Deck 37: Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children

Question 1

A healthcare professional is educating a community parent group and informs them that which type of croup is most common?

A)Bacterial
B)Viral
C)Fungal
D)Autoimmune

Answer 1

Viral

Question 2

Bronchiolitis tends to occur during the first years of life and is most often caused by what type of infection?

A)Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
B)Influenza virus
C)Adenoviruses
D)Rhinovirus

Answer 2

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)

Question 3

Which statement by the healthcare professional accurately describes childhood asthma?

A)An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
B)A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging
C)A pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein, producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
D)An obstructive airway disease characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Answer 3

An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation

Question 4

A 7 year-old-child presents to the clinic where parents report signs and symptoms consistent with asthma. What does the healthcare professional do in order to confirm this diagnosis?

A)Assess for a parental history of asthma
B)Draw serum levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and eosinophil levels
C)Measure expiratory flow rate with spirometry testing
D)Give a trial of asthma medication and check for improvement

Question 5

The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for premature infants when they are born between how many weeks of gestation?

A)16 and 20
B)20 and 24
C)24 and 30
D)30 and 36

Question 6

Which immunoglobulin (Ig) is present in childhood asthma?

A)IgM
B)IgG
C)IgE
D)IgA

Question 7

Between which months of age does sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) most often occur?

A)0 and 1
B)2 and 4
C)5 and 6
D)6 and 7

Question 8

Parents bring a 5-year-old to the Emergency Department and report sudden onset of high fever, drooling, and they describe a "hot potato voice." What action by the healthcare professional takes priority?

A)Immediate assessment for aspiration of a foreign body
B)Allow the child to remain in the parent's lap.
C)Send the child to radiology for x-rays of the throat and chest.
D)Start the child and all family members on rifampin.

Question 9

What information does the student learn about alveoli? (Select all that apply.)

A)The number of functioning alveoli is determined by birth.
B)The alveoli begin to increase in size starting at 8 years of age.
C)The complexity of the alveoli increases into adulthood.
D)These structures produce surfactant.
E)Capillaries are the origin of alveoli.

Question 10

What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

A)Consolidation
B)Pulmonary edema
C)Atelectasis
D)Bronchiolar plugging

Question 11

Why is nasal congestion a serious threat to young infants?

A)Infants are obligatory nose breathers.
B)Their nares are small in diameter.
C)Infants become dehydrated when mouth breathing.
D)Their epiglottis is proportionally greater than the epiglottis of an adult's.

Question 12

Which statement by the professor best describes acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?

A)An obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
B)A pulmonary disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and the presence of bilateral infiltrates on chest x-ray imaging
C)A respiratory disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein producing viscous mucus that lines the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
D)A pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Question 13

Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?

A)Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow obstruction, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
B)Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased pulmonary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest x-ray imaging
C)Pulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts, and vas deferens
D)Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency

Question 14

Which T-lymphocyte phenotype is the key determinant of childhood allergic asthma?

A)Cluster of differentiation (CD) 4 T-helper Th1 lymphocytes
B)CD4 T-helper Th2 lymphocytes
C)CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes
D)Memory T lymphocytes

Question 15

What abnormalities lead to the mucus plugging seen in children with cystic fibrosis (CF)?

A)Excess mucus plugs the gut and keeps it from absorbing water effectively.
B)A weak inflammatory response allows bacterial to colonize the mucus.
C)Defective chloride secretion and excess sodium absorption thicken the mucus.
D)Pulmonary vascular remodeling occurs that leads to chronic hypoxia.

Question 16

When assessing for the signs and symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), the absence of which condition is considered characteristic?

A)Progressive respiratory distress
B)Bilateral infiltrates
C)Decreased pulmonary compliance
D)Heart failure

Question 17

A student asks the healthcare professional why researchers are trying to link specific genes to specific asthma phenotypes. What response by the professional is best?

A)Some types of asthma are easier to treat than others.
B)Some people could use cheaper medications.
C)It can lead to personalized approaches to treatment.
D)More and more asthma phenotypes are being recognized.

Question 18

What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) of the newborn?

A)Immature immune system
B)Small alveoli
C)Surfactant deficiency
D)Anemia

Question 19

What is the most common predisposing factor to obstructive sleep apnea in children?

A)Chronic respiratory infections
B)Adenotonsillar hypertrophy
C)Obligatory mouth breathing
D)Paradoxical breathing

Question 20

Parents of a child with cystic fibrosis want to know the chance of their next baby having this disease. What response by the healthcare professional is most accurate?

A)Each child will have a 25% chance of having the disease.
B)None of your male children will inherit this disease.
C)All of your children will probably be carriers.
D)There is no way to know because it is a random mutation.

Question 21

Children diagnosed with acute asthma are likely to exhibit which symptoms? (Select all that apply.)

A)Nasal flaring
B)Musical expiratory wheezing
C)Clubbing of fingers and toes
D)Substernal retractions
E)Diaphoresis

Question 22

A health professions student learns which facts about the pediatric differences in the respiratory system? (Select all that apply.)

A)An adult's chest wall compliance is lower than an infant's.
B)Increased resiliency makes infants more tolerant to respiratory problems.
C)Infants are obligatory nose breathers.
D)A baby is born with all the alveoli he or she will ever have.
E)Airway obstruction occurs sooner in infants than in older children.

Question 23

What are the clinical manifestations of bacterial pneumonia in children? (Select all that apply.)

A)Fever with chills
B)Productive cough
C)Dyspnea
D)Respiratory alkalosis
E)Malaise

Question 24

Which symptoms are least likely to be assessed in a child with croup? (Select all that apply.)

A)Congestion
B)Sore throat
C)Low-grade fever
D)Barking cough
E)Coarse rhonchi