Deck 10: Reproductive Behaviors

Question 1

 Organizing effects of hormones usually occur early in development.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

 Refugio's wife just had a baby. Very likely, his level of testosterone has decreased and prolactin has increased.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

 There are obvious differences in external anatomy of homosexual humans compared to heterosexual humans.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 Which hormone(s) is/are likely to be found more abundantly in females than in males?

A) Peptide hormones
B) androgens
C) Progesterone
D) Estrogens

Question 5

 Testosterone levels continue to increase throughout a human male's lifetime.

Question 6

 Hormones are capable of inducing long-lasting changes throughout the body.

Question 7

 Men are more likely to choose a partner based on age whereas women choose a partner based on size.

Question 8

 Catherine is studying the two categories of sex hormones: androgens and progesterones.

Question 9

 Professor Eisenhower explains to her class that the steroid hormones (like androgens) produce effects by _____.

A) disrupting cell membranes
B) opening ion channels
C) increasing blood pressure
D) entering cells and affecting gene expression

Question 10

 Which is true of androgens and estrogens?

A) Only males have androgens; only females have estrogens.
B) Only males have estrogens; only females have androgens.
C) Males and females have androgens and estrogens in similar amounts.
D) Males and females both have androgens and estrogens, but in different amounts.

Question 11

 Drugs that reduce testosterone levels in males will most likely reduce their sexual behavior.

Question 12

 Androgen insensitivity syndrome leads to a genetic male with a female external appearance of the genitals.

Question 13

 Two major classes of sex hormones are ____.

A) luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone
B) dopamine and serotonin
C) steroids and thyroid hormones
D) androgens and estrogens

Question 14

 Progesterone prepares the uterus for the implantation of a fertilized ovum and promotes the maintenance of pregnancy.

Question 15

 Fritz is a male. He is more likely to have greater levels of _____ than his sisters.

A) androgens
B) estradiol
C) SRY
D) progesterone

Question 16

 Betsy has CAH. Compared to other girls without CAH, Betsy is more likely to participate in activities that are viewed as "masculine."

Question 17

 In general, men are more jealous of sexual infidelity than women.

Question 18

 Wonda (a female) produces estrogens, while Dalton (a male) does not.

Question 19

 Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal a female in its external anatomy.

Question 20

 In humans, testosterone produces its organizing effects on the hypothalamus by itself.

Question 21

 Which is not a way that steroids exert their effects?

A) They bind to cell membranes and cause a huge release of neurotransmitter.
B) They bind to membrane receptors and exert rapid effects.
C) They enter cells and activate certain kinds of proteins in the cytoplasm.
D) They bind to receptors that bind to chromosomes where they activate or inactivate certain genes.

Question 22

 Kenda is having twins. Early in development, what will her boy baby have that her girl baby will not?

A) Wolffian ducts
B) Primitive gonads
C) Müllerian ducts
D) Müllerian inhibiting hormone

Question 23

 Who is more likely to be experiencing organizing effects of sex hormones?

A) Rubi who is menstruating.
B) Elaina who is pregnant and having contractions.
C) Stephanee who is a teenager and is starting to notice her breasts growing.
D) Bryce who is sexually aroused.

Question 24

 An organizing effect differs from an activating effect of a hormone in that an organizing effect ____.

A) inhibits the effects of another hormone
B) lasts only briefly
C) activates excitatory receptors
D) produces more long-lasting effects

Question 25

 What would cause a genetic female mammal to develop an anatomical appearance resembling a male's?

A) A lack of estradiol
B) Moderate levels of estradiol during an early stage of development
C) A high level of testosterone during an early stage of development
D) A high level of testosterone during the late part of puberty

Question 26

 Professor Menzel is lecturing about early development in the womb. He tells the class that _____ have Wolffian ducts.

A) Only fetuses with XX chromosomes.
B) Only fetuses with XY chromosomes
C) both male and female fetuses until the SRY gene is activated
D) both male and female fetuses until after the child is born

Question 27

 How does the development of external genitalia differ from the development of the internal reproductive structures?

