Deck 12: Learning, Memory, and Intelligence

Question 1

 The human brain constitutes 2 percent of the body's mass, but consumes 50 percent of its fuel

Answer 1

False

Question 2

 Professor Brown told her students that Lashley's search for the engram was based on the false assumption that the cerebellum was the best place to search for an engram.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

 McKenzie is using classical conditioning to teach her dog to sit by giving the dog a treat each time she sits.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

 Eye-blink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus.

Question 5

 Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually, the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 6

 In instrumental conditioning, an individual's response leads to a reinforcer or punishment.

Question 7

 Procedural memory deals with the ability to state a memory in words.

Question 8

 Information in short-term memory is lost more easily than that in long term memory.

Question 9

 In instrumental conditioning, reinforcement is ____.

A) any food that the organism likes
B) a stimulus that produces a reflexive response
C) an event that decreases the future probability of a response
D) an event that increases the future probability of a response

Question 10

 H.M. was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery.

Question 11

 Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli.

Question 12

 Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually, the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the ____.

A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned response
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 13

 A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff's syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps.

Question 14

 After LTP is established, NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it.

Question 15

 Jeramy's cat always purrs when she eats her food. Each day, Jeramy would use the can opener to open the cat food and after a while, he found that his cat would purr each time he used the can opener even if he didn't give her food. What happened?

A) His cat has amnesia.
B) His cat learned via classical conditioning.
C) His cat learned via instrumental conditioning.
D) His cat has developed LTD.

Question 16

 To replace the concept of short-term memory, A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch introduced the term delayed memory to refer to the way we store information while we are working at it.

Question 17

 Hippocampal damage impairs spatial memory.

Question 18

 What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning?

A) The conditioned stimulus should be presented first.
B) The unconditioned stimulus should be presented first.
C) They should be presented simultaneously.
D) It depends on what each stimulus is.

Question 19

 Dr. Covington does research learning habits. He primarily studies the striatum which is part of the basal ganglia.

Question 20

 Professor Diggs tells her class that compared to overall brain size, brain-to-body ratio is the best correlate of intelligence.

Question 21

 Professor Loy tells his class that Lashley failed to find the engram because _____.

A) The cerebral cortex isn't the only brain region responsible for memory.
B) He didn't fully understand the principles of LTP.
C) The engram is continually changing location in the brain.
D) Operant conditioning had not been discovered yet.

Question 22

 Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any?

A) if the cut was made after the learning
B) if the learned task was simple
C) if the learned task was complex
D) under none of the circumstances he studied

Question 23

 A person with damage to their cerebellum may experience several problems, including ____.

A) poor eyesight
B) inability to be classically conditioned
C) weakened conditioned eye blinks
D) exaggerated eye blinking

Question 24

 Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for ____.

A) the learning of a conditioned response
B) the performance of a conditioned response
C) the learning AND performance of a conditioned response
D) suppression of the conditioned response

Question 25

 Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced ____.

A) a temporary impairment
B) a permanent impairment
C) day-to-day fluctuations in performance
D) little apparent effect

Question 26

 Bert would use his striatum when learning information that_____.

A) needs to be integrated over many trials
B) is involved in the development of flexible responses
C) is most responsive to delayed feedback
D) is critical to the formation of explicit memories

Question 27

 Which action is most difficult to classify as classical or instrumental conditioning?

A) Pressing a lever to get food
B) Pressing a lever to escape shock
C) Salivating after a sound previously paired with food
D) Song learning by male birds

Question 28

 In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the ____.

A) cerebellum
B) hypothalamus
C) thalamus
D) hippocampus

Question 29

 Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____.

A) a drug that facilitates learning
B) the physical representation of learning
C) a procedure that improved memory
D) an automatic response to a sensory stimulus

Question 30

 In instrumental conditioning, punishment is a(n) ____.

A) stimulus that produces a reflexive response
B) event that decreases the future probability of a response
C) event that increases the future probability of a response
D) event that prevents a response

Question 31

 Professor Kunze tells his class that a(n) _____ is the physical representation of what has been learned.

