Deck 7: Repeated Measures Designs

Question 1

A sensitive experiment refers to the ability to detect the effect of the independent variable even if the effect is _________.

A) uneven
B) small
C) large
D) very large

Answer 1

small

Question 2

Provide brief answers to the following question regarding the repeated measures designs.
What techniques are used in the complete and incomplete repeated measures designs to balance practice effects?

Answer 2

Block randomization and ABBA counterbalancing are used to balance practice effects in the complete repeated measures design,and some researchers use simple randomization in which new random orders are created for each subject.All possible orders or selected specific orders (Latin Square and random starting order with rotation)are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design.

Question 3

Identify the differences between the random groups design and the repeated measures design in terms of how the independent variable is manipulated and what potential confounding variable must be balanced in each design.What method(s)are available for balancing in each design?

Answer 3

In a random groups design the researcher manipulates the independent variable such that different groups of participants experience each level of the independent variable.Individual differences among participants across the conditions of the experiment must be balanced; random assignment to conditions is the preferred method for balancing individual differences variables.In the repeated measures design the independent variable is manipulated such that the same group of participants experiences every condition of the experiment.Practice effects due to repeated measurement must be counterbalanced in repeated measures designs.In the complete repeated measures design,in which each participants experiences every condition more than once,ABBA counterbalancing or block randomization may be used to balance practice effects across conditions.In the incomplete design,in which each participant experiences every condition exactly once,all possible orders or selected orders may be used to balance practice effects.

Question 4

The need to balance practice effects in the repeated measures design is analogous to the need to balance ________ in the independent groups design.

A) order effects
B) reactivity
C) individual differences
D) subject loss

Question 5

A researcher compares students' performance using a new learning strategy to their performance using the old strategy.Students' performance is first tested with the old strategy,followed by the new strategy.The results indicate that students perform better with the new strategy.These results

A) show that the order of the two learning strategies does not matter.
B) are uninterpretable due to the confounding with practice effects.
C) indicate that teachers should use the new strategy.
D) all of these

Question 6

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B)for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color.Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red,blue,and yellow.The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality.Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
If the psychologist would like to have 50 ratings for each inkblot,how many participants will the psychologist need to recruit for the experiment?

Question 7

There can be no confounding by individual differences variables in the repeated measures designs because

A) intact groups of participants are assigned to the different conditions of the experiment.
B) individual differences variables are held constant.
C) the same participants are tested in all conditions.
D) participants are tested in only one condition of the experiment.

Question 8

Define differential transfer and describe one method a researcher could use to detect whether differential transfer is a problem in a repeated measures experiment.

Question 9

What are one advantage and one disadvantage of using all possible orders to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design?

Question 10

When using a repeated measures design,researchers must control the potential threat to internal validity referred to as

A) individual differences variables.
B) sensitivity.
C) incomplete orders.
D) practice effects.

Question 11

Explain why ABBA counterbalancing would be ineffective in balancing practice effects in the complete repeated measures design when the practice effects involve an abrupt initial change followed by little change thereafter.

Question 12

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B)for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color.Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red,blue,and yellow.The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality.Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
What is the dependent variable in this experiment?

Question 13

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B)for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color.Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red,blue,and yellow.The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality.Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
What is the independent variable in this experiment?

Question 14

Cite two reasons why a researcher might choose to use a repeated measures design.

Question 15

Which of the following is not one of the reasons researchers choose to use the repeated measures design?

A) Repeated measures designs are generally less sensitive than are independent groups designs.
B) Repeated measures designs are more convenient and efficient.
C) Repeated measures designs require fewer subjects.
D) Repeated measures designs are needed when the experimental procedures require participants to compare two or more stimuli.

Question 16

In general,participants in a repeated measures design will vary within themselves less over conditions of the experiment than participants in a random groups design will vary from other participants across conditions.This means there is likely to be ________ in repeated measures designs compared to random groups designs.

A) less error variation
B) less sensitivity
C) more bias
D) more individual differences

Question 17

The difference between repeated measurements to establish test-retest reliability and experiments using repeated measures designs is that in experiments with repeated measures designs

A) the reliability of measurement is not important.
B) a correlation coefficient would be used to determine consistency across measurements.
C) measurements occur only twice.
D) measurements are compared for different conditions of an independent variable.

Question 18

In an independent groups design,a separate group of people serves as a control group.In the repeated measures design,

A) there is no control.
B) participants serve as their own controls.
C) all participants participate in one condition of the experiment.
D) test-retest reliability is the main goal of the research.

Question 19

A psychologist wishes to have participants rate two different sets of inkblots (labeled A and B)for their "emotionality." The inkblots differ in their use of color.Ten inkblots in set A are created in shades of gray; ten inkblots in set B use shades of red,blue,and yellow.The psychologist hypothesizes that color will influence participants' ratings of emotionality.Each participant will rate all twenty inkblots.
What potential confounding variable must be balanced in this research? Explain what balancing procedure would be best for this experiment.
B. Ten random sequences of A and B inkblots would counterbalance practice effects.

Question 20

Provide brief answers to the following question regarding the repeated measures designs.
What distinguishes the complete repeated measures design from the incomplete repeated measures design?

Question 21

Balancing the order of conditions in a repeated measures design

A) equates practice effects with those found in random groups designs.
B) eliminates practice effects in the conditions of the experiment.
C) averages practice effects across the conditions of the experiment.
D) balances individual differences variables across the conditions of the experiment.