A) Reproductive structures are influenced by hormone levels; genitals are not.
B) Reproductive structures for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; genitals develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.
C) Genitals for males and females develop from a single unisex structure; reproductive structures develop from separate Wolffian and Müllerian structures.
D) Genital development is controlled by estrogen; the reproductive structures are controlled by androgen.

Question 28

 Why is the statement "early testosterone forms a male; without testosterone, a female is formed" an oversimplification?

A) Testosterone only influences the external anatomy and doesn't impact internal anatomy or brain differentiation.
B) Testosterone can be converted to influence female hormones.
C) A male can be formed without testosterone.
D) Because females also need progesterone to balance out the testosterone.

Question 29

 Müllerian ducts are found in ____.

A) genetic female fetuses only
B) genetic male fetuses only
C) female and male fetuses early in development
D) female and male fetuses until shortly before birth

Question 30

 Which of the following depends on an organizing effect of hormones?

A) Whether an organism develops as male or female
B) The degree of sexual activity at any time
C) The timing of migration or hibernation
D) Current metabolic rate

Question 31

 In comparison to activating effects, organizing effects of hormones take place ____.

A) later in life and produce more long-lasting effects
B) later in life and produce more temporary effects
C) earlier in life and produce more long-lasting effects
D) earlier in life and produce more temporary effects

Question 32

 What determines whether a mammal develops male or female external genitals?

A) The amount of testosterone during prenatal development
B) The amount of estrogens during prenatal development
C) The difference (subtraction) between testosterone and estrogen levels in prenatal development
D) The ratio (division) between testosterone and estrogen levels in prenatal development

Question 33

 Sexual differentiation begins with ____.

A) Wolffian ducts
B) chromosomes
C) Müllerian ducts
D) hormones

Question 34

 If a female rat is injected with testosterone during the last few days before being born or the first few days afterward, at maturity her ____.

A) pituitary and ovaries will not produce their hormones
B) she will become partially masculinized
C) she will become hyperfeminized
D) she will develop testes

Question 35

 What causes the primitive gonads to develop into masculine structures?

A) The X chromosome
B) The sex region Y (SRY) gene
C) The sexually dimorphic nucleus
D) Müllerian inhibiting hormone

Question 36

 Nature's "default setting" is to make every mammal's external anatomy ____.

A) male
B) female
C) intermediate between male and female
D) fully both male and female

Question 37

 During her normal monthly fluctuation of hormones, Pearle's body produces ____ to help prepare her uterus for potential pregnancy.

A) progesterone
B) estradiol
C) oxytocin
D) vasopressin

Question 38

 What would cause a mammal to develop the anatomy of a male, regardless of its chromosomes?

A) Exposure to high levels of testosterone during an early stage of development
B) Deprivation of estradiol during an early stage of development
C) Exposure to neither testosterone nor estradiol during an early stage of development
D) An infusion of testosterone at puberty

Question 39

 If you inject a male rat with estrogen shortly after birth, it will ____.

A) still develop into a male
B) still develop into a male, but will act very much like a female
C) develop into something intermediate between female and male
D) develop into a female

Question 40

 Genetic males with testicular feminization (androgen insensitivity) develop looking and acting female. This condition develops because of a genetic mutation that has which effect?

A) It decreases the production of cortisol.
B) It prevents the production of testosterone.
C) It causes a conversion of testosterone into estradiol within certain cells.
D) It prevents testosterone from having its usual effects.

Question 41

 Larry is male. When he experiences sexual behavior, it is likely the result of an increase in _____ in the _____ of the hypothalamus.

A) dopamine; MPOA
B) testosterone; MPOA
C) dopamine; arcuate nucleus
D) testosterone; arcuate nucleus

Question 42

 In castrated male rats, the medial preoptic area ____.

A) does not have as much dopamine as other rats
B) has normal levels of dopamine released in the presence of a receptive female
C) has as much dopamine as normal rats, but the presence of a receptive female does not evoke much release of it
D) releases the same level of dopamine, but not testosterone, as a normal rat

Question 43

 Neta is taking antidepressants and has noticed that she has experienced decreased sexual activity. This is because her antidepressants are increasing _____ which blocks ______.

A) serotonin; dopamine
B) dopamine; serotonin
C) serotonin; estradiol
D) dopamine; estradiol

Question 44

 In normal female rats, release of dopamine in the medial preoptic area activity is primed by ____.