A) engram
B) LTD
C) amyloid beta plaque
D) tau tangle

Question 32

 Mila gives her child candy after she cleans up her room. The candy is an example of _____.

A) a reinforcer
B) a punishment
C) a conditioned stimulus
D) an unconditioned stimulus

Question 33

 What is one explanation for why Lashley failed at finding the engram?

A) He used poor surgical methods.
B) Not all memories are physiologically the same.
C) The engram is continually changing location in the cortex.
D) Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet.

Question 34

 The general function of working memory is to ____.

A) hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage
B) store memories of life events permanently
C) attend to and operate on current information
D) store information related to repetitious motor movements

Question 35

 What does the phrase "all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" define?

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) equipotentiality
D) mass action

Question 36

 Hebb believed that short-term memory ____.

A) should not be distinguished from long-term memory
B) was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory
C) was more important than long-term memory
D) was low-level memory

Question 37

 The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better, defines ____.

A) instrumental conditioning
B) classical conditioning
C) equipotentiality
D) mass action

Question 38

 Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory that he called

A) implicit and explicit
B) declarative and procedural
C) short-term and long-term
D) repressed and unrepressed

Question 39

 In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the ____.

A) red nucleus of the midbrain
B) temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex
C) lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum
D) ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus

Question 40

 Preventing learning is to ____ as suppressing a response is to ____.

A) classical conditioning; instrumental conditioning
B) instrumental conditioning; classical conditioning
C) the red nucleus; the lateral interpositus nucleus
D) the lateral interpositus nucleus; the red nucleus

Question 41

 H.M. was able to learn and remember ____.

A) people's names
B) how to find his way to a new residence
C) skills like mazes and puzzles
D) events in recent history

Question 42

 One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ____ memory with respect to the task.

A) procedural; explicit
B) explicit; procedural
C) declarative; implicit
D) implicit; procedural

Question 43

 Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed ____.

A) priming
B) explicit memory
C) procedural memory
D) declarative memory

Question 44

 Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____.

A) temporary loss of memory; permanent loss of memory
B) loss of short-term memory; loss of long-term memory
C) inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events
D) loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories

Question 45

 The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____.

A) in the distant past
B) a short while ago
C) right at that time
D) in a meaningful way

Question 46

 The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the ____.

A) corpus callosum
B) hippocampus
C) lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus
D) prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus

Question 47

 Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on ____.

A) the delayed match-to-sample task when the same two objects are used repeatedly
B) the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continuously changed
C) the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task when the same two objects are used repeatedly
D) procedural memory

Question 48

 Which of the following accurately describes H.M.'s memory problems?

A) Impaired short-term memory, but not long-term memory
B) Impaired procedural memory, but not declarative memory
C) Impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory
D) Impaired personal memories, but not impersonal memories

Question 49

 ____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior, even if one does not recognize that influence.

A) Priming
B) Explicit memory
C) Procedural memory
D) Implicit memory

Question 50

 When Pamella was first learning to drive, she had to think about it step-by-step. Now, she can drive automatically thanks to the work of her _____.

A) hippocampus
B) striatum
C) frontal lobe
D) cerebellum

Question 51

 Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____.

A) jogging; walking
B) reading; writing
C) carrying on a conversation; listening to the radio
D) juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling

Question 52

 Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) proactive
D) procedural

Question 53

 A study with London taxi drivers found that answering ____ activated their hippocampus more than answering ____.

A) nonspatial questions; spatial questions
B) spatial questions; nonspatial questions
C) long questions; short questions
D) short questions; long questions

Question 54

 The memory for the development of motor skills is termed ____.

A) priming
B) explicit memory
C) procedural memory
D) declarative memory

Question 55

 Which type of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus?

A) Short-term memory
B) Implicit memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 56

 Damage to the ____ impairs performance on the delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks.

A) hypothalamus
B) thalamus
C) hippocampus
D) parietal cortex

Question 57

 Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory.