Question 22

The additional step needed when analyzing the results in a complete repeated measures design is to

A) compute the mean (or median) score for each participant for each condition of the experiment.
B) multiply participants' score in each condition by the order in which the condition appeared.
C) add the participants' scores across all conditions and divide by the number of conditions.
D) subtract the mean of all conditions from each participant's score.

Question 23

Counterbalancing is an important research technique because it is used to

A) average practice effects across conditions of a repeated measures design.
B) average practice effects across conditions of an independent groups design.
C) average individual differences variables across conditions of a repeated measures design.
D) all of these

Question 24

Repeated measures designs are more sensitive than random groups designs because the systematic variation due to individual differences is _________ the statistical analyses.

A) eliminated from
B) added to
C) averaged into
D) a critical part of

Question 25

A researcher designs an experiment with six conditions but each condition takes only a very short amount of time to administer.The researcher has the opportunity,therefore,to administer many trials of each condition in the experiment.Which of the following techniques is likely to be most effective for balancing practice effects?

A) ABBA counterbalancing
B) block randomization
C) stratified randomization
D) all possible orders of conditions

Question 26

The problem of _____ in a repeated measures design occurs when the effects of a condition persist or carryover to affect performance in the subsequent conditions.

A) sensitivity
B) anticipation effects
C) differential transfer
D) counterbalancing

Question 27

Each of the three techniques that are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design conforms to a general rule that can be stated as

A) each condition must appear in only one ordinal position.
B) each condition must appear in the first ordinal position equally often.
C) each condition must appear in each ordinal position at least twice.
D) each condition must appear in each ordinal position equally often.

Question 28

A marketing researcher wants to test the effectiveness of three different types of advertisement.Participants will respond to 50 examples of each type of advertisement so that the researcher can determine each person's preference.What type of design is this researcher using?

A) conditional repeated measures design
B) partial repeated measures design
C) complete repeated measures design
D) incomplete repeated measures design

Question 29

The best solution when differential transfer is likely in an experiment is to

A) use selected orders in an incomplete repeated measures design.
B) conduct an independent groups design.
C) choose a different independent variable to investigate.
D) use block randomization in a complete repeated measures design.

Question 30

A researcher plans to conduct a complete repeated measures design in which the independent variable is manipulated using four conditions that vary the level of violence depicted in a photograph (none,low,medium,high).There are 10 photographs in each of the four conditions.Each participant will rate each photo once.If the researcher wishes to have 80 ratings for each photo,how many participants should the researcher recruit?

A) 2
B) 10
C) 40
D) 80

Question 31

When a participant in an experiment that involves the complete repeated measures design develops expectations about which condition should occur next in the sequence,the methodological problem that occurs is called

A) reactivity effects.
B) sequential effects.
C) differential transfer.
D) anticipation effects.

Question 32

A health psychologist conducts an experiment to test the effectiveness of four techniques for helping a person to relax.The psychologist has a limited number of people available to participate in the experiment and each relaxation technique takes some time to complete.The psychologist has decided,therefore,to use the incomplete repeated measures design with all possible orders to balance practice effects.What is the minimum number of participants the psychologist will need for this experiment?

A) 4
B) 12
C) 24
D) 48

Question 33

Compared to random starting order with rotation,an advantage of the Latin Square technique for selecting orders in the incomplete repeated measures design is that in the Latin Square

A) each condition is presented to each subject several times.
B) practice effects are balanced within each individual.
C) a random order of conditions is generated for each participant.
D) each condition precedes and follows each other condition exactly once.

Question 34

In the incomplete repeated measures design,the levels of the independent variable for each participant are perfectly confounded with the

A) characteristics of that particular participant.
B) order in which the levels are presented.
C) individual differences variables in the experiment.
D) characteristics of the experimental task.

Question 35

An incomplete repeated measures design experiment was done to test people's ability to solve problems that varied in difficulty at three levels (easy,moderate,and hard).The researcher used all possible orders to balance practice effects.Results indicated that performance on the hard problems was better when they were preceded by a moderate difficulty problem than when they were preceded by an easy problem.Which of the following is a possible explanation of this finding?

A) anticipation effects
B) nonlinear practice effects
C) progressive error
D) differential transfer

Question 36

When selected orders of conditions (Latin Square or random starting order with rotation)are used to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design,

A) the number of selected orders must be exactly equal to the number of conditions in the experiment.
B) the number of selected orders will always be equal to some multiple of the number of conditions in the experiment.
C) the number of selected orders will always be equal to one less than the number of conditions in the experiment.
D) there is no restriction on the number of possible orders needed to balance practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design.

Question 37

Practice effects in the incomplete repeated measures design are balanced by

A) ensuring first that the results for each participant are balanced across conditions.
B) subtracting the results for the different groups of participants in the experiment.
C) averaging across the results for all participants.
D) first obtaining a summary score within each condition for each participant.

Question 38

A student is considering doing a complete repeated measures design experiment involving motor skills.The student's advisor has told him that people show a large initial improvement on the task followed by slow steady improvement after this initial change.The student must choose a technique for balancing practice effects.Which technique should the student not use?

A) ABBA counterbalancing
B) block randomization
C) Latin Square
D) all possible orders

Question 39

An advantage of block randomization in the complete repeated measures design experiment is that

A) each condition of the experiment is represented an equal number of times at all stages of practice.
B) all trials of one condition are presented first, followed by all trials of a second condition, etc., making statistical computations easier.
C) one condition is assigned to one "block" of participants, a second condition is assigned to a second block of participants, etc.
D) stages of practice are randomly assigned to the different blocks of conditions.