Deck 3: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

The primary structural molecule composing a cell membrane is a(n)

A) cholesterol molecule.
B) enzyme molecule.
C) sugar molecule attached to a protein.
D) phospholipid molecule.
E) protein molecule.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The scientist(s)given credit for formulating the "cell theory" is (are)

A) Rudolf Virchow.
B) Antony van Leeuwenhoek.
C) Robert Hooke.
D) Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann.
E) Louis Pasteur.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Cancer cells are cells that

A) divide uncontrollably.
B) can spread from their site of origin to other parts of the body.
C) create their blood supply.
D) can interfere with vital body functions.
E) All of the answer choices are correct.

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A cell membrane is not

A) a rigid structure.
B) a bilayered structure.
C) composed of phospholipid molecules.
D) a fluid structure.
E) a mosaic structure.

Question 5

Endosymbiosis theory is proposed in large part because of the resemblance of mitochondria,and chloroplast structures to prokaryotes.

Question 6

The scientist(s)given credit for disproving the theory of spontaneous generation is (are)

A) Louis Pasteur.
B) Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann.
C) Robert Hooke.
D) Rudolf Virchow.
E) Antony van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 7

A prokaryotic cell

A) has membrane-bounded organelles.
B) has a nucleus.
C) has a cell wall made of chitin.
D) does not have a nucleus.
E) is at least ten micrometers in diameter.

Question 8

A phospholipid molecule has

A) hydrophilic tails that are repelled by water.
B) a hydrophobic head that is repelled by water.
C) hydrophobic tails that are attracted to water.
D) a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water.
E) a hydrophilic head that is repelled by water.

Question 9

The scientist(s)given credit for adding the third tenet (all cells come from preexisting cells)to the cell theory is (are)

A) Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann.
B) Rudolf Virchow.
C) Louis Pasteur.
D) Robert Hooke.
E) Antony van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 10

The original three tenets of the cell theory are

A) all organisms have DNA, all organisms are made of cells, and all cells produce proteins.
B) all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
C) all organisms are made of one or more cells, all cells contain DNA, and all cells come from preexisting cells.
D) all organisms are made of one or more cells, the cell is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells have a nucleus.
E) all organisms have DNA, DNA is the fundamental unit of life, and all cells come from preexisting cells.

Question 11

If you or a loved one are confronted with possible cancer diagnosis,you may hear terms such as benign or cancerous in describing abnormal growth or structure of cells.A diagnosis of benign or precancerous polyps describes areas where you have raised clusters of cells lining the walls of your colon.The polyps can continue to grow abnormally,and may pose risk of developing into colorectal cancer.What is the key distinction of the polyps that an oncologist cancer physician would use to determine the point that the polyps are cancerous?

A) when damage occurs to the polyps, and there is visible bleeding from them when you go to the bathroom.
B) when the cells are reproducing at abnormal rates, or in clusters of abnormal traits.
C) when the abnormal polyp cells begin invading other tissues of your body.
D) when the polyps begin interfering with your normal colon functions and cause discomfort.

Question 12

The ways by which a cell avoids surface limitations to needed diffusion of materials include

A) having specialized structures for labor, termed organelles.
B) being long and thin.
C) having a flattened shape.
D) having microscopic extensions of the cell membrane.
E) All of these answer options are correct.

Question 13

Determine which of these cells has the largest problems due to surface area limitations.

A) A normal
B) An amoeba cell in a lake may be 0.50 millimeters, variable in shape with many long, narrow extensions of the cell.
C) A human egg cell is often 0.13 millimeters, and is spherical in shape.
D) An epithelial cell lining any mammal arteries may be 0.03 millimeters, and has a very flat shape.
E) coli fecal cell in the digestive tract of animals may be 0.003 millimeters, in a rounded rod or cylinder shape.

Question 14

Which scientist(s)is (are)given credit for making the first record of microorganisms from observations with his (their)microscope?

A) Robert Hooke
B) Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann
C) Antony van Leeuwenhoek
D) Louis Pasteur
E) Rudolf Virchow

Question 15

The scientist(s)given credit for first using the term "cell" to describe the basic unit of life is (are)

A) Louis Pasteur.
B) Robert Hooke.
C) Mathias Schleiden and Theodore Schwann.
D) Antony van Leeuwenhoek.
E) Rudolf Virchow.

