaks down slowly, carbon by carbon, inside a cell.
E) cells don't have enough mitochondria to catalyze the larger, single reaction.

Question 11

The products of cellular respiration are

A) glucose, water, and ATP.
B) carbon dioxide, glucose, and water.
C) oxygen, ATP, and water.
D) carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
E) glucose, carbon dioxide, and ATP.

Question 12

Aerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

Question 13

In a eukaryotic cell,the Krebs cycle occurs in the

A) lysosome.
B) nucleus.
C) mitochondria.
D) cytoplasm.
E) ribosome.

Question 14

The Krebs cycle runs

A) six times for each glucose, because each carbon pulled from the original molecule will power the Krebs cycle.
B) 12 times for each glucose, because all of these processes are associated with the Krebs cycle
C) three times for each glucose, to power the electron transport proteins in hydrogen transport.
D) once for each glucose consumed, to rearrange the molecule prior to ADP production.
E) twice for each glucose, acting on the two-carbon molecule fragments from glycolysis, carried as acetyl CoA.

Question 15

The enzyme that forms a transport channel in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and phosphorylates ADP is

A) None of the answer choices are correct.
B) NADH synthase.
C) FADH₂ synthase.
D) ATP synthase.
E) ADP synthase.

Question 16

The "spent" electrons from electron transport in aerobic respiration are transferred to

A) nitrogen, reducing it to form NADH.
B) oxygen, reducing it with with hydrogen to form water.
C) carbon dioxide, in order to allow it to enter the Krebs cycle.
D) sulfur, oxidizing it to form more hydrogens in the concentration gradient.
E) hydrogen, to neutralize its charge before passing through ATP synthase.

Question 17

Identify which of these places the steps of cellular aerobic respiration in the correct sequence.

A) glycolysis - formation of Acetyl CoA - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain - ADP phosphorylation
B) photosystem II - electron transport chain - photosystem I - carbon reactions
C) glycolysis - electron transport chain - Krebs cycle - formation of Acetyl CoA - ADP phosphorylation
D) None of these are correct, because they all fail to include the formation of glucose molecules.
E) ADP phosphorylation - formation of Acetyl CoA - glycolysis - Krebs cycle - electron transport chain

Question 18

During glycolysis molecules of glucose are

A) broken down in oxidation, liberating the carbon atoms as CO₂.
B) bonded in a reduction to form three molecules of pyruvate.
C) broken down into three molecules of pyruvate.
D) bonded covalently to form two molecules of pyruvate.
E) broken down by enzymes to form two molecules of pyruvate.

Question 19

The chemical formula for glucose is:

A) C₁₂H₆O₁₂
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) C₆H₁₂O₆
D) C₆H₆O₁₂
E) C₁₂H₁₂O₆

Question 20

Glycolysis of a glucose molecule

A) transfers electrons from glucose to FAD.
B) occurs only in animal cells.
C) occurs only in microorganisms.
D) occurs in mitochondria.
E) produces a net gain of two molecules of ATP.

Question 21

During glycolysis,________ molecules of ____________ are required to "activate" glucose.

A) two; ATP
B) three; ADP
C) three; NAD⁺
D) three; ATP
E) two; FAD

Question 22

Anaerobic respiration is most common in

A) animals.
B) archaeans.
C) fungi.
D) plants.

Question 23

The net ATP production in glycolysis is only two because

A) two ATPs are used to "activate" glucose, while 4 ATPs are produced in remaining glycolysis steps.
B) that is all the ATPs "loaded" with phosphates during glycolysis.
C) two ATPs are used to donate electrons, in order to move NADH into the mitochondria.
D) None of the answer choices are correct, because six ATPs are the net yield from glycolysis.
E) that is the needed number of ATPs to power the reactions of the Krebs cycle.

Question 24

On a class field trip,students swabbed,dug,and dipped samples of life from numerous places around campus.Back in lab,one of the organisms found was unknown to the professor,or any reference books available.It came from the edge of a marsh,and the sample smelled of hydrogen sulfide (rotten eggs).The single cells were found to survive only in a container that had sulfate in it,but also had the oxygen removed by burning a candle.This is likely an organism that uses _____ for cellular respiration.

