Deck 17: Nervous System

Question 1

Which of the following is NOT true about the myelin sheath?

A) It is composed of layers of cellular membrane containing myelin around nerve fibers.
B) It gives nerve fibers their white glistening appearance.
C) It provides a pathway for new fiber growth if the axon is severed.
D) It decreases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.
E) It is formed from Schwann cells.

Answer 1

D
Explanation: The myelin sheath increases the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

Question 2

In dissection,most nerve fibers appear gray to white because

A) the neuron is gray to white colored.
B) sodium ions are part of the salt compound and they flow along the surface.
C) they rapidly die and dead tissues soon become gray or white.
D) they are mostly myelin sheath made of lipid or fat molecules.
E) they consume large amounts of energy in the form of sugar.

Answer 2

D
Explanation: The myelin sheath gives nerve fibers their white, glistening appearance.

Question 3

Which is NOT a correct association of structure and function?

A) axons-outgoing signals
B) sensory neuron-controls sensory organs such as eyes
C) cell body-nucleus and organelles
D) dendrites-incoming signals
E) interneuron-sums up input before sending signals to muscle or gland

Answer 3

B
Explanation: Sensory neurons take messages to the CNS.

Question 4

A post-synaptic membrane

A) must be either an axon membrane or myelin sheath.
B) must be either a dendrite membrane or cell body membrane.
C) must be a cell body membrane.
D) must be either an axon or dendrite membrane.
E) must be either an axon or cell body membrane.

Question 5

The summing up of excitatory and inhibitory signals in a neuron is called

A) repolarization.
B) inhibition.
C) synapse.
D) synaptic integration.
E) sympathetic response.

Question 6

Saltatory conduction occurs when

A) salt (or sodium) levels are highest.
B) the sodium (salt) gates open.
C) the resting potential fails to be reset.
D) there is no synapse and the axon is continuous with the next dendrite.
E) the action potential jumps from node to node.

Question 7

The sodium/potassium pump is primarily responsible for the

A) resting potential.
B) action potential.
C) excretion of salts.
D) contraction of muscle fibers.
E) maintaining isotonic water balance.

Question 8

Dendrites

A) may be several feet in length.
B) are always myelinated.
C) are found only in the CNS.
D) are solely responsible for nervous conduction.
E) carry impulses toward a cell body.

Question 9

Neurotransmitters are molecules that cross the synaptic cleft via

A) active transport and always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
B) acitve transport and always excite the postsynaptic neuron.
C) passive diffusion and either excite or inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
D) passive diffusion and always inhibit the postsynaptic neuron.
E) passive diffusion and always excite the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 10

How fast a person can type or play the piano is ultimately limited by the number of impulses a person can send to their finger muscles per second.This in turn is limited by

A) primarily the type of muscle.
B) whether the signal is pain, sound, motor, etc.
C) the magnitude or strength of the nerve impulse.
D) the number of neurons and synapses involved.
E) the speed with which sodium ion can be pumped back outside the neuron membrane.

Question 11

Which statement is NOT true about the development of an action potential?

A) There is a rapid change in polarity from about -65 mV to about +40 mV.
B) It requires two types of gated channels.
C) The action potential ends when the polarity across the membrane reaches +40 mV.
D) Depolarization occurs when sodium gates open and allow sodium ions to enter the cell.
E) Potassium gates open after the sodium gates and allow potassium ions to leave the cell.

Question 12

Which of the following does NOT pertain to neurons?

A) sodium pumps
B) Schwann cells
C) myelin
D) nodes of Ranvier
E) cell walls

Question 13

The difference between a weak stimulus and an intense stimulus is

A) the action potential is gradated and a weak stimulus causes a small change in polarity.
B) weak stimuli only open sodium gates, strong stimuli also open potassium gates.
C) the axon fires at a greater frequency for an intense stimulus.
D) a strong stimulus does not allow repolarization but sends a constant flow of ions.
E) an intense stimulus causes more sodium ions to diffuse into the cell.

Question 14

Generally,nerve impulses do not move "backward" along a series of neurons.What is the reason for this?

