Deck 26: Biotechnology and Genomics

Question 1

When creating transgenic organisms one major difference between plants and animals is that

A) only embryos can be used to create transgenic animals while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants.
B) only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals while embryos can be used for transgenic plants.
C) only eggs can be used to create transgenic animals while any plant cell can be used for transgenic plants.
D) only embryos can be used to create transgenic animals while eggs must be used to create transgenic plants.
E) any cell may be used to create transgenic animals while embryos can be used for transgenic plants.

Answer 1

C
Explanation: The creation of transgenic animals can only be accomplished by using eggs and then placing them in a host to carry them to term. Transgenic plants and bacteria can be grown from any cell and do not require a host to allow the cell to develop into a viable organism.Bloom's

Question 2

The purpose of PCR is to create

A) fragments of DNA that are different lengths.
B) recombinant DNA.
C) billions of copies of a segment of DNA.
D) plasmids to be used as vectors in cloning.
E) transgenic crop plants.

Answer 2

C
Explanation: Polymerase Chain Reaction is used to take very small amounts of DNA and to replicate it to produce a sufficient amount of DNA to use for testing. This is especially useful in forensics when very small quantities may be all that can be found at a crime scene.Bloom's

Question 3

In STR,short tandem repeat,profiling,both _______________ and _____________________ are used to identify an individual.

A) length or the repeated sequence: number of fragments
B) rDNA: tRNA
C) specific genetic sequences: types of mRNA
D) mitochondrial DNA: number of fragments: number of fragments
E) mitochondrial DNA: specific genetic sequences

Answer 3

A
Explanation: STR is a technique where short repetitive sequences of DNA are replicated through PCR then labeled with fluorescence that can be detected by an automated system. The system looks for the length of the repeated sequence which differs because each person has their own unique number of repeats. It also look for whether there are one or two lengths involved. If there is only one length then the person is homozygous for the trait or two different lengths if the person is heterozygous for the trait.Bloom's

Question 4

In producing transgenic plants,cells called protoplasts are often used.Protoplasts are plant cells from which the cell wall has been removed.Why would the cell wall need to be removed?

A) The foreign DNA enters the cell through self-healing holes in the membrane but it could not pass through the cell wall.
B) The cell wall prevents the transgenic cell from growing into a mature plant.
C) The cell wall makes it difficult for the biotechnician to determine if the foreign DNA has been incorporated into the cell's genome.
D) The cell wall prevents the microinjection of foreign DNA into the cell because the needle cannot pass through it.
E) The foreign DNA passes through the plasmodesmata of the plant cell which is blocked by the cell wall.

Question 5

Transgenic crop plants have been created that do all of the following except

A) grow two kinds of crops, like the pomato which produces both tomatoes and potatoes.
B) are resistant to insect damage.
C) are resistant to herbicides.
D) produce human hormones or antibodies.
E) transgenic plants have been produced that can do all of the things listed.

Question 6

When creating transgenic bacteria,plants,and animals

A) any cell may be used as long as is does not have a cell wall.
B) only eggs may be used for animals while and cell may be used for plants and bacteria.
C) only eggs may be used for plants and animals while any cell may be used for bacteria.
D) only eggs may be used to create any transgenic organism.
E) transgenic bacteria are created first and then used to create transgenic plants and animals.

Question 7

Genetic markers show the presence of a predisposition to a disease or condition by

A) showing if the person produces the proteins associated with the disease or condition.
B) showing changes in the DNA that will cause the disease or condition.
C) stimulating the DNA to cause the symptoms of the disease or condition.
D) showing the specific number of DNA fragments associated with the disease or condition after cutting by restriction enzymes.
E) causing the affected area on the patient to fluoresce.

Question 8

Gene therapy may be used in the future to fight cancer by inserting genes that

A) fight off mutations of the patient's DNA.
B) produce radioactive isotopes.
C) cause cell death.
D) produce anticancer drugs.
E) all of the above.

Question 9

The human genome project discovered many small regions of DNA that vary among individuals called single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).Certain SNP patterns change an individual's susceptibility to disease and after response to medical treatments.This knowledge has lead to the idea

A) of designer drugs that are made to match one specific individual's DNA profile.
B) of designer babies that have known genetic traits.
C) that not everyone responds to drugs in the same way.
D) that not all humans are as well suited for survival.
E) that some DNA does not code for proteins.

Question 10

Which method would be the most realistic to use in the development of frost resistant crop plants?

A) Modify bacteria that live on plants that cause ice crystals to form.
B) Cause the plant's DNA to produce some of the chemicals found in antifreeze.
C) Mixing parts of the DNA of arctic plants into the DNA of the crop plant.
D) Use synthetic DNA that is based on the DNA of arctic mammals, like polar bears.
E) Use the DNA of a type of Archaea known to live in extremely cold areas.