Question 16

Identify the largest distinction between the theory of spontaneous generation and the cell theory.

A) Spontaneous generation can be observed with the microscope, while cell theory is newer and has not yet been proven.
B) Spontaneous generation only happens with animalcules and germs, while cell theory applies to other, more complex organisms.
C) Spontaneous generation proposes life can form from available molecule components, while cell theory explains cell reproduction functions.
D) Spontaneous generation is found in organisms that don't have cells, while cell theory happens in organisms that do have cells.

Question 17

How many micrometers (μm)fit in a meter?

A) 1,000,000
B) 1,000
C) 100,000
D) 100
E) 10

Question 18

Herceptin medication used for treating breast cancers,and Gleevec medication used for leukemia demonstrate that

A) 'chemotherapy' of breast cancer and others is directed towards quickly killing all cells in the affected tissue.
B) the cell membrane is the common cell component that fails in all cancers.
C) specific molecules contribute to the structure and function of cells.
D) medical research has now given us strong prevention of these two cancers.

Question 19

When Herceptin medication is used to stop the excessive action of receptor proteins in breast cancer cells,slowing their division,the receptor proteins are within the cell nucleus where the cell is regulated.

Question 20

Consider that you have access to use fluorescent tagging of specific proteins and view cells in a confocal microscope.You isolate a cell with the fluorescent dyes,showing that a very tiny,single-celled organism has not only a cell membrane,but internally folded membranes.You determine also that the membranes do not completely surround internal specialized compartments of the cell.You identify this as

A) a eukaryote.
B) a plant.
C) an animal.
D) a prokaryote.

Question 21

The most prominent organelle visible in most eukaryotic cells is the

A) nucleus.
B) nucleolus.
C) endoplasmic reticulum.
D) ribosome.
E) cell membrane.

Question 22

The function of the nucleolus is

A) protein synthesis.
B) transport of material into and out of the nucleus.
C) assembly of mRNA.
D) photosynthesis.
E) assembly of components of ribosomes.

Question 23

Members of Archaea are often referred to as extremophiles because many live in conditions of extreme

A) acidity.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) temperature.
D) salinity.
E) heat.

Question 24

With electron microscopes,researchers have found a group of bacteria to have folded membranes resembling thylakoids.The membranes contain molecules similar to those in plant chloroplasts,allowing photosynthesis to take place.A likely explanation for the similarity of the membrane in bacterial cells is that

A) these bacteria share similar genetic controls, regulating the formation of the folded membranes, with plants.
B) these bacteria share structure and molecules, but could not be expected to do photosynthesis without specialized compartments.
C) these bacteria should be reclassified as eukaryotes, since they share the thylakoid membrane and molecules with plants and protists.
D) these bacteria fully evolved to have membrane-bound organelles, like the eukaryotes.

Question 25

Between their specialized functions,the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum do not

A) produce lipids.
B) form vesicles for transport to the Golgi apparatus.
C) produce mRNA.
D) detoxify poisons.
E) produce proteins.

Question 26

A eukaryotic cell

A) does not have membrane-bounded organelles.
B) has a cell wall with peptidoglycan.
C) is usually smaller than a prokaryotic cell.
D) has membrane-bounded organelles.
E) does not usually have a nucleus.

Question 27

The three domains in the Woese system of classification are

A) Monera, Bacteria, and Animalia.
B) Archaea, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
C) Archaea, Eukarya, and Protista.
D) Monera, Bacteria, and Eukarya.
E) Fungi, Protista, and Animalia.

Question 28

The Golgi apparatus is not

A) a processing center.
B) involved with secretion of cellular substances.
C) studded with ribosomes.
D) a stack of membrane-enclosed sacs.
E) an organelle.

Question 29

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are the only plastid organelles,because of their DNA and ribosomes.

Question 30

Organisms included in the diverse domain Eukarya include

A) animals, plants, fungi, and protists.
B) bacteria, fungi, and animals.
C) animals, plants, and bacteria.
D) Protista, Monera, and Animalia.
E) fungi, protists, and archaeans.

Question 31

Which of the following organelles are cellular digestion centers?

