Deck 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence

Question 1

Researchers believe that key changes in identity are more likely to happen in emerging adulthood rather than during adolescence because:

A)adolescents have not achieved the mental development required to achieve an identity.
B)college juniors and seniors are more likely to have completed identity achievement than younger people because of complex reasoning skills.
C)sexual orientation is not fully established until the late adolescent or early adult years.
D)identity development appears to follow the MAMA cycle.

Answer 1

college juniors and seniors are more likely to have completed identity achievement than younger people because of complex reasoning skills.

Question 2

Maria,at age 16,sometimes has mixed-up feelings.Sometimes she gets angry with her parents because they will not let her stay out late and date whoever she pleases.At other times,however,she is angry because they do not seem to nurture her the way they do her younger brother and sisters.Maria is experiencing what Erik Erikson called:

A)identity withdrawal.
B)recognition confusion.
C)psychological diffusion.
D)psychosocial moratorium.

Answer 2

psychosocial moratorium.

Question 3

According to Erik Erikson,adolescents who become withdrawn and isolated from their peers and family are suffering from:

A)recognition confusion.
B)identity confusion.
C)recognition moratorium.
D)identity moratorium.

Answer 3

identity confusion.

Question 4

An adolescent who is experimenting with different vocational possibilities is experiencing what psychologist James Marcia calls:

A)crisis.
B)commitment.
C)foreclosure.
D)moratorium.

Question 5

Ramon's parents have decided that he will enroll in the state college near their hometown.Ramon has not really thought about the issue much himself,and he will probably do what they advise.According to the psychologist James Marcia,accepting his parents' advice will put Ramon into:

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)identity moratorium.
D)identity achievement.

Question 6

Researchers believe that many adolescents who develop positive identities:

A)never enter into an identity crisis.
B)follow the MAMA cycle of identity.
C)reach identity foreclosure by age 16.
D)reach identity achievement by age 16.

Question 7

Conflicts arise between parents and adolescents because adolescents:

A)want autonomy,whereas parents want control.
B)want control,whereas parents want autonomy.
C)and parents have different value systems that are in conflict.
D)want help from parents,but parents want adolescents to work things out themselves.

Question 8

Jaqui is trying to decide if she is a liberal,a conservative,or somewhere in between.She is wrestling with determining her ________ identity.

A)career
B)ethnic
C)religious
D)political

Question 9

Which of the following would wise parents do as their adolescent children push for control?

A)let their children control areas of their lives where they can make reasonable choices
B)monitor but not interfere in their children's lives
C)let children have primary control over important decisions in their lives
D)There is no rule for this situation;each family must decide what is best for them.

Question 10

Martha's daughter has come to her for advice about what to do with her future.Her mother explains that any decisions made now are not permanent and that her daughter will continue to reevaluate her decisions for the rest of her life.Her daughter is relieved to hear that she does not need to decide "everything" now,but she is not comfortable knowing that these important decisions will continue to come up in the future.Martha is trying to help her daughter understand that true identity development:

A)requires exploring one's individuality.
B)is a process that extends beyond our adolescent years.
C)requires foreclosure in early adulthood.
D)never really happens because we are never sure who we are.

Question 11

Harrison has thought for a long time about his future plans.He considered going to a technical college,but he also considered the value of getting a liberal arts degree from a 4-year college.The decision caused Harrison a lot of anxiety.Finally,he decided to attend the technical college.He is still wondering if his choice was the correct one.According to James Marcia,Harrison is now in a state of:

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)identity moratorium.
D)identity achievement.

Question 12

According to James Marcia,the term _______ refers to the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in their own identity.

A)moratorium
B)commitment
C)foreclosure
D)achievement

Question 13

Jason was confused about whether to propose marriage to his girlfriend.After considerable internal debate,he decided to propose.After he proposed and she accepted,he felt great and knew he had done the right thing.As the wedding date approached,however,he was overcome with doubt.He considered calling off the wedding but did not.Today he is very happily married and is glad that he stayed with his decision.Jason's experience is an example of:

A)identity diffusion.
B)identity foreclosure.
C)the MAMA cycle of identity development.
D)the values-conflict tension in identity development.

Question 14

Steve and Jen believe that they should make certain that their adolescent knows the right choices to make,and they use harsh punishment when their directives are not followed.This pattern is likely to promote _______ in their adolescent.

A)identity diffusion
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 15

Marcus is 14 years old,and watches his older brother,Andrew,as he goes to college.He hears Andrew talk about things like which fraternity to join,which academic major to choose,and which people to hang out with,but Marcus doesn't really pay much attention to these issues.Marcus is at which of James Marcia's identity statuses?