A) alcohol fermentation
B) lactic acid fermentation
C) aerobic respiration
D) only glycolysis
E) anaerobic respiration

Question 25

The Krebs cycle produces

A) ATP, NADH, and FADH₂.
B) carbon dioxide and oxygen.
C) oxygen and ATP.
D) NADH, FADH₂, and oxygen.
E) pyruvate and PGAL.

Question 26

The compound that enters the Krebs cycle as a reactant is

A) acetyl CoA.
B) ATP.
C) PGAL.
D) pyruvate.
E) ATP synthase.

Question 27

Only a small amount of ATP is produced during glycolysis because most of the energy stored in a glucose molecule remains in the bonds of

A) carbon dioxide.
B) PGAL.
C) NADH.
D) pyruvate.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 28

The reactants for cellular respiration are

A) glucose and oxygen.
B) carbon dioxide and glucose.
C) oxygen and ATP.
D) water and ATP.
E) glucose and ATP.

Question 29

Glycolysis and the Krebs cycle do not capture all of the energy in a glucose molecule because

A) ATP easily vaporizes.
B) energy cannot be created or destroyed.
C) some glucose is not broken down.
D) some energy is always lost as heat during chemical reactions.
E) some energy remains in the atoms.

Question 30

In glycolysis the net number of NADH produced is

A) 30.
B) 4.
C) 3.
D) 0.
E) 2.

Question 31

In eukaryotic cells,the electrons donated by NADH and FADH₂ are transported along electron transport proteins in the

A) cytoplasm.
B) matrix.
C) outer mitochondrial membrane.
D) cell membrane.
E) inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 32

In prokaryotic cells,metabolism through energy pathways

A) can include either anaerobic respiration, or fermentation.
B) takes place in the mitochondria.
C) is replaced by fermentation in some organisms.
D) is completed in the cytoplasm and the cell membrane.
E) takes place in mitochondria and cytoplasm.

Question 33

Since the Krebs cycle is a cyclic pathway,the original acceptor needed to start the Krebs cycle and the end product of the Krebs cycle are

A) different molecules.
B) enzymes.
C) ATP molecules.
D) the same molecule.
E) NADH and FADH₂ respectively.

Question 34

The space and fluid enclosed by the highly folded inner mitochondrial membrane is the

A) outer membrane.
B) nucleus.
C) cytoplasm.
D) None of the answer choices are correct.
E) matrix.

Question 35

___________ combines with the two carbons of acetyl CoA,as it enters the Krebs cycle.

A) Pyruvate
B) Oxygen
C) Oxaloacetate
D) NADH
E) A cytochrome

Question 36

Glycolysis does not require

A) oxygen.
B) ATP.
C) enzymes.
D) NAD⁺.
E) glucose.

Question 37

Fermentation is most common in

A) fungi, decomposing dead plants.
B) human muscle cells.
C) both human muscle cells, and intestinal bacteria.
D) bacteria, in mammal intestines.
E) plants, at night.

Question 38

The process of a high-energy "donor" molecule physically transferring a phosphate group to ADP is called

A) electron transport.
B) glycolysis.
C) photosynthesis.
D) oxidative phosphorylation.
E) substrate-level phosphorylation.

Question 39

The sequence of membrane proteins of the electron transport chain includes three transport proteins and other electron transport proteins.As the electrons from original glucose molecules move through the proteins,work is done.The electron transport chain produces a(n)_____________ concentration gradient.

A) NADH
B) ATP
C) electron
D) proton
E) oxygen

Question 40

The sole source of ATP production in cells using fermentation only is

A) photosynthesis.
B) Krebs cycle.
C) the Calvin cycle.
D) electron transport.
E) glycolysis.

Question 41

The most ancient of the energy pathways among organisms is probably

A) aerobic respiration.
B) photosynthesis.
C) glycolysis.
D) Calvin cycle.
E) Krebs cycle.

Question 42

Philodendron flowers pass electrons through a mitochondrial electron transport chain to generate heat.What step is bypassed in generating heat?

