Deck 2: Biological Beginnings

Question 1

A person's ________ refers to all of an individual's genetic material,including that which has and has not yet been expressed.

A)genome
B)genotype
C)phenotype
D)genetic allele set

Answer 1

genotype

Question 2

Which of the following animals has the largest brain?

A)Lemur
B)Gibbon
C)Rhesus
D)Gorilla

Answer 2

Gorilla

Question 3

A complex molecule that has a double-helix shape and contains genetic information is:

A)a chromosome.
B)RNA.
C)DNA.
D)a gene.

Answer 3

DNA.

Question 4

When one gene overrides the potential of another gene to be expressed,masking it in a way,this gene is exerting a ________ influence.

A)susceptibility
B)longevity
C)mutation-based
D)dominant

Question 5

Evolutionary developmental psychology argues that many evolved psychological mechanisms are _________,which means that they apply only to a specific part of an individual's makeup.

A)cephalocaudal in pattern
B)domain-specific
C)adaptive in contemporary society
D)bidirectional

Question 6

Except for the sperm and the egg,all cells in a normally developed human body have ______ pairs of chromosomes.

A)2
B)4
C)23
D)46

Question 7

According to evolutionary theory,there is a specific reason that certain animals live in the regions that they do.Polar bears,for instance,are found only in the Arctic regions of the world.An evolutionary theorist would say that the polar bear was best adapted for this type of environment,unlike a grizzly bear,who would freeze to death.In this case,the polar bear is a good example of:

A)how to keep warm.
B)adaptive coloration.
C)natural selection.
D)the idea that all creatures have their own niche.

Question 8

A phenotype can consist of ________ as well as ________ characteristics.

A)physical;environmental
B)conscious;unconscious
C)genetic;social
D)physical;psychological

Question 9

The study of human evolution was first explored by:

A)Sigmund Freud.
B)Charles Darwin.
C)Stephen Hawking.
D)Wilhelm Wundt.

Question 10

Meiosis is the process by which a cell divides and then divides again,leaving:

A)four cells with 23 unpaired chromosomes.
B)three cells with 23 unpaired chromosomes.
C)six cells with 16 paired chromosomes.
D)four cells with 16 paired chromosomes.

Question 11

In 1981 Steven Jay Gould concluded that in most domains of human functioning,biology allows a broad range of ________ possibilities.

A)human
B)creative
C)diverse
D)cultural

Question 12

The units of hereditary information that are compromised of short segments of DNA are ______.

A)RNA
B)chromosomes
C)genes
D)genomes

Question 13

Pat's 23^rd chromosome pair contains one X and one Y chromosome.This indicates that Pat:

A)has Down syndrome.
B)is male.
C)likely had a mother who used drugs and/or alcohol during her pregnancy.
D)may develop PKU if his/her diet is not carefully monitored.

Question 14

Evolutionary psychology suggests that the way in which people develop is:

A)adaptive.
B)maladaptive.
C)random and based on chance.
D)based on their particular genetics.

Question 15

As a criticism of evolutionary psychology,Albert Bandura proposed a:

A)directional view.
B)bidirectional view.
C)unidirectional view.
D)quasi-directional view.

Question 16

A recessive gene can only assert itself when:

A)both genes in a pair are recessive.
B)it is a stronger gene.
C)the environment is right.
D)there is an interaction between nature and nurture.

Question 17

Women have a ________ chromosome pairing,and men have a ________ chromosome pairing.

A)XX;XY
B)XY;XX
C)YY;XX
D)XX;YY

Question 18

After fertilization of the egg by a sperm,a single cell is created that is known as a(n):

A)fetus.
B)zygote.
C)amoeba.
D)embryo.

Question 19

Although it was originally thought that human beings have around _______ genes,recent research into the human genome suggests that we probably have more like _______ different genes.

A)limitless;two to three billion
B)one million;20,000
C)30,000;100,000
D)100,000;20,000

Question 20

When it comes to the inheritance of an X-linked disease,which group has the best chance for inheritance?

A)females
B)males
C)European Americans
D)African Americans

Question 21

Hans is tall and has undeveloped testes and developed unusually large breasts for a man.What sex-linked disorder does he have?

A)Fragile X syndrome
B)Down syndrome
C)Klinefelter syndrome
D)Turner syndrome

Question 22

River has a round face,a flattened skull,an extra fold of skin over her eyelids,a thickened tongue,short limbs,and retardation of motor and mental abilities.She is likely to have been born with:

A)Fragile X syndrome.
B)Klinefelter syndrome.
C)Down syndrome.
D)XYY syndrome.