A) lysosomes and Golgi apparatus
B) peroxisomes and ribosomes
C) lysosomes and peroxisomes
D) chloroplasts and ribosomes
E) ribosomes and chloroplasts

Question 32

The main organelles and structures involved by distinct function with milk production and secretion in their correct sequence are

A) nucleus, transport vesicle, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi aparatus, vesicle for secretion.
B) nucleus, smooth ER, rough ER, nuclear pore, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, vesicle for secretion.
C) nucleus, nuclear pore, rough ER, smooth ER, transport vesicle, Golgi apparatus, vesicle for secretion.
D) nucleus, nuclear pore, Golgi apparatus, rough ER, transport vesicle, smooth ER, vesicle for secretion.
E) None of the answer choices are correct.

Question 33

Of the three domains of organisms,only the Bacteria are prokaryotes.

Question 34

In a class field trip,you scrape what looks like an organism off of a stream rock.Through the semester,with chemical analysis and electron microscopes,you determine that the cell has DNA,RNA,ribosomes,a cell membrane,and cytoplasm.This helps you determine that

A) this organism you collected is in the Eukarya domain.
B) this is an unusual plant that you collected from the stream.
C) this organism you collected is in the Bacteria domain.
D) this is an organism with cells having common features with all life.

Question 35

The theory of endosymbiosis is based on

A) the observations that chloroplasts and mitochondria resemble bacteria.
B) the experiments in which bacteria were made to grow in plant cells forming chloroplasts.
C) similarities between chloroplasts and other organelles in animals.
D) evidence from the fossil record.
E) the knowledge that ribosomes are structures found in bacteria, plants, and animals.

Question 36

Liver cells help clean your blood with a wide range of digestive enzymes that hydrolyze toxic molecules.The liver cells would have ____,which are organelles specialized to do this.

A) golgi apparatus
B) vesicle
C) peroxisomes
D) lysosomes

Question 37

Penicillin halts bacterial infections

A) by stimulating a person's immune system.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) by interfering with the construction of the cell wall.
D) by causing the DNA of a bacterium to mutate.
E) by damaging the cell membrane.

Question 38

The smallest certifiable living organism is a

A) protozoan called Giardia.
B) virus.
C) All of the answer choices are correct.
D) bacterium called Mycoplasma.
E) nanobe.

Question 39

An organelle found in plant cells and some members of the kingdom Protista but not in animal cells is a

A) cell membrane.
B) lysosome.
C) ribosome.
D) chloroplast.
E) centriole.

Question 40

One reason viruses should not be considered living organisms is because they do not consist of one or more cells.

A) contains peptidoglycan.
B) protects the cell.
C) gives the bacterium a distinctive shape
D) All of these answer choices are correct.
E) helps prevent the cell from bursting.

Question 41

What is the selective advantage of a mature red blood cell being flat rather than a sphere?

A) It provides more membrane for the electron transport chains where oxygen is consumed.
B) It maximizes the relative surface area available to exchange gasses.
C) The cell's surface area to volume will decrease, making it easier for the cell to fit through arteries and veins.
D) It provides more sites for the membrane-bound hemoglobin molecules which transport oxygen.
E) It saves energy by making more membrane relative to the volume of the cell.

Question 42

A common hypothesis and casual assumption is that dogs originated from wolves.Because of the wide range of body sizes and shapes,other hypotheses include dog ancestry of jackals,coyotes,dingos or other wild dog species.In recent years,several studies have been done to clear up the lineage.One study tested the Y chromosome DNA that can only be passed down from male to male,and the other other study tested the mitochondrial DNA because _____.

A) the mitochondria perform cellular respiration, providing energy to speed up the DNA analysis.
B) the mitochondrial DNA is much smaller, easier and faster to analyze for the dog lineage.
C) the mitochondrial DNA is only passed down through females to each new generation.
D) the mitochondrial DNA records the inherited genetics of all the male and female parents of each generation.

Question 43

Flagella move by way of dynein proteins that connect microtubules and force them to shift back and forth to bend or rotate the flagella.

Question 44

Which of these is an incorrect comparison between flagella and cilia?

A) Flagella have essentially the same internal structure of cytoskeleton proteins as cilia.
B) Flagella are used for propulsion, while cilia are used to attach cells to other cells or surfaces.
C) Flagella are found in all three domains of organisms, while cilia are found only in Eukarya.
D) Flagella are longer structures than cilia.