A) formation of a proton gradient
B) excitation of electrons by sunlight
C) release of electrons from water
D) transfer of electrons to oxygen
E) donation of electrons to the electron transport chain

Question 43

Molecules called uncouplers allow protons to cross the inner mitochondrial membrane.What effect would this have on ATP production in the mitochondria?

A) ATP production would not change, because protons cross the outer mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP.
B) ATP production would increase, because this would spontaneously establish a proton gradient, for powering ATP synthase.
C) ATP production would increase, because this would make more oxygen available in the mitochondrial matrix.
D) ATP production would decrease, because electrons would not be able to move through the electron transport chain.
E) ATP production would decrease, because the proton gradient, for powering ATP synthase, would dissipate.

Question 44

In glycolysis and the Krebs cycle,electrons are removed from glucose and taken up by molecules like NAD⁺.In such a reaction,glucose is being _____ and NAD⁺ is being ____.

A) phosphorylated; reduced
B) oxidized; reduced
C) reduced; phosphorylated
D) reduced; oxidized
E) phosphorylated; oxidized

Question 45

An example of a poison that kills by interfering with ATP production is

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) carbon monoxide.
C) arsenic.
D) cyanide.
E) rotenone.

Question 46

Philodendron flowers pass electrons through an electron transport chain to generate heat.What is the source of these electrons?

A) NADH and FADH₂
B) ATP
C) sunlight
D) oxygen
E) water

Question 47

Which of the following could be electron acceptors in anaerobic respiration?

A) nitrate or oxygen
B) nitrate or sulfate
C) sulfate or oxygen
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) lactic acid

Question 48

In a eukaryotic cell,the electron transport system occurs in the

A) mitochondrion.
B) lysosome.
C) cytoplasm.
D) nucleus.
E) ribosome.

Question 49

Alcoholic fermentation

A) produces carbon dioxide.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) produces ethanol.
D) produces far less ATP than aerobic respiration.
E) is carried out by yeasts.

Question 50

Cyanide and carbon monoxide block the final step in the electron transport chain.What effect would this have on ATP production in the mitochondria?

A) ATP production would increase, because this would spontaneously establish a stronger proton gradient.
B) ATP production would not change, because protons cross the outer mitochondrial membrane to produce ATP.
C) ATP production would decrease, because protons would not be able to move across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
D) ATP production would decrease, because electrons would not move through the electron transport chain and reduce oxygen.
E) ATP production would increase, because this would make more oxygen available in the mitochondrial matrix.

Question 51

Yeast produce ethanol,a toxic waste product,during fermentation.Why would yeast produce something that is toxic to themselves?

A) to use up excess pyruvate in order to continue glycolysis
B) to conserve oxygen for other reactions
C) to regenerate NAD⁺ in order to continue glycolysis
D) to avoid the production of lactic acid
E) to produce NADH for energy

Question 52

People beginning cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)training are often surprised that they can breathe enough oxygen into a victim,with the air from their lungs.The fact that you still have sufficient oxygen to benefit another person in emergencies indicates that our bodies do not access and use all molecules of oxygen we breathe in.

Question 53

In aerobic cellular respiration,the approximate maximum net ATP yield from a molecule of glucose is __ ATP molecules.

A) 15
B) 2
C) 30
D) 4
E) 42

Question 54

How can glycolysis produce ATP in the absence of oxygen and ATP synthase?

A) by substrate level phosphorylation
B) by ATPase linked to the mitochondrial electron transport chain
C) by oxidative phosphorylation
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) by exciting electrons using photons of light

Question 55

During fermentation,___ ATP can be produced per glucose,compared with ____ by aerobic respiration.

A) 36; 2
B) 30; 6
C) 6; 30
D) 2; 6
E) 2; 36

Question 56

Muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation to

A) allow an animal to survive for long periods of time in the absence of oxygen.
B) generate NAD⁺ so that glycolysis can continue in the absence of oxygen.
C) produce less CO₂.
D) produce ATP in the presence of oxygen.
E) produce more ATP than in respiration.