Question 23

Fragile X syndrome is usually characterized by some sort of mental deficiency.This deficiency could include having:

A)mental retardation.
B)a short attention span.
C)a learning disability.
D)any of these.

Question 24

Which view,proposed by Gilbert Gottlieb,suggests that development is an ongoing bidirectional interaction between heredity and the environment?

A)epigenetic
B)biosocial
C)sociogenetic
D)epidemiographic

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT a gene-linked abnormality mentioned by your textbook?

A)diabetes
B)hemophilia
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)autistic disorder

Question 26

Lindsay wants to study a field where she will be able to discover the influence of heredity and the environment on individual differences in human traits and development.She has a particular interest in studying the differences between identical and fraternal twin pairs.Her advisor should suggest that she apply to a graduate program in ______.

A)behavioral genetics
B)evolutionary developmental psychology
C)experimental psychiatry
D)molecular biophysics.

Question 27

Phenylketonuria (PKU)is a disorder that results in the inability to metabolize ______,which is an amino acid.

A)ketonuria.
B)phenylalanine.
C)phenamoxide.
D)ketonalanine.

Question 28

It is virtually impossible to locate the genetic factors involved in most psychological characteristics because of the concept of:

A)polygenic dominance.
B)polygenic inheritance.
C)polygenic influence.
D)polygenic counseling.

Question 29

Using a twin study,Professor Jones has just found that identical twins were more likely to both develop a conduct disorder than were fraternal twins.He has decided to announce to the world that,clearly,conduct disorder is determined by one's genes.His colleagues suggested,however,that he use caution when interpreting these findings because:

A)the environments of identical twins may be more similar than the environments of fraternal twins.
B)parents and other adults may stress the differences between identical twins more than those of fraternal twins.
C)identical twins may be less likely to play with each other than are fraternal twins.
D)identical twins may share a secret language.

Question 30

Some recent research discussed by your author has found that individuals who have a genetic predisposition to develop depression only have an elevated risk if they also lives that are high in stress.This research supports the theory of a _________ interaction.

A)genotype x phenotype
B)polygenetic
C)gene x environment
D)passive evocative

Question 31

With what sex-linked syndrome does a man have an extra X chromosome?

A)Down syndrome.
B)Fragile X syndrome.
C)Klinefelter syndrome.
D)Turner syndrome.

Question 32

In this genetic disorder,the body's red blood cells take on a hook shape instead of the normal round shape.

A)hemophilia.
B)sickle-cell anemia.
C)thrombocytopenia.
D)agranulocytosis.

Question 33

Emanuel is a 25-year-old African American.He is constantly anemic because of an abnormality in his blood.Emanuel has:

A)hemophilia.
B)sickle-cell anemia.
C)thrombocytopenia.
D)agranulocytosis.

Question 34

Which of the following explains a reason why chromosome abnormalities occur?

A)Chromosomes do not separate properly in meiosis.
B)The processes of mitosis and meiosis get reversed.
C)Environmental influences cause a zygote to form without the fusion of a sperm and egg.
D)None of these can explain why chromosomal abnormalities occur.

Question 35

Mateo is on a strict diet because his parents are aware that he cannot metabolize a certain amino acid.Buildup of this amino acid in his system could result in mental retardation.Mateo has:

A)Down syndrome.
B)Phenylketonuria (PKU).
C)Sickle-cell anemia.
D)Huntington disease.

Question 36

People seek out environments that are consistent with their genetic makeup.For example,outgoing children may join the drama club or speech/debate team.This is an example of a(n):

A)passive genotype-environment correlation.
B)evocative genotype-environment correlation.
C)influential genotype-environment correlation.
D)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation.

Question 37

While Sally's mother was pregnant with her,she smoked and drank alcohol,which adversely affected Sally's lung development.After Sally was born,she was placed into an environment with two parents who smoked.As Sally continued to develop,she was diagnosed with asthma,a breathing disorder.The development of this disorder could be explained by the concept of:

A)the biomedical model.
B)the biopsychosocial model.
C)the epigenetic view.
D)the medicopsychological theory.

Question 38

Jessica is a very attractive teenager with beautiful brown eyes and high cheekbones.She is constantly receiving compliments about her looks and being asked out on dates.Her genes have influenced her environment in the following manner:

A)There is passive genotype-environment correlation between her genes and her environment.
B)There is evocative genotype-environment correlation between her genes and her environment.
C)There is an influential genotype-environment correlation between her genes and her environment.
D)There is an active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation between her genes and her environment.

Question 39

Rachel has always enjoyed reading.Now that she is a parent,she provides her daughter with many books to read,hoping the child also will learn to enjoy reading.How do behavior geneticists refer to this type of correlation between heredity and environment?