Question 45

Which are recycling centers for the cell?

A) All of the answer choices are correct.
B) ribosome and Golgi apparatus
C) mitochondria and nucleus
D) central vacuole and lysosome
E) endoplasmic reticulum and chloroplast

Question 46

You have macrophage white blood cells that can respond to injury and infection by moving to the site of the wound.They can ingest infectious bacteria or virus,and digest the organic molecules of what they take in.The digestion organelle they have is the

A) golgi apparatus.
B) ribosome.
C) peroxisome.
D) lysosome.

Question 47

If the cell was a cube and you doubled the height,width,and length of the cell,how much would the surface area increase?

A) 2-fold
B) It would stay the same.
C) 8-fold
D) 4-fold

Question 48

A cytoskeleton is

A) a system of tracks used for intracellular transport.
B) composed of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments.
C) a structure that aids in the process of cell division.
D) All of the answer choices are correct.
E) found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells.

Question 49

The cells shown here are all part of the Eukarya domain.

Question 50

If the cell was a cube and you doubled the height,width,and length of the cell,how much would the volume increase?

A) It would stay the same.
B) 4-fold
C) 9-fold
D) 2-fold
E) 8-fold

Question 51

A structure found in cells of all three domains,prokaryotes and eukaryotes,is the

A) ribosome.
B) chloroplast.
C) cilium.
D) mitochondria.
E) cell wall.

Question 52

In most mammals the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from

A) the mother and father.
B) the father only.
C) neither parent.
D) the mother only.

Question 53

Cilia in eukaryote cells

A) can move in unison to establish a current to move objects, as with human eggs through the reproductive tract.
B) can assist digestive tract cells in absorbing food molecules.
C) can be used in eukaryotes to do any of these functions.
D) can beat in unison to help a single cell, such as a protist, to swim.
E) can add surface area for senses such as taste, smell, balance, hearing.

Question 54

Nuclear pores have proteins that open and close,controlling flow of cell solutions and molecules in and out of the nuclear envelope (a double-thick membrane).In this,nuclear pores are similar in structure and function to

A) gap junctions.
B) vacuoles.
C) cilia.
D) cytoskeleton microtubules.

Question 55

As the cell doubles in dimensions from its original size,the surface area would increase much more than the internal volume of the cell.

Question 56

Eukaryotic cells are 10-100 times the size of prokaryotic cells.How do eukaryotic cells resolve the surface area to volume limitations that favor smaller cells?

A) None of the biochemical reactions in prokaryotes occur in eukaryotes.
B) Gasses are taken up by active transport.
C) They have pumps that move gasses and nutrients through the cell.
D) Organelles keep reactions compartmentalized and concentrated.

Question 57

A junction that is a protein channel linking the cytoplasms of adjacent animal cells is called a(n)

A) anchoring junction.
B) adhering junction.
C) microtubular junction.
D) gap junction.
E) tight junction.

Question 58

A central vacuole of a mature plant cell

A) stores genetic information.
B) produces energy from nutrients.
C) produces protein.
D) produces turgor pressure.
E) produces mRNA.

Question 59

Mitochondria do not

A) carry out photosynthesis.
B) extract energy from nutrients.
C) have two membrane layers.
D) have their own DNA.
E) have cristae.

Question 60

Chloroplasts are not

A) responsible for cellular respiration.
B) organelles that carry out photosynthesis.
C) found in plants.
D) glucose synthesizers.
E) found in some members of the kingdom Protista.

Question 61

In a human,the intestines need to form a barrier to prevent bacteria and other microbes from moving into the bloodstream from the gut.Which of the following would prevent bacteria from moving between intestinal cells?

A) plasmodesmata
B) cell wall
C) anchoring junction
D) gap junction
E) tight junction

Question 62

One reason viruses should not be considered living organisms is because they do not consist of one or more cells.

Question 63

How do vesicles carrying proteins destined for secretion move to the plasma membrane?

A) along actin
B) They swim with flagella.
C) along microtubules
D) by diffusion
E) They swim with cilia.

Question 64

All living cells have a cell wall.

Question 65

The reason that mitochondrial DNA in most mammals is inherited from the mother only is because a sperm cell contains no mitochondria.