A) serotonin
B) testosterone
C) a combination of testosterone and estrogen
D) estradiol

Question 45

 Which of the following is not true of hormones and the hypothalamus?

A) In the medial preoptic area, both testosterone and estradiol increase prostaglandin E2, which influences male sexual behavior.
B) In the ventromedial hypothalamus, estradiol activates PI3 kinase that contributes to aggressive and sexual behavior.
C) In the arcuate nucleus, estradiol increases GABA, which is important for female sexual behavior.
D) In the lateral preoptic area, testosterone reduces GABA, which is important for parenting behavior.

Question 46

 By blocking dopamine release, some antidepressant drugs that increase serotonin levels also ____.

A) increase sexual activity
B) decrease sexual activity
C) cause permanent organizational defects
D) shrink the SDN

Question 47

 Sexual behavior is most likely to occur when sex hormones (testosterone and estradiol) prime the neurons in the hypothalamus to release the neurotransmitter ____.

A) serotonin
B) norepinephrine
C) dopamine
D) acetylcholine

Question 48

 If Emelina had high levels of phthalates while pregnant, it would be expected that her son would _____.

A) be more likely to play with girl toys than boy toys
B) be more likely to play with boy toys than girl toys
C) play with all toys equally
D) refuse to play with any toys

Question 49

 The estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it ____.

A) is chemically converted to testosterone
B) is prevented from entering the developing cells
C) is chemically unstable at the body temperature of a fetus
D) would have no effect on cells even if it did enter them

Question 50

 Professor Woolverston's lab has demonstrated that female rats will demonstrate sexual behavior if they are injected with _____.

A) prolactin followed by estradiol
B) progesterone following by testosterone
C) alpha fetoprotein followed by testosterone
D) a combination of estradiol and progesterone

Question 51

 One way that estrogen increases sexual responsiveness is by ____.

A) synchronizing activity between the hypothalamus of the left and right hemispheres
B) suppressing the release of competing hormones such as testosterone
C) decreasing the rate of overall body activity
D) increasing the sensitivity of nerves in the pubic area

Question 52

 A means of controlling sex offenders has involved reducing ____.

A) testosterone levels
B) estrogen levels
C) prolactin
D) the alpha-fetoprotein level in their blood

Question 53

 According to rodent studies, testosterone exerts a major part of its effect on ____.

A) alpha-fetoprotein
B) the sex region Y gene
C) the thalamus
D) the hypothalamus

Question 54

 During orgasm, dopamine has stimulated _____.

A) D2 receptors
B) D1 receptors
C) testosterone
D) estradiol

Question 55

 Decreases in ____ levels generally decrease male sexual activity.

A) estrogen
B) oxytocin
C) testosterone
D) estradiol

Question 56

 The hypothalamus of a female who is exposed to testosterone early in life will ____.

A) decrease in size
B) develop a cyclic pattern of hormone release
C) develop more like a typical male hypothalamus (noncyclic)
D) become inactive

Question 57

 Estradiol normally found in the bloodstream of a female rat fetus neither masculinizes nor feminizes its development because it is ____.

A) chemically converted to testosterone
B) bound to alpha-fetoprotein
C) dissolved in the fat supplies of the fetus
D) not effective on cells even if it did enter them

Question 58

 There are regions of the brain that are larger in males than females and vice versa. It is known that these regions ____.

A) are what determines sex differences
B) are what determines sexual preferences
C) are not really involved with reproductive behavior
D) determine a person's preference for sexual partners

Question 59

 What hormone is released during orgasm and is apparently responsible for the calmness and lack of anxiety after orgasm?

A) Insulin
B) aldosterone
C) Melatonin
D) Oxytocin

Question 60

 Bruno has been given Viagra to treat his impotence. How does it work?

A) By increasing sensitivity to female's pheromones.
B) By increasing release of nitric oxide in the hypothalamus and penis.
C) By decreasing dopamine release in the hypothalamus.
D) By blocking pain receptors in the spinal cord.

Question 61

 Terisa is pregnant and experiencing nausea. This is because of increased activity of _____.

A) estradiol
B) serotonin receptors
C) dopamine receptors
D) her ovaries

Question 62

 One objection to the use of the one-mate strategy in women is that ____.

