Deck 6: Stress

Question 1

The last phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

A)resistance.
B)alarm.
C)appraisal.
D)exhaustion.

Answer 1

exhaustion.

Question 2

Which of the following statements is true according to Hans Selye's general adaptation syndrome?

A)An organism requires an external stimulus to mobilize itself when it confronts a stressor.
B)Prolonged exposure to stress causes rejuvenation of an organism.
C)An organism has different physio?logical patterns of reactions with respect to a stressor.
D)The response to a threat is nonspecific with respect to a stressor.

Answer 2

The response to a threat is nonspecific with respect to a stressor.

Question 3

Animals with high levels of _____ are calmer and more relaxed,which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior.

A)lactose
B)testosterone
C)pepsin
D)oxytocin

Answer 3

oxytocin

Question 4

According to its critics,Selye's (1956,1976)model

A)fails to offer a general theory of reactions to a wide variety of stressors over time.
B)fails to offer a physiological mechanism for the stress-illness relationship.
C)places too much emphasis on individual differences in response to stress.
D)fails to consider the role of psychological appraisal in stress.

Question 5

The primary biological factor in the tend-and-befriend mechanism isA.D.GS

A)HPA activation.
B)oxytocin.
C)cortisol.

Question 6

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events,and its effects are especially influenced by

A)lactose.
B)pepsin.
C)testosterone.
D)estrogen.

Question 7

According to Selye (1956,1976),the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome occurs if the person fails to overcome the threat and depletes its physiological resources in the process of trying.

A)alarm
B)resistance
C)exhaustion
D)flight

Question 8

One of the criticisms of Selye's general adaptation syndrome concerns the fact that _____ produce the same biological responses.

A)all stressors
B)all the phases
C)not all the phases
D)not all stressors

Question 9

When an organism perceives a threat,the fight-or-flight response is due to

A)the constriction of the pulmonary arteries in the heart.
B)the arousal of the parasympathetic nervous system.
C)the arousal of the sympathetic nervous system and the endocrine system.
D)exces?sive blood supply in the brain and the heart through blood vessels.

Question 10

The correct sequence of phases of the general adaptation syndrome is

A)alarm,resistance,and exhaustion.
B)exhaustion,resistance,and alarm.
C)resistance,alarm,and exhaustion.
D)resistance,exhaustion,and alarm.

Question 11

Stress is a _____ experience accompanied by predictable biochemical,physiological,cognitive,and behavioral changes that are directed either toward altering the stressful event or accommodating to its effects.

A)positive physical
B)negative physical
C)positive emotional
D)negative emotional

Question 12

According to Selye (1956,1976),the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person becoming mobilized to meet the threat.

A)exhaustion
B)flight
C)resistance
D)alarm

Question 13

In the context of appraisal of stressors,_____ is the assessment of a damage that has already been done,as for example being fired from a job.

A)harm
B)distraction
C)threat
D)reactivity

Question 14

According to Selye (1956,1976),the _____ phase of the general adaptation syndrome is responsible for the person making efforts to cope with the threat.

A)exhaustion
B)flight
C)alarm
D)resistance

Question 15

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health,the first one to occur is usually related to

A)the use of health services.
B)psychosocial resources.
C)health behaviors.
D)physiology.

Question 16

The first phase of the general adaptation syndrome is

A)appraisal.
B)exhaustion.
C)resistance.
D)alarm.

Question 17

The process of primary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

A)current emotional state.
B)meaning of the event.
C)coping ability.
D)resources.

Question 18

In the context of appraisal of stressors,_____ is the assessment of possible future damage,as for example a person anticipates the problems that loss of income will create for him and his family.

A)allostasis
B)distraction
C)harm
D)threat

Question 19

The _____ response to stress is especially characteristic of females,related to the release of the stress hormone,oxytocin,and may be necessary in the protection of offspring.

A)awe-and-shock
B)divide-and-conquer
C)fight-or-flight
D)tend-and-befriend

Question 20

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's

A)current emotional state.
B)perception of the event.
C)personal resources.
D)physical state in the past.

Question 21

Which of the following situations would be least stressful?

A)Jill has filed for divorce after 25 years of marriage.
B)Joe arrives at his first class of the day to find that the professor will administer a pop quiz.
C)Linda,a full-time college student,learns that she will have to find a second part-time job because of cuts in financial aid packages.
D)Karl,a file clerk,has been working intensively for three weeks on a new job responsibility.