A)identity diffusion
B)identity foreclosure
C)identity moratorium
D)identity achievement

Question 16

The identity of first-generation immigrants is secure and usually stable.Any feelings of being American that they develop are usually based on:

A)learning English.
B)developing social networks beyond their group of friends.
C)becoming culturally competent.
D)all of these.

Question 17

Identity _______ is James Marcia's term for the status of adolescents who are in the midst of a crisis,and whose commitment levels are either absent or only vaguely defined.

A)confusion
B)stagnation
C)diffusion
D)moratorium

Question 18

Chaim was born in the United States,but his parents are both originally from Israel.Though his parents are very adamant about staying close to their roots and retaining their Israeli identity,Chaim feels a pull toward both Israeli and American ideals.Chaim might be best described as:

A)in a moratorium status.
B)having a bicultural identity.
C)ethnically isolated.
D)racially confused.

Question 19

According to Erik Erikson,the adolescent identity crisis is:

A)a natural and healthy part of development.
B)an abnormal and unhealthy state that occurs when development goes awry.
C)a simple problem to resolve for well-adjusted adolescents.
D)something that develops when parents put too much pressure on adolescents to grow up.

Question 20

An "American" identity may be more secure for second-generation immigrants than for their parents because:

A)their parents gave up their ethnic identity.
B)citizenship is granted at birth.
C)they usually speak English.
D)they disassociate themselves from their ethnic background.

Question 21

Which of the following individuals is noted as one of the leading researchers in the area of adolescent friendships,and whose theories have endured the "test of time"?

A)Erik Erikson
B)James Marcia
C)Edwin Shneidman
D)Harry Stack Sullivan

Question 22

One benefit of adolescent-parent conflict is that it:

A)teaches adolescents that their parents are not perfect.
B)helps adolescents in developing greater autonomy.
C)convinces adolescents that their parents are wiser than they thought.
D)teaches adolescents how to be more effective in the way they argue.

Question 23

According to your authors,approximately ___ percent of adolescent daters are "early bloomers."

A)2-5
B)5-7
C)10-12
D)15-20

Question 24

Conflict with parents most often escalates during:

A)early adolescence.
B)middle adolescence.
C)late adolescence.
D)the college years.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages of dating noted by your textbook?

A)entering into romantic attractions and affiliations at around age 11 to 13
B)exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16
C)experimenting with sexual activity between the ages of 16 and 18
D)consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19

Question 26

Regi gets into a lot of arguments with his parents.Research on parent-adolescent conflict suggests that the type of thing that Regi and his parents probably argue about the most is:

A)whether Regi uses drugs.
B)Regi's delinquent behavior.
C)Regi's friends.
D)whether Regi keeps his room clean.

Question 27

Given what we know about the influence of peers on adolescents,an adolescent's desire to spend a great deal of time with a clique is probably:

A)positive,because cliques have good effects on self-esteem.
B)negative,because cliques tend to exaggerate individuals' bad characteristics.
C)neither positive nor negative,because the key influence is other aspects of an adolescent's life before he or she joins a clique.
D)either positive or negative,depending on what behavior the clique promotes.

Question 28

Fifteen-year-old Carlos feels sad and disappointed that he was dumped by his girlfriend.Who is he likely to turn to for reassurance?

A)his mother
B)his best friend
C)an older sibling
D)his father

Question 29

According to research,adolescents who express disagreement with parents explore identity development _______ adolescents who do not express disagreement with their parents.

A)less actively than
B)equally as active as
C)more actively than
D)more erratically than

Question 30

Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to:

A)develop loneliness and reduced self-worth.
B)develop healthier self-esteem than their peers.
C)engage in more delinquent behavior than their peers.
D)become more social as they grow older.

Question 31

Manfred is worried about his 16-year-old son hanging around much older people in the neighborhood.Research suggests that Manfred:

A)should not be concerned,because adolescents frequently have much older friends.
B)should not try to stop his son from hanging out with these friends,because it increases the chance that his son will rebel.
C)has reason to worry,because his son is more likely to engage in delinquent behaviors.
D)should not worry,because his son will soon tire of his older friends and turn to friends his own age.

Question 32

The difference between a clique and a crowd is:

A)the amount of time spent together.
B)the interests shared.
C)the size of the group.
D)the amount of proximity.

Question 33

Which of the following statements does the new model of parent-adolescent relationships emphasize?