Question 11

Why must an engineered DNA polymerase be used in PCR and not the one that occurs naturally?

A) It needs to work at very cold temperatures.
B) It needs to attach to DNA without a primer.
C) It must work in the 3' to 5' direction adding nucleotides to the 5' end.
D) It must work on single stranded DNA at high temperatures and attach to an oligonucleotide primer.
E) It must attach without a primer, work in the 3' to 5' direction and function at very cold temperatures.

Question 12

The human genome project lead to the discovery that much of the genome consists of repeated sequences of nucleotides.These are thought to

A) have no function.
B) function as protection on the ends of DNA and as an attachment site on the centromere.
C) function in DNA replication.
D) produce rRNA.
E) function as a protection against cancer.

Question 13

The two techniques typically used to create transgenic animals are

A) microinjection of eggs and vortex mixing of eggs.
B) microinjection of eggs and electroshock of eggs.
C) electroshock of protoplasts and electroshock of eggs.
D) microinjection of protoplasts and electroshock of eggs.
E) microinjection of eggs and vortex mixing of protoplasts.

Question 14

Gene pharming is

A) the use of bacterial DNA to impart drug resistance to plants.
B) the use of transgenic farm animals to produce pharmaceuticals.
C) the creation of new genes to be implanted in farm animals.
D) the creation of crop plants to replace the use of farm animals as a source of protein.
E) the application of genetic principles to breeding farm animals.

Question 15

Goats and cattle are used in gene pharming because

A) they are the easiest farm animals to clone.
B) therapeutic and diagnostic proteins are produced in the milk of these animals and can be harvested for use.
C) the diagnostic and therapeutic proteins produced can be passed to humans who consume their meat.
D) there are more of these two types of farm animals than other types.
E) it is easier to create recombinant DNA in these two farm animals than it is in other types.

Question 16

Which of the following is not a use of DNA fingerprinting?

A) Paternity tests
B) Identifying Superbowl footballs
C) Forensic analysis
D) Determining a predisposition to cancer
E) All of the above are uses of DNA fingerprinting

Question 17

The molecule DNA ligase that is used to seal the piece of foreign DNA into the vector is

A) created for each specific plasmid.
B) created for each specific foreign DNA to be inserted.
C) naturally occurring in humans and is removed from humans and placed in the bacteria to create rDNA.
D) naturally occurring in both humans and bacteria and functions in DNA replication.
E) genetically engineered for each experiment.

Question 18

When human DNA is inserted into a bacterial plasmid the resulting bacterium will then

A) produce the products of the gene that has been inserted.
B) be placed into a vaccine and used to fight off viruses that attack humans.
C) be used to study the evolutionary relationship between humans and bacteria.
D) produce restriction enzymes that will help fight off viruses that attack humans.
E) be used to create DNA to insert the human genome.

Question 19

PCR is often used in forensic analysis since

A) it requires no specialized equipment.
B) untrained personnel can carry out the procedure.
C) very small samples are frequently all that are available.
D) juries always trust the method.
E) it has been proven to determine the criminal.

Question 20

One of the problems that limits the use of gene therapy is

A) the finding of suitable donors.
B) some patients are allergic to the bacterial DNA used.
C) mutation of the patient's genes caused by the therapy.
D) detrimental side effects from the inserted genes.
E) all of the above are problems with gene therapy.

Question 21

Which of the following terms applies to the study of all of the proteins produced by an organism?

A) genomics
B) bioinformatics
C) proteomics
D) genetic profiling
E) genetics

Question 22

Which of the following is not part of the process for PCR (polymerase chain reaction)?

A) The use of an engineered DNA polymerase.
B) The denaturing of the double stranded DNA to yield single strand DNA.
C) Multiple cycles of the chain reaction to yield a greater number of DNA copies.
D) The final product is single stranded DNA.
E) All of these are parts of the process for PCR.

Question 23

A major difference in the production of transgenic bacteria,plants,and animals is that

A) Transgenic bacteria do not pass on their genetic modification to offspring while plants and animals do.
B) Transgenic animals require the use of host animals to carry the genetically modified embryo while bacteria and plants do not require this.
C) Transgenic bacteria and plants receive genes from other species of organisms while animals are only able to incorporate genes from their own species.
D) Transgenic animals are the most useful of the GMOs while transgenic plants and bacteria are only created to perfect the techniques.
E) Transgenic bacteria, animals, and plants can only incorporate genes from their own species so the process for each species differs from the process for any other species.

Question 24

A piece of DNA that contains sequences from two or more different organisms is called ______ DNA.