Question 22

Professor Woster brings his participants into the laboratory,attaches electrodes and sensors to them,and has them play a computer game.One group of participants hears six loud bursts of noise at random intervals.The second group hears the same bursts of noise also at random intervals,but just before each burst,a bluebird flies across the computer screen.Professor Woster is using the _____ paradigm to study the effect of noise on physiological responses.

A)disease induction
B)stressful life events
C)acute stress
D)daily stress

Question 23

_____ is the degree of change that occurs in autonomic,neuroendocrine,and/or immune responses as a result of stress.

A)Stressor
B)Physiology
C)Oxytocin
D)Reactivity

Question 24

_____ is a syndrome that results after exposure to a stressor of extreme magnitude,marked by emotional numbing and other symptoms,such as hyperalertness,sleep disturbance,or impaired concentration.

A)General adaptation syndrome
B)Acute stress paradigm
C)Post-traumatic stress disorder
D)Transtheoretical behavior change

Question 25

The correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health is

A)use of health services,psychosocial resources,health behaviors,and physiology.
B)psychosocial resources,health behaviors,physiology,and use of health services.
C)health behaviors,physiology,use of health services,and psychosocial resources.
D)physiology,health behaviors,psychosocial resources,and use of health services.

Question 26

The _____ paradigm takes people into the laboratory,exposes them to short-term stressful events,and then observes the impact of that stress on their physiological,neuroendocrine,and psychological responses.

A)acute stress
B)induced disease
C)SRRS
D)hassles

Question 27

Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity,such as the one conducted by S.Cohen and colleagues in 2002,suggested that _____ is an important factor that influ?ences the stress-illness relationship.

A)psychobiological reactivity to stress
B)biological control of stress moderators
C)secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
D)activation of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA)axis

Question 28

Activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)axis results in the secretion of

A)catecholamines.
B)norepinephrine.
C)cortisol.
D)pepsin.

Question 29

Studies of vulnerable populations,for example children,older adults,etc. ,who are exposed to a chronic stressor indicate that they

A)eventually habituate to high levels of the stressor.
B)exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors.
C)exhibit few cognitive decrements but do show signs of helplessness.
D)eventually learn to change their task strategies and focus to accommodate the noise in their environments.

Question 30

Which of the following statements is true of T.H.Holmes and R.H.Rahe's (1967)stressful life events inventory?

A)Some of the items on the inventory list are vague.
B)Individual differences in the experience of events are taken into account.
C)It states that sudden,unexpected,and uncontrollable events are less stressful.
D)It assesses whether events have been resolved or not.

Question 31

Of the four most important pathways by which stress affects health,the last one to occur is usually related to

A)physiology.
B)psychosocial resources.
C)health behaviors.
D)the use of health services.

Question 32

A high waist-to-hip ratio is an indication of a

A)high pendicular load.
B)low pendicular load.
C)high allostatic load.
D)low allostatic load.

Question 33

The relationship between scores on the stressful life events inventory and illness is

A)negligible.
B)modest.
C)robust.
D)unpredictable.

Question 34

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and Rahe's (1967)stressful life events inventory?

A)It is not correlated with illness and health behaviors.
B)It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events.
C)It only counts unresolved stressful events.
D)It fails to consider that the number of illnesses experienced over a period of time is more important than the severity and the duration of these illnesses.

Question 35

According to T.H.Holmes and R.H.Rahe (1967),an event is potentially stressful if it

A)is a positive event.
B)assists one's self-regulation.
C)bolsters one's self-concept.
D)requires adaptation.

Question 36

The occurrence of daily hassles

A)bears no relationship to physical health.
B)reduces psychological well-being over the short term.
C)markedly enhances reports of physical symptoms.
D)are poor predictors of physical health than major life events.

Question 37

The adrenal cortex produces _____ in response to stress.

A)epinephrine and norepinephrine
B)glucocorticoids
C)endogenous opioids
D)ACTH

Question 38

_____ refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress.

A)Perceived stress
B)Coping style
C)Chronic strain
D)Allostatic load

Question 39

Which of the following would be considered a stressful life event?

A)lack of career fulfillment
B)a significant change in job responsibilities
C)questioning one's identity and goals
D)a religious festival in a neighboring nation

Question 40

When events are perceived as harmful or threatening,they are first identified by the

A)hypothalamus.
B)medulla oblongata.
C)isthmus.
D)cerebral cortex.