A) There is a short refractory period during which sodium gates cannot open and an action potential cannot move backwards.
B) Once the signal has passed, the nerves separate from each other so it cannot go backwards.
C) At the synapse, the pre-synaptic membrane has receptors ensuring the transmission only goes one way.
D) Once the sodium channels open, they cannot be closed.
E) The resting potential of the neuron prevents it from conducting an impulse.

Question 15

Carpal tunnel syndrome results in damage to the median nerve,resulting in lack of control to the wrist and also numbness.This indicates that

A) the nerve contained sensory neurons.
B) the nerve contained motor neurons.
C) the nerve contained both sensory and motor neurons.
D) the damage was to a central body in a ganglion.
E) the damage was to the spinal cord interneuron.

Question 16

Myelinated axons that run together in bundles in the CNS are

A) ventricles.
B) meninges.
C) cortex.
D) tracts.
E) ganglia.

Question 17

A nerve impulse is caused by

A) the movement of a sodium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip.
B) the movement of a potassium ion all the way from dendrite to axon tip.
C) the movement of an electron all the way from dendrite to axon tip.
D) a change in the difference in positive and negative ions on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane, a change that opens adjacent channels and propagates its flow.
E) a change in the difference in sugar molecules on the outer and inner surfaces of the neuron membrane that opens adjacent channels.

Question 18

In the axon,the nerve impulses travel

A) toward the cell body.
B) away from the cell body.
C) bidirectionally toward AND away from the cell body.
D) away from the synapse.
E) toward the dendrites.

Question 19

Since the membrane is more permeable to K⁺ than to Na⁺,

A) there are always more positive ions outside the membrane than inside.
B) there are always more negative ions outside the membrane than inside.
C) the outside of the membrane is always negative.
D) the outside of the membrane is always neutral.
E) there really is never a resting potential.

Question 20

In order for transmission across the synapse to occur,

A) synaptic vesicles fuse with the postsynaptic membrane.
B) neurotransmitters are released from the postsynaptic membrane.
C) synaptic vesicles fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
D) neurotransmitters are actively transported from the presynaptic to the post synaptic membrane.
E) the post synaptic membrane must be in the refractory period.

Question 21

The enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine within the synaptic cleft is

A) acetylcholinesterase.
B) monoamine oxidase.
C) GABA.
D) lipase.
E) maltase.

Question 22

An impulse traveling up the spinal cord first enters the brain at the

A) medulla.
B) thalamus.
C) hypothalamus.
D) cerebellum.
E) cerebrum.

Question 23

Which part of the brain contains centers for the heartbeat and respiration?

A) medulla oblongata
B) hypothalamus
C) cerebellum
D) cerebrum
E) pons

Question 24

Which of the following is NOT true about the cerebrum?

A) It is the largest part of the human brain.
B) The gray matter is outermost.
C) It is responsible for maintenance of breathing and heart rate.
D) The two cerebral hemispheres are connected by the corpus callosum.
E) Association areas integrate information from different lobes.

Question 25

The likely effect on a neuron of two excitatory signals and twenty inhibitory signals is

A) transmission of a nerve impulse.
B) transmission of a nerve impulse releasing excitatory neurotransmitters at the next synapse.
C) transmission of a nerve impulse releasing inhibitory neurotransmitters at the next synapse.
D) prohibiting the axon from firing at all.
E) confused integration.

Question 26

The primary functions of the spinal cord involve

A) intelligence and memory.
B) speech, taste, smell, vision, and hearing.
C) reflex actions and communication between the brain and peripheral nerves.
D) controlling muscle activity and maintaining balance.
E) local control and decision-making for local anatomy.

Question 27

Which lobe of the cerebrum is responsible for vision?

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital
E) insular

Question 28

When the dorsal root of a spinal nerve is cut,

A) the organism is killed.
B) incoming sensory nerve impulses are lost.
C) outgoing motor nerve impulses are lost.
D) incoming motor nerve impulses are lost.
E) impulses do not cross over to the other side of the body.

