Deck 7: Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing

Question 1

Which bacterium grows in the intestines after prolonged antibiotic therapy?

A)Lactobacillus
B)Candida albicans
C)Clostridium difficile
D)Helicobacter pylori

Answer 1

Clostridium difficile

Question 2

Which component of the plasma protein system tags pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages?

A)Complement cascade
B)Coagulation system
C)Kinin system
D)Immune system

Answer 2

Complement cascade

Question 3

What causes the edema that occurs during the inflammatory process?

A)Vasodilation of blood vessels
B)Increased capillary permeability
C)Endothelial cell expansion
D)Emigration of neutrophils

Answer 3

Increased capillary permeability

Question 4

Some older adults have impaired inflammation and wound healing because of which problem?

A)Circulatory system cannot adequately perfuse tissues.
B)Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
C)Underlying chronic illness(es) exists.
D)Number of mast cells is insufficient.

Question 5

How do surfactant proteins A through D provide innate resistance?

A)Initiate the complement cascade.
B)Promote phagocytosis.
C)Secrete mucus.
D)Synthesize lysosomes.

Question 6

Which secretion is a first line of defense against pathogen invasion that involves antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids, as well as lactic acid?

A)Optic tears
B)Oral saliva
C)Sweat gland perspiration
D)Sebaceous gland sebum

Question 7

What does activation of the classical pathway begin with?

A)Viruses
B)Antigen-antibody complexes
C)Mast cells
D)Macrophages

Question 8

Which chemical mediator derived from mast cells retracts endothelial cells to increase vascular permeability and to cause leukocyte adhesion to endothelial cells?

A)Chemokines
B)Prostaglandin E
C)Platelet-activating factor
D)Bradykinin

Question 9

Which chemical interacts among all plasma protein systems by degrading blood clots, activating complement, and activating the Hageman factor?

A)Kallikrein
B)Histamine
C)Bradykinin
D)Plasmin

Question 10

In the coagulation (clotting) cascade, the intrinsic and the extrinsic pathways converge at which factor?

A)XII
B)VII
C)X
D)V

Question 11

What is the inflammatory effect of nitric oxide (NO)?

A)Increases capillary permeability, and causes pain
B)Increases neutrophil chemotaxis and platelet aggregation
C)Causes smooth muscle contraction and fever
D)Decreases mast cell function, and decreases platelet aggregation

Question 12

Which action is a purpose of the inflammatory process?

A)To provide specific responses toward antigens
B)To lyse cell membranes of microorganisms
C)To prevent infection of the injured tissue
D)To create immunity against subsequent tissue injury

Question 13

What is the function of opsonization related to the complement cascade?

A)To tag pathogenic microorganisms for destruction by neutrophils and macrophages
B)To process pathogenic microorganisms so that activated lymphocytes can be created for acquired immunity
C)To destroy glycoprotein cell membranes of pathogenic microorganisms
D)To promote anaphylatoxic activity, resulting in mast cell degranulation

Question 14

Frequently when H₁ and H₂ receptors are located on the same cells, they act in what fashion?

A)Synergistically
B)Additively
C)Antagonistically
D)Agonistically

Question 15

What is an outcome of the complement cascade?

A)Activation of the clotting cascade
B)Prevention of the spread of infection to adjacent tissues
C)Inactivation of chemical mediators such as histamine
D)Lysis of bacterial cell membranes

Question 16

What is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells?

A)Platelet adhesion
B)Initiation of the clotting cascade
C)Vasodilation
D)Increased endothelial adhesiveness

Question 17

What process causes heat and redness to occur during the inflammatory process?

A)Vasodilation of blood vessels
B)Platelet aggregation
C)Decreased capillary permeability
D)Endothelial cell contraction

Question 18

How does the chemotactic factor affect the inflammatory process?

A)By causing vasodilation around the inflamed area
B)By stimulating smooth muscle contraction in the inflamed area
C)By directing leukocytes to the inflamed area
D)By producing edema around the inflamed area

Question 19

What plasma protein system forms a fibrinous meshwork at an inflamed site?

A)Complement
B)Coagulation
C)Kinin
D)Fibrinolysis

Question 20

What effect does the process of histamine binding to the histamine-2 (H₂) receptor have on inflammation?

A)Inhibition
B)Activation
C)Acceleration
D)Termination

Question 21

Which chemical mediators induce pain during an inflammatory response? (Select all that apply.)

A)Prostaglandins
B)Leukotrienes
C)Tryptase
D)Phospholipase
E)Bradykinin

Question 22

Fusion is the step of phagocytosis during which what happens?

A)Microorganisms are killed and digested.
B)An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.
C)Lysosomal granules enter the phagocyte.
D)Microorganisms are ingested.

Question 23

Which cytokine is produced and released from virally infected host cells?

A)IL-1
B)IL-10
C)TNF-a
D)IFN-a

Question 24

Newborns often have deficiencies in collectin-like proteins, making them more susceptible to what type of infection?

A)Cardiac
B)Urinary
C)Respiratory
D)Gastrointestinal

Question 25

What is a role of a natural killer (NK) cells?