A) dementia
B) amnesia
C) epilepsy
D) stroke

Question 58

 What area of the brain is particularly important for coding spatial information?

A) Hippocampus
B) Hypothalamus
C) Pons
D) Reticular formation

Question 59

 After his surgery, H.M. had the most difficulty with ____.

A) learning new procedural tasks
B) remembering events long before the surgery
C) being able to define new English words
D) IQ tests

Question 60

 The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia.

A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) proactive
D) procedural

Question 61

 Moser, Moser, and O'Keefe shared the 2014 Nobel Prize for discovering a type of hippocampal neurons tuned to particular spatial locations, responding best when an animal is in a particular place. They called these neurons _____.

A) place cells
B) grid cells
C) time cells
D) location cells

Question 62

 A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to ____.

A) enter an alley at random
B) fail to eat the food they find
C) enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly
D) enter an alley that is never correct

Question 63

 Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome.

A) prefrontal cortex
B) basal ganglia
C) occipital cortex
D) precentral gyrus

Question 64

 Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____.

A) reading and rereading them
B) testing themselves on each sentence before going on to the next
C) creating an elaborate story integrating the content of the sentences
D) relating each sentence to a past personal experience

Question 65

 Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the ____.

A) cingulate gyrus
B) occipital lobe
C) dorsomedial thalamus
D) cerebellum

Question 66

 There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory.

A) short-term
B) implicit
C) spatial
D) auditory

Question 67

 A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____.

A) radial maze
B) Morris water maze
C) configurable learning task
D) delayed matching-to-sample task

Question 68

 Humans differ from chimpanzees in two genes responsible for ______ transport.

A) glucose
B) dopamine
C) serotonin
D) sodium

Question 69

 A rat has to run on a treadmill for 20 seconds to get a reward. While running, certain hippocampal neurons called ____ will be active at particular times during the 20 seconds so the rat can keep track.

A) place cells
B) time cells
C) grid cells
D) Hebbian cells

Question 70

 Shanna has Korsakoff's syndrome. She couldn't remember what she did last night, so she guessed what she did and told her friend she went to the park. Shanna's story about the park is an example of ______.

A) confabulation
B) working memory
C) flashbulb memory
D) consolidation

Question 71

 If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop ____.

A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) Parkinson's disease
C) Huntington's disease
D) Alzheimer's disease

Question 72

 Crysta is a chronic alcoholic who has developed Korsakoff's syndrome. She has damaged her neurons in the _____ which sends information to her _____ cortex.

A) dorsomedial thalamus; prefrontal
B) dorsomedial thalamus; temporal
C) lateral hypothalamus; prefrontal
D) lateral hypothalamus; temporal

Question 73

 Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory, but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory.

A) short-term; long-term
B) implicit; explicit
C) procedural; declarative
D) declarative; procedural

Question 74

 Vicky is a chronic alcoholic. Recently, she has started having memory problems. She will most likely be diagnosed with _____.

A) Korsakoff's syndrome
B) Alzheimer's disease
C) a stroke
D) Down syndrome

Question 75

 Kelli has been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She likely is showing better memory for _____.

A) recent events than events of the remote past
B) what is happening at a given moment than general principles
C) skills than facts
D) verbal information than visual information

Question 76

 Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____.

A) amygdala
B) prefrontal cortex
C) hippocampus
D) hypothalamus

Question 77

 What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome?

A) Thiamine
B) Protein
C) Sodium
D) Calcium

Question 78

 What is confabulation?

A) Confusing a made-up answer as a memory of an actual experience
B) Having the two sides of the body working antagonistically
C) Confusing procedural memory for declarative memory
D) Remembering names, but being unable to put them with a face

Question 79

 Elmer has Korsakoff's syndrome. He is likely to experience ____.

A) tremors
B) seizures
C) an accumulation of tau tangles
D) confabulation

Question 80

 A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it ____.

A) loses its motivation to find the platform
B) cannot remember how to swim
C) has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial
D) develops a water phobia