Deck 12: Fungi and Plants: Decomposers and Producers

Question 1

In fungi, a fruiting body is involved in

A)protection from drought and heat.
B)protection from cold.
C)reproduction.
D)digestion.
E)interactions with plants.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The cell walls of fungi are composed mainly of

A)hyphae.
B)cellulose.
C)chitin.
D)phospholipids.
E)mycelia.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

This characteristic allows fungi to withstand heat and drought conditions.

A)hyphae
B)cell walls
C)mycelia
D)specialized organelles
E)spores

Answer 3

B

Question 4

An example of a single-celled fungus would be

A)yeast.
B)hypha.
C)mycelia.
D)eukaryote.
E)chitin.

Question 5

In plants, the secondary metabolites are primarily responsible for

A)nutrition.
B)food gathering.
C)overcoming air pollutants.
D)defense.
E)protection against ultraviolet radiation.

Question 6

Some plants require water for reproduction. This is because

A)it is needed for germination of the spores.
B)the eggs would dry out otherwise.
C)the sperm are motile and need to swim to the egg to accomplish fertilization.
D)the plants must be actively growing in order to reproduce.
E)the seeds will be carried on the water to new sites.

Question 7

The fungal-plant root combination is referred to as

A)mycorrhizae.
B)symbiosis.
C)hyphae.
D)mycelia.
E)lichen.

Question 8

In general, mammals are not good at dispersing chili plant seeds because

A)the seeds die as they pass through the digestive tract.
B)the mammals do not travel very far before they release the chili seeds.
C)the chili seeds do not stick to the mammals' fur.
D)chili seeds are dispersed mainly by the wind.
E)the mammals are the main pollinators for the chili plant.

Question 9

All of the following are parts of a flower except the

A)carpel.
B)stamen.
C)ovary.
D)fruit.
E)cuticle.

Question 10

The major causes of plant diseases are

A)protozoa.
B)viruses.
C)bacteria.
D)worms.
E)fungi.

Question 11

Green algae such as Ulva demonstrate an alteration of generations. The diploid phase is called the

A)gametophyte generation.
B)embryo.
C)sporophyte generation.
D)diploid generation.
E)zygote.

Question 12

In gymnosperms, the formation of the female gametophyte takes place in the

A)microspores.
B)megaspores.
C)macrospores.
D)ovule.
E)rhizomes.

Question 13

In fungal reproduction, sexual fusion refers to

A)the combining of cells of opposite mating types.
B)fusion between spores of different mating types.
C)fusion between hyphae from fungi of different mating types.
D)fusion between haploid nuclei in a dikaryon.
E)the dominance of the haploid phase in the fungal life cycle.

Question 14

Although there are similarities between animal and fungal digestion, there is a major difference. Identify this difference.

A)Animal digestion uses enzymes; fungal digestion does not.
B)Only animals begin the digestive process outside the body.
C)Larger nutrient molecules are absorbed through the animal cell membrane than through fungal cell membranes.
D)A fungus will digest nutrient matter outside of its body.
E)Under certain conditions, fungi can produce their own nutrients.

Question 15

When a haploid "plus" mating type fungal cell fuses with a haploid "minus" mating type cell, this can lead to a single cell containing two haploid nuclei called a

A)spore.
B)dikaryon.
C)fruiting body.
D)haploid-diploid.
E)fusion product.

Question 16

Lichens are used by scientists as an indicator of pollution because they

A)require nonpolluted water to grow.
B)are extremely sensitive to sulfur dioxide.
C)react to small amounts of carbon monoxide.
D)are very sensitive to ultraviolet radiation.
E)respond to increased levels of chlorofluorocarbons.

Question 17

The vascular transport tubes of plants are reinforced with

A)cellulose.
B)chitin.
C)rhizoids.
D)mycorrhizae.
E)lignin.

Question 18

Fungi exhibit certain characteristics. One of these characteristics is that they

A)reproduce using seeds and pollen.
B)are prokaryotes.
C)lack cell nuclei.
D)are capable of carrying on photosynthesis.
E)reproduce using spores.