A) in some cases, having multiple sex partners can result in more offspring
B) women are more jealous than men
C) women can't be sure that their mate is the father
D) there are no men who share this strategy

Question 63

 The hormones LH, FSH, and estradiol reach a peak ____.

A) in the first month of pregnancy
B) at the start of the menstrual period
C) at the end of the menstrual period
D) around the time of ovulation

Question 64

 During her menstrual cycle, Lacresha's _____ releases FSH.

A) pineal gland
B) anterior pituitary
C) uterus
D) ovary

Question 65

 Birth control pills prevent pregnancy by ____.

A) increasing the release of estrogen
B) increasing the release of FSH
C) interfering with the feedback cycle between the ovaries and the pituitary
D) inactivating both ovaries

Question 66

 Mallory notices that after orgasm, she feels exceedingly relaxed. This is because she has had a surge of _____.

A) estradiol
B) oxytocin
C) prolactin
D) progesterone

Question 67

 If a never pregnant female rat is left for 5-10 days with a litter of babies, she will ____.

A) most likely kill them
B) initially ignore them, but eventually will become more attentive
C) initially be attentive, but eventually will ignore them
D) immediately respond to them as though she gave birth to them

Question 68

 At this point, conclusions of studies on the evolutionary interpretations of mating behavior suggest that these behaviors are ____.

A) primarily inherited
B) primarily learned from cultural influence
C) used to justify our behaviors
D) lacking sufficient scientific studies to allow us to draw a conclusion about them

Question 69

 A woman's hypothalamus and pituitary interact with the ____ to produce the menstrual cycle.

A) pineal gland
B) ovaries
C) thyroid
D) adrenal glands

Question 70

 Many female mammals become very attentive after delivering their babies largely because of a sudden ____.

A) drop in testosterone levels
B) surge of prolactin and oxytocin
C) decrease of prolactin and increase of oxytocin
D) increase of prolactin and decrease of oxytocin

Question 71

 Professor Mayes studies prairie voles. He has found that male voles with elevated levels of ____ will establish pair-bonds with their mate and help raise their young.

A) testosterone
B) vasopressin
C) estradiol
D) prolactin

Question 72

 Hormones are most essential to which aspect of mammalian parental behavior?

A) Care for newborns during the first few days
B) Continuation of care after the first few days
C) The parental care sometimes shown by males
D) All aspects equally

Question 73

 Sex differences are to ____ as gender differences are to ____.

A) anatomy; behaviors
B) adults; children
C) excitation; inhibition
D) scientists; the public

Question 74

 In one study, women in the follicular phase, when the probability of becoming pregnant is greatest, preferred male faces that were ____.

A) more masculine in appearance
B) somewhat feminine
C) about halfway between feminized and masculinized
D) larger than normal

Question 75

 At what point in the menstrual cycle, if any, are women who are not on birth-control pills most likely to initiate sexual activity?

A) at any point in the menstrual cycle
B) Just after the end of menstruation
C) During the periovulatory period
D) Just before the next menstrual period

Question 76

 In the middle of the menstrual cycle, an increased release of estradiol causes a(n) ____.

A) decrease in the release of FSH
B) decrease in the release of LH
C) sudden surge in the release of luteinizing hormone
D) increase in the release of testosterone

Question 77

 Research has shown that men are more likely to be jealous than women ____.

A) because a woman's infidelity makes it impossible for him to know if offspring are his
B) because women are more likely to cheat
C) because women are more secretive about infidelity
D) because men have more testosterone

Question 78

 If Wilber was going to choose his female mate strictly by evolutionary findings, he would use ____ as the most important criteria.

A) compatible genes
B) likelihood of being a good provider
C) youthfulness
D) intelligence

Question 79

 Katina has just given birth. In addition to hormone changes, she has also had changes in the receptors for estradiol in the _____.

A) POA/AH
B) pituitary gland
C) uterus
D) Posterior pituitary

Question 80

 The most widely used and most effective birth control pill is one that contains which hormone(s)?

A) Luteinizing hormone
B) Androgen, but not estrogen
C) Both estrogen and androgen
D) Both estrogen and progesterone