Question 57

Compared to the air a person inhales,the air that they exhale has

A) higher concentrations of both O₂ and CO₂ .
B) lower concentrations of both O₂ and CO₂ .
C) a lower concentration of O₂ and a higher concentration of CO₂ .
D) a higher concentration of O₂ and a lower concentration of CO₂ .

Question 58

The first steps in glycolysis involve

A) reducing glucose.
B) both the addition of two phosphates to glucose, and then splitting glucose.
C) adding two phosphates from ATP to glucose.
D) generation of ATP.
E) splitting glucose into two three-carbon molecules.

Question 59

The reactions in glycolysis are reversible,however,the conversion of pyruvate into acetyl CoA is irreversible in animal cells.Can fatty acids be converted back into carbohydrates?

A) No, because they enter metabolism as acetyl CoA.
B) No, because they enter metabolism as pyruvate.
C) Yes, because they enter metabolism as pyruvate.
D) Yes, because they enter metabolism in the Krebs cycle.
E) Yes, because they enter metabolism as acetyl CoA.

Question 60

What first happens to the carbon atoms that enter the Krebs cycle as acetyl CoA?

A) They are reduced to form carbon dioxide.
B) They are activated with a phosphate from ATP.
C) They combine with pyruvate to form a four-carbon sugar.
D) Two acetyl CoA molecules join together to form a six-carbon sugar.
E) They combine with a four-carbon sugar to form a six-carbon sugar.

Question 61

The rate of carbon dioxide production by Cyclocephala colasi beetles was used to measure their

A) rate of photosynthesis.
B) ability to pollinate flowers.
C) level of activity.
D) rate of respiration.
E) body temperature.

Question 62

This diagram shows the chloroplast,in which aerobic respiration takes place.

Question 63

Cellular aerobic respiration includes glycolysis,the Krebs cycle,and electron transport.

Question 64

Substrate phosphorylation occurs when protons pass through ATP synthase and combine with oxygen to make water.

Question 65

Figuer:
What did scientists conclude from the data shown in this figure?

A) Active beetles saved energy at higher temperatures.
B) Generating heat led to increased pollination of Philodendron flowers by beetles.
C) Active beetles saved energy at lower temperatures.
D) Resting beetles saved energy at lower temperatures.
E) Resting beetles saved energy at higher temperatures.

Question 66

Philodendron flowers have to use a lot of energy to attract beetles as pollinators.This is similar to the energy used by many other flowering plants to produce ____ in order to attract pollinators.

A) seeds
B) leaves
C) pollen
D) spores
E) nectar

Question 67

Figuer:
What is the independent variable in this figure?

A) amount of pollen collected
B) rate of oxygen production
C) glucose production
D) rate of carbon dioxide production
E) temperature

Question 68

Proteins in your diet can be used as input to the cellular respiration pathways.

Question 69

Chemiosmotic phosphorylation occurs when protons pass through ATP synthase and combine with oxygen to make water.

Question 70

In prokaryotic cells the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

Question 71

Anaerobic respiration uses oxygen as its final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain.

Question 72

In eukaryotic cells the electron transport system occurs in the mitochondria.

Question 73

When Seymour and colleagues measured the temperature of philodendron flowers,what hypothesis were they testing?

A) Is heat being used by Philodendron increase the rate of pollen production?
B) Is heat being used by Philodendron to attract pollinators?
C) Does heat increase the rate of photosynthesis by Philodendron?
D) Does generating heat decrease the metabolism of Philodendron?
E) Does generating heat increase the metabolism of Philodendron?

Question 74

Once amino acids are hydrolyzed from proteins,they can be input to cellular respiration pathways

A) as in all of these answer options, with only minimal modification required.
B) after slight modification to become pyruvate.
C) after the ammonia group is removed.
D) after slight modification to become acetyl CoA.
E) as an intermediate molecule within the Krebs cycle.

Question 75

Figuer:
What is the dependent variable in this figure?

A) temperature
B) amount of pollen collected
C) rate of carbon dioxide production
D) glucose production
E) rate of oxygen production