Question 19

Lichens are

A)parasitic interactions between a fungus and an alga.
B)only found growing on living matter.
C)symbiotic associations between a fungus and an alga.
D)capable of causing some obscure diseases.
E)insensitive to changes in the environment.

Question 20

In bryophytes, the rhizoids

A)serve as attachment structures.
B)obtain nutrients.
C)obtain water.
D)lure possible prey.
E)are involved in reproduction.

Question 21

A dikaryotic cell will originate from

A)a sperm that fertilizes an egg.
B)a spore that germinates into a hypha.
C)alternation of generations.
D)pollination.
E)fusion of haploid cells from plus and minus mating types.

Question 22

Asexually produced fungal spores are ______, whereas fungal cells produced sexually, by the fusion of two mating strains, are _______.

A)haploid; dikaryons
B)haploid; diploid
C)diploid; dikaryons
D)diploid; haploid
E)dikaryons; diploid

Question 23

The mycorrhizae found interacting with the roots of land plants are

A)pathogens, feeding on plant tissue they have damaged with toxins.
B)parasites, draining sugar from the plant's vascular system.
C)saprophytes, stripping dead tissue from the root.
D)symbionts, facilitating the plant's uptake of minerals.
E)commensals, exploiting a benign environment, but neither helping nor harming the plant.

Question 24

In algae and plants with a life cycle characterized by alternation of generations, the _____ produces spores by ______.

A)zygote; meiosis
B)gametophyte; mitosis
C)gametophyte; meiosis
D)sporophyte: mitosis
E)sporophyte; meiosis

Question 25

Which of the following plant groups specifically need water for sperm transport?

A)mosses, ferns, conifers, flowering plants
B)mosses, ferns, conifers
C)mosses, ferns
D)mosses only
E)flowering plants only

Question 26

Which of the following are adaptations to land of both gymnosperms and angiosperms but are lacking in ferns and mosses?

A)pollen and seeds
B)fruits and flowers
C)vascular system
D)true roots, stems, and leaves
E)spores

Question 27

Which of the following is not a type of true fungus?

A)puff balls
B)mushrooms
C)slime molds
D)morels
E)yeasts

Question 28

Gymnosperms (such as conifers)and angiosperms (such as lilies)differ in that only the angiosperms have

A)lignified transport tissues.
B)leaves.
C)seeds.
D)fruits.
E)swimming sperm.

Question 29

Which of the following is an adaptation to land seen in ferns but not in mosses?

A)vascular system
B)alternation of generations
C)ovules
D)seeds
E)spores

Question 30

Plants have adapted to dry land by evolving all of the following except
Association with mycorrhizae to improve mineral uptake.

A)secreting a waxy coating to prevent water loss.
B)forms of chlorophyll more efficient at capturing light.
C)tissues to conduct water through the plant.
D)structures to protect reproductive cells and embryos.
Text

Question 31

What do fungi contribute to the survival of lichens?

A)trap solar energy
B)protect the partnership from air pollution
C)provide the motility needed to relocate when conditions become unfavorable
D)promote rapid growth of the overall structure
E)absorb and retain water

Question 32

The principal polysaccharide found in fungal cell walls is also found in

A)archaebacterial cell walls.
B)eubacterial cell walls.
C)cell walls of land plants.
D)cell walls of red algae.
E)insect exoskeletons.

Question 33

Which of the following is an adaptation to land characteristic of gymnosperms but not ferns?

A)seeds
B)spores
C)vascular system
D)alternation of generations
E)flowers

Question 34

Which of the following characteristics does the life cycle of the alga Ulva share with the life cycle of seed plants?

A)male and female gametes that look the same
B)male and female gametes produced by mitosis
C)sporophytes and gametophytes that look the same
D)diploid spores
E)fertilization in the open water

Question 35

Fungi and plants resemble each other because they both

A)have cells surrounded by cell walls.
B)are typically heterotrophic.
C)often cause disease.
D)are composed of cells with two different nuclei.
E)have flagellated cells.