A)passive genotype-environment correlation
B)evocative genotype-environment correlation
C)influential genotype-environment correlation
D)active (niche-picking)genotype-environment correlation

Question 40

Sandra excels in reading and spelling but struggles with mathematics.She is shorter than her peers and was born without ovaries.Sandra most likely has:

A)Turner syndrome.
B)Fragile X syndrome.
C)Klinefelter syndrome.
D)XXO syndrome.

Question 41

By the end of the fifth month,the fetus weighs approximately ______.

A)3 ounces
B)6 ounces
C)16 ounces (1 pound)
D)32 ounces (2 pounds)

Question 42

At what period of prenatal development do neurons begin to develop connections with each other?

A)at the moment of conception
B)when the zygote implants in the uterine wall
C)around 23 weeks of development near the age of viability
D)around 38 weeks,just before birth occurs

Question 43

The structure that contains clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats is called the:

A)amnion.
B)placenta.
C)embryo.
D)umbilical cord.

Question 44

Implantation of the blastocyst to the uterine wall occurs at about ________ days after conception.

A)6
B)8
C)14
D)21

Question 45

The fetal period begins ________ months after conception and lasts until birth.

A)4
B)5
C)2
D)3

Question 46

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding heredity-environment interaction?

A)The relative contributions of heredity and of environment are additive.
B)Genetic loading and complex environments combine in development.
C)Full genetic expression happens once,around conception or at birth.
D)Genes produce proteins over life in only a few certain environments.

Question 47

Marta recently went to see her doctor and learned that her unborn child was not receiving enough oxygen or nutrients from her.She was informed that there was a problem with the:

A)placenta.
B)embryo.
C)umbilical cord.
D)amnion.

Question 48

Sidney is expecting her first child.She has just recently begun to feel kicking movements.Sidney is most likely in the ________ month of her pregnancy.

A)second
B)fourth
C)sixth
D)seventh

Question 49

Which of the following is the period of development that occurs 2 to 8 weeks after conception?

A)embryonic
B)fetal
C)placental
D)metastatic

Question 50

The germinal period of development takes place in the ________ after conception.

A)first 2 weeks
B)first week
C)3 days
D)first week and a half

Question 51

The period of development that includes the creation of the zygote,attachment to the uterine wall,and continued cell division is known as the ________ period.

A)gamete
B)cytocyst
C)blastocyst
D)germinal

Question 52

The outermost layer of the embryo,which becomes the nervous system,sensory receptors,and skin,is called the:

A)mesoderm.
B)cytoderm.
C)endoderm.
D)ectoderm.

Question 53

The earliest point at which a fetus can have a chance to survive outside the womb is at:

A)around 12 weeks.
B)around 18 weeks.
C)around 24 weeks.
D)around 28 weeks.

Question 54

When baby Juan was born,he had problems with his sensory systems.There were noticeable defects in his eyes,ears,and nose.Most likely,Juan's problems came from defects in the formation of the:

A)ectoderm.
B)endoderm.
C)mesoderm.
D)trophoblast.

Question 55

A group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and offspring intertwine but do not join is the:

A)amnion.
B)placenta.
C)embryo.
D)umbilical cord.

Question 56

By the time a baby is born, (s)he will have approximately _________ neurons.

A)10 million
B)100 million
C)1 billion
D)100 billion

Question 57

Approximately 1 week after conception,the developing organism is called a(n):

A)trophoblast.
B)blastocyst.
C)endoblast.
D)cytocyst.

Question 58

The current view that people may have a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory (or path)is called:

A)epigenetics.
B)biobehaviorism.
C)biodevelopment.
D)genetic loading.

Question 59

Juanita is having a normal pregnancy,and everything is developing well.She has,however,recently picked up an infection,and bacteria have accumulated in her bloodstream.We know that most likely:

A)many of these bacteria will be passed on to her fetus.
B)the bacteria will be eliminated inside of the amniotic fluid.
C)the bacteria will latch on to the ectoderm layer in the fetus.
D)the bacteria cannot cross the placenta to reach the fetus.

Question 60

At birth,the average American baby weighs ________ pounds and is approximately ________ inches long.

A)7½ pounds;20 inches
B)6½ pounds;18 inches
C)5½ pounds;15 inches
D)8½ pounds;22 inches

Question 61

Angelo is 5 years old and has a poor attention span.He often fidgets and is impulsive.It is possible that Angelo's mother used _______ when pregnant.

A)nicotine
B)cocaine
C)caffeine
D)marijuana

Question 62

During which period of development is the unborn baby MOST AT RISK of developing a structural defect because of the effects of a teratogen?