Question 29

You spray an insect with common insecticide that destroys the ability of acetylcholinesterase to recycle acetylcholine.What then happens?

A) This kills the neuron directly.
B) The lack of recycled acetylcholine brings the cell metabolism to a halt.
C) The insect is unable to move anything because nerve impulses quit flowing.
D) The insect runs out of acetylcholine and becomes paralyzed.
E) The insect loses control of body functions as nerve impulses flow continuously.

Question 30

Which is the correct arrangement of tissues from outermost to innermost?

A) meninges $\rarr$ vertebrae $\rarr$ spinal cord $\rarr$ central canal
B) meninges $\rarr$ spinal cord $\rarr$ vertebrae $\rarr$ central canal
C) vertebrae $\rarr$ meninges $\rarr$ spinal cord $\rarr$ central canal
D) meninges $\rarr$ vertebrae $\rarr$ central canal $\rarr$ spinal cord
E) vertebrae $\rarr$ meninges $\rarr$ central canal $\rarr$ spinal cord

Question 31

The membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord are called

A) cerebrospinal membranes.
B) meninges.
C) ventricles.
D) epithelium.
E) gray matter.

Question 32

What are the interconnecting spaces that produce and serve as a reservoir for cerebrospinal fluid in the brain called?

A) meninges
B) ventricles
C) corpus callosum
D) insula
E) ganglia

Question 33

In Figure 17.4,number 3 represents

A) depolarization.
B) repolarization.
C) action potential.
D) threshold.
E) resting potential.

Question 34

When anyone severs his spinal cord,as Christopher Reeve did in a horse riding accident,they suffer a loss of sensation and a loss of voluntary control.

Question 35

Transmission of a nerve impulse from one neuron to another neuron is NOT dependent on

A) the presence of calcium ions.
B) a neurotransmitter substance.
C) a synaptic cleft.
D) a presynaptic and postsynaptic membrane.
E) a refractory period.

Question 36

Which is NOT a correct association of brain structures and functions?

A) midbrain-reflex centers for visual, auditory, and tactile responses
B) cerebellum-coordinates smooth and coordinated motions
C) cerebrum-higher thought processes including learning, memory, and speech
D) pons-regulates breathing rate
E) thalamus-regulates heartbeat and blood pressure

Question 37

Which part of the brain is used to integrate incoming information and send it to the appropriate portion of the cerebrum?

A) hypothalamus
B) cerebellum
C) thalamus
D) limbic system
E) basal nuclei

Question 38

The main function of the cerebrospinal fluid is

A) to provide saltatory transmission.
B) to provide nutrients for the neurons.
C) defense of the nervous system against pathogens.
D) to produce gray matter.
E) to cushion and protect the central nervous system.

Question 39

The cerebrum is the largest portion of the brain in humans.

Question 40

Consciousness is best associated with the

A) whole brain.
B) frontal lobe only.
C) cerebrum.
D) whole central nervous system.
E) cerebellum.

Question 41

If you have extreme difficulties learning how to hit a baseball or play the piano,there may be a problem with your cerebellum.

Question 42

In Figure 17.16,the structure at "a" is a(n)

A) interneuron.
B) sensory neuron.
C) receptor.
D) motor neuron.
E) effector.

Question 43

People claim that once you have learned to ride a bicycle you can always ride a bicycle,even if you haven't ridden for a long time.What type of memory is associated with this?

A) short-term memory
B) episodic memory
C) semantic memory
D) long-term memory
E) skill memory

Question 44

Which of the following is not part of the brain?

A) the cerebrum
B) the diencephalon
C) the cerebellum
D) the brain stem
E) the meninges

Question 45

Which of the following is not a function of the cerebrum?

A) maintains posture and balance
B) higher thought processes required for learning and memory
C) higher thought processes required for language and speech
D) receives sensory input
E) commands voluntary motor responses

Question 46

A reflex

A) is an automatic, involuntary response.
B) does not require the central nervous system.
C) is normally controlled consciously.
D) has no protective value.
E) involves only sensory neurons.