A)Parents serve as important attachment figures and support systems during adolescence.
B)Parent-adolescent conflict is intense and stressful throughout adolescence.
C)As adolescents mature,they detach from their parents.
D)As adolescents mature,they move into a world of autonomy apart from parents.

Question 34

Aaron is a junior in high school.Some of Aaron's close friends have recently started vandalizing cars and spray-painting graffiti on building walls.What is Aaron likely to do?

A)He is likely to stop spending time with these friends and join a more positive group.
B)He is less likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
C)He is more likely to join in these behaviors than when he was 2 years younger.
D)He is likely to engage in even more extreme forms of these behaviors to prove his group membership.

Question 35

Elizabeth has very positive relationships with her peers.She identifies strongly with them,is well liked,and confides closely in her best friends.Research shows that adolescents like Elizabeth tend to have:

A)close and secure relationships with their parents as well.
B)closer relationships with their same-sex parent than with their opposite-sex parent.
C)insecure relationships with their parents,because they focus more on their friends.
D)insecure relationships with their parents,so they use their friends to compensate.

Question 36

A key way in which the old and new models of parent-adolescent relationships differ is that the:

A)old model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
B)new model suggests that a close relationship exists between adolescents and their parents.
C)old model indicates that parent-child conflicts are greatest early in adolescence.
D)new model recommends that parents detach from their adolescent children.

Question 37

Investigators have found that conformity to peer standards peaks around which grade level?

A)sixth to seventh grade
B)eighth to ninth grade
C)10^th to 11^th grade
D)12^th grade

Question 38

According to your authors,approximately ___ percent of adolescent daters are "late bloomers."

A)10
B)15
C)20
D)25

Question 39

Conflict between parents and their adolescent children most often occurs:

A)between a father and daughter or between a mother and son.
B)over major issues,like drugs,sex,and delinquent behaviors.
C)in ethnic minority families.
D)over minor,day-to-day issues.

Question 40

Harry Stack Sullivan believes most adolescent friendships are built on a need for:

A)respect.
B)compatibility.
C)intimacy.
D)similarity.

Question 41

A recent study of 200 10^th graders found that those who had more romantic experiences:

A)experienced less social acceptance.
B)had the less romantic competence.
C)had a lower level of substance use.
D)had a higher level of delinquency.

Question 42

Which group of U.S.adolescents has the lowest rate of juvenile criminal offenses?

A)females
B)African Americans
C)the poor
D)Latinos

Question 43

Erik Erikson views juvenile delinquency as an attempt to:

A)avoid forming an identity.
B)rebel against an identity.
C)reinforce a negative identity.
D)have society impose an identity.

Question 44

In which type of country is an adolescent taught "strict codes of conduct and loyalty" to their family?

A)African countries
B)Arctic and Antarctic countries
C)Asian countries
D)Arab countries

Question 45

The transition from adolescence to adulthood for cultures that have rites of passage is less _______ than for cultures that do not.

A)discontinuous
B)stressful
C)continuous
D)dramatic

Question 46

Although Kesha lives in an affluent suburb with parents who are white-collar professionals,she still feels the stress of being an ethnic minority in America.This is because:

A)ethnic groups have been assimilated in the American experience.
B)the rites of passage differ among different ethnic groups in America.
C)race and genes determine many universals of adolescent development.
D)discrimination and bias pervade the United States across economic levels.

Question 47

There are some studies that have reported that as many as ____ percent of 10- to 12-year-olds in the United States have been exposed to Internet pornography in the last 12 months,and ____ of that exposure was "unwanted."

A)15;95
B)42;66
C)75;25
D)95;20

Question 48

In most cultures,the rite of passage is designed to:

A)maintain a controlled and responsible level of birth rate.
B)test whether adolescents are ready for adult responsibilities.
C)test whether adolescents know enough about sexuality to begin selecting mates.
D)help adolescents transition into an adult status.

Question 49

One particularly troubling problem is the recent increase in _____ diagnoses in adolescents in many sub-Saharan countries.

A)chlamydia
B)HIV
C)syphilis
D)herpes

Question 50

Cultures that have formalized rites of passage are expressing their belief that the transition from adolescence into adulthood is:

A)too easy.
B)traumatic.
C)a continuous developmental process.
D)a discontinuous developmental process.

Question 51

Where are rites of passage most numerous?

A)Africa
B)South America
C)Australia
D)Asia

Question 52

Families from which of the following cultures would be most likely to have a very conservative set of standards regarding the dating practices of their adolescent children?

A)Asian American
B)African American
C)Native American
D)European American

Question 53

Recent research into potential risks associated with the use of the Internet have found that many Internet sex crimes perpetrated against minors have used _______ in some way.