A) inverse
B) species-specific
C) recombinant
D) transgenic
E) semi-conservative

Question 25

The study of proteomics is more complex than the study of genomics because

A) proteins are more complex than DNA.
B) proteins are harder to sequence than DNA.
C) there are 20 amino acids that comprise proteins and only 4 nucleotides that compose DNA.
D) scientists understand less about amino acids than they do about nucleotides.
E) each cell in an organism has exactly the same DNA but different cell types each produce different types of proteins.

Question 26

Which of the following procedures would most likely be used to identify a specific individual of a population?

A) DNA cloning
B) transgenic DNA
C) polymerase chain reaction
D) DNA fingerprinting
E) genetic engineering

Question 27

Transposable elements make up 45% of the human genome.What is thought to be their function?

A) They fight cancer.
B) They code for rRNA.
C) They determine gender.
D) They help in the replication of DNA.
E) We do not know their function.

Question 28

How can comparative genomics assist in the treatment of HIV?

A) The genome of HIV can now be compared to the human genome to find similarities between the two.
B) Knowing the genome of HIV allows for the manufacture of designer drugs to treat specific strains.
C) Understanding the genetic code of HIV allows scientists to replicate it in the laboratory.
D) Understanding the evolution of HIV in an individual will help scientists understand how the virus responds to different drug regimes and will lead to better treatments.
E) Knowing the proteins produced by HIV will allow the development of drugs to mimic those proteins.

Question 29

Transposons are transposable elements in the DNA because

A) they transport genetic information.
B) they transfer organelles inside a cell.
C) they transmit signals in the cell indicating the genes to be copied.
D) they move from one location to another in the DNA.
E) they cause the DNA to take on a specific shape or pose.

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT used in the production of recombinant DNA (rDNA)?

A) vectors
B) restriction enzymes
C) DNA ligase
D) RNA
E) plasmids

Question 31

Bacteria,plants,and animals have all been used to create transgenic forms that are useful in

A) Producing high-yield tomato plants.
B) Creating pest resistant versions of corn.
C) Cleaning up oil spills.
D) Generating pharmaceuticals.
E) Producing new types of high yield beef.

Question 32

________ is the application of computer technologies to the study of the genome.

A) Proteomics
B) Genomics
C) Bioinformatics
D) DNA fingerprinting
E) Genetic profiling

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a concern over the use of genetically engineered corn?

A) resistance among populations of certain pests
B) resistance to herbicides
C) genetic exchange between engineered plants and related species
D) impact of engineered plants on nontarget plant species
E) presence of allergens

Question 34

A method used to determine if the DNA found at a crime scene belongs to a particular individual is short tandem repeat (STR).This method employs

A) Repeated sequences found at multiple sites in the DNA.
B) One particular gene found in the individual in question.
C) Fluorescent labeling of DNA found in the mitochondria.
D) Repeated sequences found at one specific site in the DNA.
E) The repeated segments at the end of chromosomes called telomeres.

Question 35

________ uses an electrical field to separate DNA fragments based upon their length.

A) DNA cloning
B) Polymerase chain reaction
C) Transgenics
D) Gel electrophoresis
E) DNA digestion

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT correct regarding restriction enzymes?

A) They exist in bacteria to restrict the growth of viruses.
B) They cut double-stranded DNA at specific sites.
C) They are used during the manufacture of proteins.
D) They produce "sticky ends" that can bind foreign DNA.
E) They facilitate inserting foreign DNA into vector DNA.

Question 37

In DNA fingerprinting the products of PCR are cut by restriction enzymes into unique lengths; these fragments are then

A) Subjected to fluorescent dyes and visualized under an electron microscope.
B) Separated according to their relative positive and negative charges.
C) Separated according to the lengths of the fragments.
D) Arranged into a karyotype.
E) Used to produce the genes that give the individual a unique set of fingerprints.

Question 38

When creating transgenic animals as contrasted with the creation of transgenic bacteria

A) It is necessary to carry out the procedure completely by hand.
B) Animals need donor eggs to contain the genetic material while bacteria can have the new genes inserted into any bacterial cell.
C) Transgenic animals can be created in large numbers while bacteria must be created one at a time to control contamination.
D) The membranes of the bacteria must be disrupted to allow the genes to be taken up into the cell and animals do not require the host cell membrane to be disrupted.
E) The membranes of the animal cell must be disrupted to allow the genes to be taken up into the cell and bacteria do not require the host cell membrane to be disrupted.

Question 39

Enzymes from the thermophile organism Thermus aquaticus has allowed the development of which of the following procedures?

A) Genetic engineering
B) Recombinant DNA
C) DNA cloning
D) polymerase chain reaction
E) protein synthesis

Question 40

The treatment of a disorder by inserting genetic material into an organism is called

A) karyotyping.
B) amniocentesis.
C) genetic profiling.
D) chorionic villi sampling.
E) gene therapy.

Question 41

The aim of functional genomics is to understand the function of the various genes discovered within each genomic sequence and how these genes interact.