Question 36

Bryophytes differ from other land plants in that they do not have

A)lignified water transport tissue.
B)protected sporophyte embryos.
C)spores.
D)a gametophyte generation.
E)a diploid generation.

Question 37

The principal criterion used to classify fungi into divisions (the equivalent of phyla)is

A)the pigments found in the hyphal cells.
B)the components of their cell walls.
C)the biochemistry of their plasma membranes.
D)the morphology of the sexual spore-bearing structures.
E)the pattern of cilia on their external surfaces.

Question 38

Fungi digest organic matter

A)by using bacterial endosymbionts.
B)with extracellular enzymes.
C)in their fruiting bodies.
D)inside the hyphal cells, after phagocytosis.
E)by using hydrolytic enzymes of their host cells.

Question 39

Arrange the following characteristics in order from the earliest to the most recent to evolve.
(1)fruits
(2)ovules
(3)multicellular embryos
(4)vascular system
(5)alternation of generations
B)1, 2, 3, 4, 5
C)3, 2, 4, 5, 1
D)5, 2, 4, 3, 1
E)5, 3, 4, 2, 1
F)3, 5, 4, 2, 1

Question 40

Which plant group has a dominant gametophyte generation when compared to the sporophyte generation?

A)flowering plants
B)gymnosperms
C)ferns
D)horsetails
E)bryophytes

Question 41

Apply Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection to explain how capsaicins have enhanced the survival of peppers.

Question 42

What reproductive advantage do fruits give a flowering plant?

Question 43

Conifers have been very successful members of the gymnosperms. What are some of the adaptations that have contributed to their success?

Question 44

Match the following characteristics with the correct group of plants.
6. __ These land plants have a more conspicuous gametophyte than sporophyte
generation.
7. __ These are the first land plants that produced ovules.
8. __ This group does not generally produce multicellular embryos
9. __ The ovules of these plants are encased in a “vessel.”
10. __ This group of land plants was the first to evolve xylem and phloem.
A. flowering plants
B. ferns
C. mosses
D. algae
E. pine trees

Question 45

Is a fungal mycelium made up of uninucleate, binucleate, or multinucleate cells? Defend your answer.

Question 46

Describe how angiosperms have shown coevolution with the various pollinators and seed dispersers.

Question 47

Why is the sporophyte generation better adapted to land than the gametophyte generation?

Question 48

Flowering plants such as prairie grasses, corn, and many common trees do not have showy petals. Explain how these plants are pollinated.

Question 49

Explain why the dikaryotic condition, which is unique to fungi, is an important adaptation.

Question 50

In what way does the life cycle and reproduction of seedless vascular plants resemble the life cycle and reproduction of amphibians?

Question 51

Why are flowering plants considered by many botanists to be the most successful land plants?

Question 52

What role does the plant cell wall compound lignin play in the adaptation of plants to a land environment?

Question 53

What are some of the characteristics of flowering plants that have allowed them to flourish?

Question 54

How does a fungus receive nourishment from its environment?

Question 55

What are some of the similarities and differences between green algae and plants?

Question 56

How can lichens serve as an early indicator of air pollution?

Question 57

The chile plant produces a fruit that promotes a symbiotic relationship with

A)bees.
B)birds.
C)bats.
D)rodents.
E)beetles.

Question 58

Why is pollen considered an important adaptation to land?

Question 59

What reproductive advantage do flowers give a flowering plant?

Question 61

Explain why fungal life cycles are not considered an example of "alternation of generations."

Question 63

Compare and contrast the life cycles of mosses and ferns. Include the elements of alternation of generation they hold in common and differences in the forms of the two generations and their relative independence and dominance.
Test

Question 65

List the four types of gymnosperms. What characteristics do they have in common? What sets each group apart?

Question 66

Compare and contrast the life cycles of ferns and flowering plants. Include the elements of alternation of generation they hold in common and differences in the forms of the two generations, and their relative independence and dominance.
Test

Question 67

In country X, a chemical released into a forested area had a strong fungicidal effect. As a result many of the fungi comprising mycorrhizae have died. What may be the consequences of this chemical release?