Question 47

The limbic system is a separate part of the brain located behind the cerebellum on top of the brain stem.

Question 48

Why does the primary somatosensory area have a larger section dedicated to the fingers and hand,than to the feet and toes?

A) the fingers and hand are how we take in more sensory information from our surroundings than the feet and toes
B) the fingers and hand are above the spinal cord termination while the feet and toes are below it
C) the feet and toes require more motor area so they get less somatosensory area
D) the feet and toes are not innervated
E) the fingers and hand do not have motor area sections, so they are controlled by the somatosensory area

Question 49

Administration of norepinephrine would

A) dilate the bronchi and increase oxygen for blood.
B) slow heartbeat.
C) stimulate the digestive system to supply more sugar to the blood.
D) cause the pupil of the eye to contract.
E) promote an overall relaxed state.

Question 50

What are the two parts of the diencephalon?

A) the cerebellum and the cerebrum
B) the hypothalamus and the thalamus
C) the midbrain and the pons
D) the 3rd and 4th ventricles
E) the medulla oblongata and the brain stem

Question 51

Certain people have an inability to speak due to brain damage.The most likely area of the brain that has been damaged is

A) Broca's area.
B) the meninges.
C) the ventricles.
D) the amygdala.
E) the limbic system.

Question 52

A nerve is

A) a neuron.
B) composed of sensory axons and motor dendrites.
C) composed of the long fibers of long axons.
D) a part of the central nervous system.
E) any cell located in the brain or spinal region.

Question 53

Which part of a simple reflex takes the message away from the CNS?

A) sensory neuron
B) receptor
C) interneuron
D) motor neuron
E) effector

Question 54

Jeremy has developed a problem with regulating his waking/sleeping cycle and regulating his body temperature.Doctors suspect he may have a brain lesion.Where might this lesion be located?

A) in the cerebellum
B) in the prefrontal area of the cerebrum
C) in Broca's area of the cerebrum
D) in the pons
E) in the hypothalamus

Question 55

Language is NOT dependent on

A) memory.
B) the thalamus.
C) Broca's area.
D) Wernicke's area.
E) the spinal cord.

Question 56

Which part of the brain is a seahorse-shaped structure deep in the temporal lobe?

A) ganglia
B) medulla
C) corpus callosum
D) hippocampus
E) occipital area

Question 57

Spinal nerves contain

A) only sensory fibers.
B) only motor fibers.
C) both sensory and motor fibers.
D) only parasympathetic fibers.
E) only ganglia.

Question 58

Which is NOT a correct association of memory type?

A) skill memory-ability to perform motor activities
B) long-term memory-telephone number you "know by heart"
C) short-term memory-brief or temporary recall of recent events
D) semantic memory-non-language memory
E) episodic memory-persons or events

Question 59

In Figure 17.16,the structure at "c" is a(n)

A) interneuron.
B) sensory neuron.
C) receptor.
D) motor neuron.
E) effector.

Question 60

When individuals experience fear and pleasure,what part of the brain has been stimulated?

A) hypothalamus
B) pons
C) reticular activating system
D) limbic system
E) thalamus

Question 61

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases?

A) In both cases, the patient slowly loses memory and slowly drifts into inactivity.
B) In both cases, the patient becomes increasingly excited and over stimulated.
C) Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine.
D) Patients with AD produce too little beta amyloid while those with PD produce too little dopamine.
E) Patients with AD produce too much beta amyloid while those with PD produce too much dopamine.

Question 62

One group of neurotransmitters retards heart rate,promotes digestion,contracts the eye pupil,etc.The other group has the opposite effect.These drugs are affecting the

A) motor and sensory nerves.
B) cerebrum and cerebellum, respectively.
C) central and peripheral nervous systems.
D) neurostimulatory and neuroinhibitory synapses.
E) sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.

Question 63

Which types of cells are found only in the Central Nervous System?

A) interneurons
B) sensory neurons
C) motor neurons
D) interneurons and sensory neurons
E) interneurons and motor neurons

Question 64

A stroke results from a disruption of the blood supply to the brain.