A)at conception
B)during the germinal period
C)during the embryonic period
D)during the fetal period

Question 63

Which of the following is NOT a possible explanation for infertility in a woman?

A)a lack of ovulation
B)blocked fallopian tubes
C)alcohol use
D)a condition that prevents implantation of a fertilized ovum into the uterus.

Question 64

Which of the following is an invasive prenatal test that uses amniotic fluid to test for disorders?

A)chorionic villus sampling
B)ultrasound sonography
C)amniocentesis
D)fetal MRI

Question 65

David and Kelly are seeking help for infertility problems.Under their physician's guidance,they decide to undergo a procedure in which one of Kelly's eggs is combined in a laboratory dish with her husband's sperm.What procedure is this?

A)gamete transfer
B)intracytoplasmic sperm injection
C)zygote intrafallopian transfer
D)in vitro fertilization

Question 66

This is a prenatal medical procedure where a sample of amniotic fluid is withdrawn by syringe and tested for chromosomal or metabolic disorders.

A)chorionic villus sampling
B)triple screen
C)amniocentesis
D)ultrasound sonography

Question 67

Dan and Michelle have been having difficulty conceiving a child,so they've decided to try in-vitro fertilization to start a family.One of the risks of this assisted reproductive technology that they should know about is that:

A)at least half of all children conceived via IVF will have some form of developmental delay.
B)25-30 percent of conceptions that occur using IVF result in multiple births (e.g. ,twins,triplets,etc. ).
C)the rate of miscarriage from IVF is nearly 20 times that from traditional conception.
D)IVF ordinarily takes two to three years to result in a successful conception.

Question 68

Sequoia is pregnant and drinks heavily 3 to 4 days a week.Her unborn child is at a high risk for developing:

A)embryonic poisoning.
B)a fetal alcohol spectrum disorder.
C)infantile amnesia.
D)sudden infant death syndrome.

Question 69

All of the following are alternative possible contributors to problems found in the children of cocaine users,EXCEPT:

A)marijuana use.
B)poverty.
C)alcohol use.
D)mental illness.

Question 70

Maternal blood screening identifies pregnancies that have an elevated risk for birth defects such as:

A)Down syndrome
B)spina bifida.
C)both Down syndrome and spina bifida.
D)neither Down syndrome nor spina bifida.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a psychoactive drug?

A)It is always addictive.
B)It can change moods.
C)It can modify perceptions.
D)It acts on the nervous system.

Question 72

The Food and Drug Administration recommends the following:

A)Pregnant women should consume no caffeine or consume it sparingly.
B)Exposure of the mother to secondhand smoke will not harm the fetus.
C)Pregnant women can safely drink one glass of wine or beer per day.
D)Cocaine used in the last months of pregnancy will not harm the fetus.

Question 73

Which of the following is more likely to occur in the child of a woman who smokes?

A)attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
B)mental retardation
C)autism spectrum disorder
D)reactive attachment disorder

Question 74

Sheila is pregnant and has a family history of spina bifida.Which test would be used to determine whether her fetus has this defect?

A)ultrasound
B)in vitro fertilization test
C)chorionic villus sampling
D)maternal blood screening

Question 75

Koko has decided to continue smoking while pregnant.She is placing her baby at risk for all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)sudden infant death syndrome.
B)respiratory problems.
C)low birth weight.
D)mild mental retardation.

Question 76

This is a prenatal medical procedure where high-frequency sound waves are directed into the women's abdomen.

A)chorionic villus sampling
B)triple screen
C)amniocentesis
D)ultrasound sonography

Question 77

Research suggests that mothers who drink 200 milligrams or more of caffeine a day increase their risk of:

A)nothing;this amount of caffeine is safe.
B)having a miscarriage.
C)having a stillborn baby.
D)having a baby that later dies of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS).

Question 78

A teratogen is any agent that can cause:

A)early birth.
B)birth defects.
C)fetal movement.
D)maternal discomfort.

Question 79

________ drugs act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness,modify perceptions,and change moods.

A)Psychotropic
B)Psychiatric
C)c,Psychologic
D)Psychoactive

Question 80

Sylvia has severe cystic acne and is taking Accutane,a drug prescribed by her doctor.She has just discovered that she is pregnant.Her doctor should tell her to:

A)continue to take Accutane for her acne until she is 4 months pregnant.
B)stop taking Accutane immediately.
C)continue to take Accutane but be sure to come to her prenatal appointments for regular monitoring of the development of her baby.
D)stop taking Accutane right now,and resume taking it when she is 7 months pregnant.