Question 41

Who among the following is most likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

A)Susie,a single mother of a five-year-old boy,works long hours in a low-paying position.
B)Mary Lou,a married mother of two young children,works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week.
C)Sally,a single mother of a five-year-old girl,is a lawyer with flexible hours.
D)Miranda,a married mother with two young children,is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Question 42

The earliest contribution to stress research was Hans Selye's fight-or-flight response.

Question 43

Hassles are minor life events that

A)have a cumulative effect on health and illness.
B)are not confounded with mental and physical illness.
C)have an objective,but not subjective,component.
D)do not have any considerable effect on most people.

Question 44

Studies conducted to test individual differences in stress reactivity have suggested that psychobiological reactivity to stress is an important factor in determining the likelihood that stress will contribute to illness.

Question 45

During the alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome,an organism makes efforts to cope with a threat.

Question 46

Chronic stress appears to

A)contribute to psychological distress and physical illness.
B)habituate people to negative life events.
C)be unrelated to negative life events.
D)be unrelated to illness.

Question 47

Workers who suffer from work overload _____ compared with workers who do not experience overload.

A)feel less stressed
B)practice better health habits
C)have a better circadian rhythm
D)sustain more health risks

Question 48

The buildup of allostatic load can be assessed by a number of indicators,such as reducing weight and lower blood pressure.

Question 49

_____ is a model of job stress de?veloped by R.Karasek and his associates that suggests that high needs,low authority,and little guidance at work enhance risk for ill health,especially coronary artery disease.

A)Demand-control-support model
B)Commonsense model of illness
C)Comprehensive intervention model
D)Stimulus-control interventions

Question 50

Researchers investigating the effects of multiple roles on women conclude that

A)outside employment can be harmful for women's well-being.
B)having control and flexibility over the work environment increases the likelihood of stress.
C)having adequate child care reduces the likelihood of stress.
D)combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem.

Question 51

Mike has been having difficulty meeting the demands of the two executives who oversee his work area and communicate different expectations.One executive is concerned about production and constantly urges Mike to meet performance quotas.The other is concerned about quality assurance and would like Mike to slow down and focus on the quality of his work.This is an example of

A)role ambiguity.
B)role conflict.
C)work pressure.
D)overwork.

Question 52

Terry is involved in a long-term but ultimately unsatisfying relationship with Lee.This is an example of

A)a stressor.
B)life events.
C)daily hassles.
D)chronic stress.

Question 53

Chronic strain is strongly related to depression.

Question 54

A relationship between discrimination and poor health has been found for

A)Caucasian women.
B)happily-married women.
C)Asian adults and children.
D)African American men and women.

Question 55

Karoshi is a Japanese term that refers to

A)sudden nocturnal death.
B)death from overwork.
C)stress-related mental illness.
D)euthanasia.

Question 56

_____ occurs when a person has no clear idea of what to do and no idea of the standards used for evalu?ating work.

A)Conversion hysteria
B)Delay behavior
C)Role conflict
D)Role ambiguity

Question 57

Who among the following is least likely to experience illness due to the stress associated with her job?

A)Susie,a single mother of a five-year-old boy,works long hours in a low-paying position.
B)Mary Lou,a married mother of two young children,works in a low-paying service job 40 hours per week.
C)Sally,a single mother of a five-year-old girl,is a lawyer with flexible hours.
D)Miranda,a married mother with two young children,is a lawyer with flexible hours.

Question 58

Research suggests that habituation may not occur after exposure to long-term stressors and that the immune system may be compromised by long-term stress.

Question 59

Risky families are those that

A)are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance.
B)have financial problems.
C)experience major,chronic,or recurrent stress as opposed to more modest family stress.
D)have no long-term impact on the family members.

Question 60

_____ is defined as a conflict that occurs when a person re?ceives inconsistent information about work tasks or standards from different individuals.

A)Emotional conflict
B)Conversion hysteria
C)Role conflict
D)Role set

Question 61

Some working parents cope well with their multiple roles,whereas others do not.Explain the factors that are associated with positive and negative outcomes in juggling family and work roles.

Question 62

Research on multiple roles and stress among working parents indicates that men and women report being distressed by similar types of events.

Question 63

What make events stressful? Discuss.

Question 64

Define and describe stressors and the methods of appraisal of stressors.

Question 65

Explain how the sympathetic-adrenomedullary (SAM)and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA)axis are implicated in the physiological response to stress.

Question 66

Define daily hassles.How do they affect physical and psychological health?

Question 67

For both men and women,the research on mul?tiple roles is converging on the idea that stress is higher when one finds meaning in one's life.

Question 68

African American men are more likely to die from a heart attack than white men.