Question 66

When membrane-bound receptors like HER2 bind to molecules outside of a human cell,they must move laterally within the bilayer and also bind to a second HER2 receptor,forming a dimer (2-part molecule),in order for the signal to be further tranferred inside the cell through the membrane.This is possible because the cell membrane is

A) a fluid mosaic.
B) hydrophobic.
C) a selectively permeable barrier.
D) rigid like a cell wall.
E) both selectively permeable and a fluid mosaic.

Question 67

An understanding of cellular biology is helping us find new treatments for many diseases.

Question 68

When phospholipids are mixed with water their ____ interact with water and their ____ are repelled,forming a lipid bilayer.

A) hydrophobic tails; hydrophilic heads
B) hydrophilic heads; hydrophobic tails
C) hydrophobic heads; hydrophilic tails
D) hydrophilic tails; hydrophobic heads

Question 69

Because mitochondria,chloroplasts and other plastids have their own DNA and ribosomes within double membranes,they are also considered cells.

Question 70

In order for a milk protein to be secreted in mammals,these events must happen in the correct organelle function sequence.

A) DNA transcription in the nucleus-passage of mRNA to the Golgi apparatus; translation of mRNA by the ribosome-conversion of mRNA to proteins by the cytoskeleton
B) production of proteins in the nucleus-passage of proteins through the endoplasmic reticulum; packaging of proteins in the Golgi apparatus; activation of the proteins by the mitochondrion
C) attached to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
D) DNA transcription in the nucleus-attaching and moving mRNA with cytoskeleton; translation to build proteins in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum-secrete the milk proteins from the cell
E) DNA transcription in the nucleus-passage of mRNA out of nucleus; translation of mRNA by the ribosome-packaging of proteins by the endoplasmic reticulum

Question 71

What is the role of actin in eukaryotic cells?

A) It provides strength in stretching and compression of a cell.
B) It forms the spindle that pulls chromosomes apart.
C) It forms the centromere that holds sister chromatids together.
D) It is necessary for the DNA to replicate.
E) It forms the structures that inside flagella that allow the bending motion for cell motion (swimming).

Question 72

You are working on a forensics team and collect some cells from a crime scene.The cells are angular,rigid,and have a cell wall made up of cellulose.This sample most likely came from a(n)

A) plant.
B) All of the answer choices are correct.
C) animal.
D) fungus.
E) All could be correct.

Question 73

What is the role of tubulin during mitosis in eukaryotic cells?

A) It is necessary for the cell to grow.
B) It pulls a cell's chromosomes apart during cell division.
C) It is necessary for the DNA to replicate.
D) It maintains cell shape with an internal scaffold structure.
E) It is used to bind some adjacent cells together in animal cell junctions.

Question 74

A wild duck needs a steady supply of energy to be able to fly for hours.Domesticated chickens rarely fly.As a result you would expect to find _____ in the breast muscles of wild ducks than domesticated chickens.

A) fewer mitochondria
B) more cytoplasm
C) more mitochondria
D) more Golgi
E) less cytoplasm

Question 75

In muscle contraction,____ and myosin filaments slide across each other.

A) flagella
B) actin
C) tubulin
D) cilia
E) intermediate filaments

Question 76

How do sperm move to fertilize eggs?

A) by diffusion
B) with cilia made of microtubules
C) with flagella made of actin
D) with cilia made of actin
E) with flagella made of microtubules

Question 77

Plant growth and flowering are strongly controlled by root and stem signal chemicals.Which of the following cell connection transports these molecules between adjacent cells?

A) gap junction
B) cell wall
C) plasmodesmata
D) anchoring junction
E) tight junction

Question 78

You discover a new life-form,and study it under an electron microscope.You find that its cells have no organelles,a peptidoglycan cell wall,and fatty acids in its plasma membrane.You conclude that the new life-form is in which domain?

A) Bacteria
B) Archaea
C) Eukarya
D) Protista
E) Animalia

Question 79

This type of cell connection,lined by the cell membranes and allowing transport of molecules between cells,is the

A) plasmodesma.
B) anchoring junction.
C) gap junction.
D) tight junction.

Question 80

Enzymes that breakdown organic molecules in a cell,by hydrolysis,are typically found in which organelle?

A) lysosome
B) cytoplasm
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondrion
E) Golgi