A)social networking sites
B)e-mail
C)phishing scams
D)"419" scams

Question 54

Juvenile delinquency is negatively correlated with:

A)income.
B)parental monitoring.
C)having older siblings and friends who are not delinquent.
D)all of the above.

Question 55

The double disadvantage suffered by ethnic minority adolescents consists of:

A)the lack of clear rites of passage and identity confusion.
B)diversity and difference.
C)prejudice and poverty.
D)bias and assimilation.

Question 56

When adolescents are required to undergo some type of initiation or hazing before they can join a gang or clique,this is comparable to a:

A)rite of passage.
B)gang moratorium.
C)test of identity.
D)diffusion of acceptance.

Question 57

Because of his Asian background,everyone expects Wen-Yen to excel in school.This type of stereotype exists because Wen-Yen is a member of:

A)a pluralistic society.
B)a higher social class.
C)a "model minority" group.
D)an assimilated minority group.

Question 58

What distinguishes the locations where rites of passage are prevalent?

A)strong distinctions between age groups
B)resistance to Western culture
C)rigid social structure
D)low access to formal education

Question 59

In the study of adolescent development,many differences that are found between ethnic groups (African-Americans,whites,Latinos,etc. )are really results of:

A)race.
B)genetics.
C)cultural mores.
D)socioeconomic levels.

Question 60

What is "co-rumination"?

A)excessive discussion of problems with friends
B)going on a double-date in early adolescence
C)living with a roommate in college
D)the use of two or more psychoactive substances at the same time

Question 61

Why do males have higher rates of suicide than females?

A)They are more depressed than females.
B)They attempt suicide more frequently than do females.
C)They use more lethal means than do females.
D)They give no warning signs before they kill themselves.

Question 62

According to Erik Erikson's psychosocial theory,this is the 5^th developmental stage.It is experienced during adolescence.

Question 63

How early should intervention occur to prevent juvenile delinquency?

A)preschool
B)elementary school
C)junior high school
D)high school

Question 64

Deanna,a depressed adolescent girl,is thinking about killing herself.She is:

A)most likely to use a gun as a method of attempting suicide.
B)likely to have a history of high stress in her home.
C)more likely to succeed in her attempt than is an adolescent boy.
D)an exception,in that few adolescents consider such a drastic action.

Question 65

Ms.Willen is teaching parents about the risk factors for depression in teens.She should discuss all of the following,EXCEPT:

A)marital conflict between parents.
B)financial difficulties in the family.
C)having a late onset of puberty.
D)the emotionally unavailable parent.

Question 66

The one commonality of successful programs developed to help at-risk youths is that they:

A)provide consistent consequences for behavior.
B)provide community involvement.
C)use a collaborative approach.
D)use peer interactions to facilitate learning and growth.

Question 67

Why do females have higher rates of depression than do males?

A)Females have more negative self-images than do males.
B)Society encourages sadness in females but anger in males.
C)Females have lower amounts of serotonin in their brains than males.
D)They do not;they just seek help more frequently than do males.

Question 68

An adolescent "group" consisting of about five individuals who are about the same age and gender.

Question 69

This identity status is characterized by the current exploration of various identity options without a commitment to any one of those alternatives.

Question 70

This theorist suggested that the primary task of adolescence is to attempt to resolve the psychosocial crisis of "identity versus identity confusion."

Question 71

An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal.

Question 72

This identity status is characterized by a commitment to a self-identity following a period of crisis.

Question 73

This identity status is characterized by high commitment but no crisis.

Question 74

An adolescent group structure that is usually formed based on reputation.Members may or may not spend time together.

Question 75

This term refers to the "gap" between childhood security and adult autonomy in which society allows adolescents to "try on" many different identities.

Question 76

This theorist proposed a theoretical extension to Erik Erikson's "identity" construct.He formulated a classification of identity statuses,where each of four identity status was the result of the existence or absence of "crisis" and "commitment."

Question 77

This person is considered to be the most influential theorist to discuss the importance of adolescent friendships.He argued that friends help adolescents meet basic social needs such as the need for social acceptance and intimacy.

Question 78

A ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another.These rituals usually focus on the transition to adult status.

Question 79

This identity status is characterized by both the lack of crisis (exploration),and the lack of commitment to a self-identity

Question 80

If a community wants to develop programs to help at-risk youths,an important component to include in the program would be:

A)intensive individual attention.
B)strong academic support.
C)community role models.
D)tactics to "scare teens straight."