A)Initiation of the complement cascade
B)Elimination of malignant cells
C)Binding tightly to antigens
D)Proliferation after immunization with antigen

Question 26

Which manifestation of inflammation is systemic?

A)Formation of exudates
B)Fever and leukocytosis
C)Redness and heat
D)Pain and edema

Question 27

What occurs during the process of repair after tissue damage?

A)Nonfunctioning scar tissue replaces destroyed tissue.
B)Regeneration occurs; the original tissue is replaced.
C)Resolution occurs; tissue is regenerated.
D)Epithelialization replaces destroyed tissue.

Question 28

During phagocytosis, what is occurring during the step referred to as opsonization?

A)Phagocytes recognize and adhere to the bacteria.
B)Microorganisms are ingested.
C)Microorganisms are killed and digested.
D)An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.

Question 29

In the later stages of an inflammatory response, which phagocytic cell is predominant?

A)Neutrophils
B)Monocytes
C)Chemokines
D)Eosinophils

Question 30

What is the correct sequence in phagocytosis?

A)Engulfment, recognition, fusion, destruction
B)Fusion, engulfment, recognition, destruction
C)Recognition, engulfment, fusion, destruction
D)Engulfment, fusion, recognition, destruction

Question 31

What does the phagosome step result in during the process of endocytosis?

A)Microorganisms are ingested.
B)Microorganisms are killed and digested.
C)Phagocytes recognize and adhere to bacteria.
D)An intracellular phagocytic vacuole is formed.

Question 32

When cellular damage occurs and regeneration is minor with no significant complications, what is the process of returning the cells to preinjury function referred to as?

A)Restoration
B)Resolution
C)Regrowth
D)Replacement

Question 33

The acute inflammatory response is characterized by fever that is produced by the hypothalamus being affected by what?

A)Endogenous pyrogens
B)Bacterial endotoxin
C)Antigen-antibody complexes
D)Exogenous pyrogens

Question 34

Many neonates have a transient depressed inflammatory response as a result of which condition?

A)The circulatory system is too immature to perfuse tissues adequately.
B)Complement and chemotaxis are deficient.
C)Mast cells are lacking.
D)The respiratory system is too immature to deliver oxygen to tissues.

Question 35

A student is preparing to irrigate a patient's wound and gathers supplies, including hydrogen peroxide. What response by the health care professional is best?

A)Help the student gather the rest of the supplies.
B)Instruct the student to dilute the hydrogen peroxide.
C)Tell the student to get some normal saline instead.
D)Ask the patient if pain medication is needed first.

Question 36

A keloid is the result of which dysfunctional wound healing response?

A)Epithelialization
B)Contraction
C)Collagen matrix assembly
D)Maturation

Question 37

In regulating vascular mediators released from mast cells, the role of eosinophils is to release what?

A)Arylsulfatase B, which stimulates the formation of B lymphocytes
B)Histaminase, which limits the effects of histamine during acute inflammation
C)Lysosomal enzymes, which activate mast cell degranulation during acute inflammation
D)Immunoglobulin E, which defends the body against parasites

Question 38

What is the role of fibroblasts during the reconstructive phase of wound healing?

A)Generate new capillaries from vascular endothelial cells around the wound.
B)Establish connections between neighboring cells and contract their fibers.
C)Synthesize and secrete collagen and the connective tissue proteins.
D)Provide enzymes that débride the wound bed of dead cells.

Question 39

When considering white blood cell differentials, acute inflammatory reactions are related to elevations of which leukocyte?

A)Monocytes
B)Eosinophils
C)Neutrophils
D)Basophils

Question 40

Which cell is the body's primary defense against parasite invasion?

A)Eosinophil
B)Neutrophils
C)T lymphocytes
D)B lymphocytes

Question 41

Examples of pathogens capable of surviving and even multiplying inside a macrophage include what? (Select all that apply.)

A)Mycobacterium tuberculosis (tuberculosis)
B)Mycobacterium leprae (leprosy)
C)Salmonella typhi (typhoid fever)
D)Clostridium difficile
E)Brucella abortus (brucellosis)

Question 42

An older adult is particularly susceptible to infections of which body parts? (Select all that apply.)

A)Lungs
B)Skin
C)Liver
D)Eyes
E)Bladder

Question 43

What do sebaceous glands secrete in order to protect the body from infection? (Select all that apply.)

A)Antibacterial fatty acids
B)Antifungal fatty acids
C)Ascorbic acid
D)Lactic acid
E)Hydrochloric acid

Question 44

Which body fluids have the ability to attack the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria? (Select all that apply.)

A)Perspiration
B)Semen
C)Tears
D)Saliva
E)Urine

Question 45

An individual's acquired immunity is dependent on the function of which cells? (Select all that apply.)

A)T lymphocytes
B)B lymphocytes
C)Macrophages
D)Opsonins
E)Neutrophils

Question 46

What do the main functions of NK cells include? (Select all that apply.)

A)Recognizing virus-infected cells
B)Eliminating virus-infected cells
C)Recognizing bacteria-infected cells
D)Eliminating bacteria-infected cells
E)Eliminating previously identified cancer cells