Question 65

Which of the following is NOT true about the autonomic nervous system?

A) It uses two motor neurons and one ganglion for each impulse.
B) It uses preganglionic and postganglionic axons.
C) It is a part of the peripheral nervous system.
D) It functions voluntarily and consciously.
E) It innervates all internal body organs.

Question 66

Which description best fits the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.
B) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, connecting the muscles and the brain.
C) Consists of the spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.
D) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the edges of the body.
E) Transmits sensory impulses to the PNS and motor impulses to the brain.

Question 67

Which of these is NOT true of the autonomic nervous system?

A) It controls heartbeat, peristalsis, and secretion of glands.
B) It is composed of sympathetic and parasympathetic systems.
C) It is composed only of fibers that have an inhibitory function on various organs of the body.
D) The impulses require two motor neurons to reach their destination.
E) The system coordinates organ responses.

Question 68

Which of the following is the best description of the cause of multiple sclerosis (MS)?

A) gradual death of brain cells due to calcium influx
B) myelin sheath lesions impair normal coordination of impulses
C) synaptic uptake of dopamine is inhibited
D) degeneration of dopamine-releasing neurons in the brain
E) excessive excitatory signals from the motor cortex

Question 69

Which of the following is not a symptom of addiction to a certain drug?

A) the drug continues to cause physical or psychological changes in your body
B) it takes more drug to cause the same changes as before
C) you cannot function without having the drug
D) you spend more and more time trying to get the drug and/or thinking about using the drug
E) you quit eating as long as you can use the drug

Question 70

Which is a combination of physiological and psychological dependence?

A) tolerance and withdrawal
B) increasing a drug to get the same effect and preoccupation with trying to get more drugs
C) seizures and craving for cocaine
D) the rush of cocaine and the hallucinations of marijuana
E) a cocaine binge and a nicotine craving

Question 71

Most illicit drugs affect the action of the brain by interfering with the Na⁺-K⁺ pump and nerve impulses.

Question 72

Myasthenia gravis can be treated with immunosuppressive drugs although there is no cure.

Question 73

The brains of Alzheimer disease patients show no abnormalities post-mortem.

Question 74

Which of the following is not a way that a drug affects the brain?

A) cause the neurotransmitter to leak out of a synaptic vesicle into the axon terminal
B) promote the release of the neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft
C) block the enzyme that causes breakdown of the neurotransmitter
D) mimics the action of a neurotransmitter by binding to the receptor
E) builds up along the outside of the brain because it cannot pass the blood-brain barrier

Question 75

Nicotine is not considered a drug because it does not affect the body physically.

Question 76

Which disease is associated with mild tremors in one or more limbs,abnormally high levels of glutamate in the cerebrospinal fluid and onset between the ages of 40 and 60?

A) amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
B) Guillain-Barre syndrome
C) myasthenia gravis
D) multiple sclerosis
E) Parkinson's disease

Question 77

Which description bets fits the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A) Nerves that carry sensory messages to the CNS and motor commands to the muscles and glands.
B) Nerves that carries motor commands to the CNS and sensory messages to the muscles and glands.
C) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located in the midline of the body.
D) Consists of the brain and spinal cord, located on the peripheral aspect of the body.
E) None of these are descriptions of the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).

Question 78

Heroin binds to receptors on neurons that travel from the spinal cord to the region of the brain that feels pleasure.These receptors are normally meant for

A) epinephrine.
B) norepinephrine.
C) dopamine.
D) endorphins.
E) acetylcholine.

Question 79

Both meningitis and kuru involve infectious agents.

Question 80

Which is NOT a correct association of disease with cause or symptoms?

A) multiple sclerosis-myelin sheath lesions impair normal conduction of impulses
B) Parkinson's disease-malfunction of the basal nuclei
C) Alzheimer's disease-gradual death of brain cells in hippocampus due to calcium ion influx
D) fetal alcohol syndrome-increased intelligence and physical performance
E) cocaine overdose-seizures and cardiac or respiratory arrest