Question 42

What structure is used to seal the DNA into an opening created by the restriction enzyme during recombinant DNA technology?

A) DNA ligase
B) restriction enzymes
C) plamids
D) vectors
E) DNA helicase

Question 43

Which technique is used to create billions of copies of DNA in a short amount of time?

A) polymerase chain reaction
B) recombinant DNA technology
C) short tandem repeat (STR) profiling
D) gene therapy
E) none of the above

Question 44

List the steps required for insertion of foreign genes into animal eggs by using vortex mixing.

Question 45

Which of the following statements was discovered by information gained from the human genome project?

A) Large sections of the human genome do not code for a polypeptide.
B) Nucleotides are composed of a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and one of four nitrogenous bases.
C) DNA carries the information to make a polypeptide.
D) Regulation of gene expression determines the specialization of cells in humans.
E) DNA carries the information to make mRNA.

Question 46

All of the uses listed below are uses for transgenic bacteria,except

A) Bioremediation, when bacteria are used to clean up spills of oil or other toxic substances.
B) The production of organic chemicals such as phenylalanine used in the production of aspartame.
C) The production of chemicals toxic to insects that can be used to protect plants from insects.
D) The production of plants like the pomato, it has a starchy root like the potato and also produces tomatoes on the stem portion of the plant.
E) The production of human growth hormones.

Question 47

The study of comparative genomics has given researchers the ability to look at multiple genomes from different species which has lead to new ideas about the evolutionary history of organisms.The conclusion is that

A) Modern vertebrate species all evolved from very different ancestral species so there is little similarity between their genomes.
B) Modern vertebrate species all evolved from the same ancestral species but they have changes so that their genomes are very different in modern times.
C) Ancestral species contained very similar genomes but modern vertebrate species have significant differences in their genomes.
D) Modern vertebrate species evolved from the same ancestors and a large portion of their genome is conserved.
E) Neither the ancestral species nor the modern one resemble each other genetically.

Question 48

Ex vivo gene therapy

A) requires the removal of cells from the individual undergoing the treatment and then the reintroduction of these cells once they have been genetically modified.
B) requires the use of an agent to introduce genetic material directly into the body using a vector such as an adenovirus vector.
C) has few or no side effects on the individual receiving the treatment.
D) allows for a wider range of disorders to be treated than in vivo treatments.
E) is considered to be more dangerous for the patient than in vivo treatment.

Question 49

All of the following are benefits of sequencing the human genome except

A) knowing the exact sequence of DNA in an individual could allow pharmaceutical companies to design drugs for their exact genotype.
B) the discovery of the chemical makeup of DNA.
C) determining individuals who have a predisposing factor that could lead to future illness could allow for earlier treatment.
D) the improvement of sequencing technology that will allow the genomes of other species to be more readily sequenced.
E) enabling scientists to sequence the genome of various other organisms.

Question 50

Which animals have had the bovine growth hormone injected into them in order to produce larger individuals?

A) all of these
B) cows
C) fish
D) pigs
E) sheep

Question 51

Which technique is preferred when investigators are trying to DNA fingerprint an individual?

A) short tandem repeat (STR)
B) polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
C) recombinant DNA (rDNA)
D) gene cloning
E) none of these

Question 52

Genetically modified organisms (GMOs)that are used as crop plants to feed humans are able to express new traits because

A) they now contain genes from another organism that code for these molecules.
B) they grow bacteria on the surface of leaves or roots that produce these molecules.
C) they have been injected with these new molecules and there is no natural method for them to be degraded in the organism.
D) their normally occurring molecules have been modified to serve different functions.
E) they are hybrid plants that contain new alleles.

Question 53

Ex vivo gene therapy is being used to treat patients with Huntington disease,Alzheimer disease,Parkinson disease,and brain tumors.

Question 54

List the number of chromosomes and estimated number of genes for each of the following organisms:
1.Homo sapiens
2.Mus musculus
3.Drosophilia melanogaster
4.Caenorhabditis elegans
5.Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 55

Which species has an estimated 6,300 genes in it's genome?

A) yeast
B) roundworms
C) human beings
D) fruit fly
E) mouse

Question 56

Which of the following are sites of in vivo gene therapy?

A) muscle cells
B) bone marrow
C) endothelium
D) liver
E) skin

Question 57

Which of the following is a site of ex vivo gene therapy?

A) bone marrow
B) muscle
C) blood
D) lungs
E) brain

Question 58

List three sites of ex vivo gene therapy and indicate the type of therapy being conducted.

Question 59

The genome of Homo sapiens and Mus musculus are approximately the same size and composed of the same number of genes.

Question 60

What is the substance required to cleave the vector DNA during recombinant DNA technology?

A) restriction enzymes
B) DNA ligase
C) plasmids
D) vectors
E) DNA helicase