Deck 9: Deductive Arguments I Categorical Logic

Question 1

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Except for members of the Lucero family,there's nobody in the park.

Answer 1

All people in the park are members of the Lucero family.

Question 2

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Whenever Tony plays the accordion,people leave.

Answer 2

All times Tony plays the accordion are times people leave.

Question 3

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Lydia is the only person in our group who sold stock before the crash.

Answer 3

All people in our group who sold stock before the crash are {people = Lydia} (that is,people identical to Lydia).

Question 4

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Not all savings institutions are banks.

Question 5

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Chemical-free products are the only organic products.

Question 6

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Chemical-free products are not the only organic products.

Question 7

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:People duck whenever Richard picks up a golf club.

Question 8

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:There's nobody in the park except members of the Lucero family.

Question 9

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Mr.Ashcroft isn't at home.

Question 10

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Only banks can be savings institutions.

Question 11

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:It's not only chemical-free products that are organic.

Question 12

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Banks are the only savings institutions.

Question 13

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:People always leave when Tony plays the accordion.

Question 14

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Only organic products are chemical-free products.

Question 15

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:The only organic products are chemical-free products.

Question 16

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:The morning star is actually the evening star.

Question 17

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Tricia's dog goes wherever she goes.

Question 18

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Banks are not the only savings institutions.

Question 19

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Not every product that's organic is actually a chemical-free product.

Question 20

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:People always duck when Richard picks up a golf club.

Question 21

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism;then,determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
Only those courses that are in the schedule will be offered.Among the courses that will not be offered is History 105,History of Europe.Therefore,History 105 is not in the schedule.

Question 22

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Few voters think critically.

Question 23

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism;then,determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
"Not necessarily,Mr.Dalgliesh.Suppose it's a double bluff.Suppose he's saying in effect,'Look,I can prove I knew the Whistler was dead.Whoever killed Hilary Robarts didn't know.So why aren't you looking for someone who hadn't been told that the Whistler's body had been found?'" -P.D.James,Devices and Desires
I = people identical to me;W = people who knew the Whistler was dead;K = people who killed Hilary Robarts.
No W are K.
All I are W.
Therefore,no I are K.
Valid.

Question 24

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Wherever there's smoke,there's fire.

Question 25

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Not every gambler is a criminal.

Question 26

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Nobody in the middle school did better on the exam than Lauren.

Question 27

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:All the people I know who are named "Brooke" have birthdays in December.

Question 28

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:If it's a gigantosaurus,then it's bigger than a tyrannosaurus rex.

Question 29

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:People can't register unless they pay the fee.

Question 30

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Angels aren't real.

Question 31

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Richard Nixon was not impeached.

Question 32

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:The only people who vote are members.

Question 33

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Many Democrats are conservative.

Question 34

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:There's nobody here except me.

Question 35

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Exceptional employees are always rewarded.

Question 36

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Only athletes play in the National Basketball Association.

Question 37

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism;then,determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
"No country can vote for a man as President who aims to destroy the system he heads.That's why we didn't support [Stipe] Mesic." -Borisav Jovic,former president of Yugoslavia

Question 38

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism;then,determine whether it is valid using either a Venn diagram or the rules of the syllogism.
All legislatures are more influenced by the legal profession than by any other,but it is legislatures that make the rules by which the legal profession operates.So the result is that the bodies that make the rules for the lawyers' profession are bodies most influenced by that very profession.

Question 39

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
No Xs are Ys.
Some Ys are not Zs.
So,some Xs are not Zs.

Question 40

Translate the following into a standard-form categorical claim:Mechanics make great lovers.

Question 41

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
From a letter to the editor:"Any project that gets taxpayers' money ought to be one that the taxpayers get some sort of benefit from,don't you think? So if the Federal Aviation Authority is going to pour millions in public funds into automated flight centers at all privately owned airports,then justice can only be served by forcing those airports to begin offering services to the public as well as their current wealthy patrons."

Question 42

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
Being a mathematical prodigy is not enough to guarantee success at solving problems like Fermat's Last Theorem,because several mathematical prodigies tried their hands at that very problem,and nobody could solve it until just a few years ago.
F.
No F are S.
Therefore,some P are not S.
Valid.

Question 43

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Every vice president has an advantage over his opponent in a presidential election.Senator Junket is not a vice president,of course,so he cannot have an advantage in the coming election.

Question 44

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
In this country,nothing counts except success on the job.And since traditional women's work has not counted as a "job," such work has not been properly appreciated.

Question 45

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Everybody who exhibits hubris is an arrogant person,and some arrogant people are not sympathetic people.So some people who exhibit hubris are not sympathetic people.

Question 46

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
It seems like everyone who goes to lots of movies loves Julia Roberts;I guess Becky must go to lots of movies.

Question 47

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Only people who have lost a job can appreciate the difficulties the loss can cause.Some of the people in this room have lost jobs in the past,so there are people in this room who can appreciate the resulting troubles.

Question 48

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Whoa,don't enroll in that class,man.That's a physics class;all those people must be brains.

Question 49

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Anything that might indicate an increased risk of heart attack should be taken very seriously by anyone over forty.So high levels of low-density lipids in the bloodstream ought to be taken seriously by such people,because they definitely are indicators of increased risk.

Question 50

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Some early Christians were rationalists.
All early Gnostics were rationalists.
So,some early Gnostics were Christians.

Question 51

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
None of the southern provinces of Spain were outside the control of the Moors before the end of the fifteenth century.So all the provinces of Andalucia must have been within Moorish control,because all of them are southern provinces.

Question 52

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
All comets that are easily visible are taken as supernatural appearances by religious cults,and the Hale-Bopp comet was the brightest,easiest-to-see comet of a generation.So it was easy to conclude that the cults would make a big,supernatural deal out of it.C.
All H are V.
Therefore,all H are
C.Valid.

Question 53

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
God,by definition,possesses all perfections.Existence,by definition,is a perfection.Therefore God,by definition,exists.
A.
All E are P.
Therefore,all E are
A.
Valid.

Question 54

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
No coinsurance policies are policies that cover the full value of the property.Some policies that cover the full value of the property are discounted policies.So,some discounted policies are not coinsurance policies.

Question 55

Reconstruct the following as a standard-form syllogism,and determine whether it is valid.
The new dean at Stratford Business School initiated many new policies after taking office.All of the new policies emphasized employee and customer satisfaction.After a conversation with the new dean,an associate dean remarked that since none of the policies of the old curriculum was among those initiated by the dean,the associate dean had to conclude,to his surprise,that none of the old curriculum emphasized employee and customer satisfaction.

Question 56

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
All Xs are Ys.
No Ys are Zs.
So,no Xs are Zs.

Question 57

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Nobody can fall off a bike like that and not be injured,so he's injured.

Question 58

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
All the networks devoted considerable attention to reporting poll results during the last election,but many of those poll results were not especially newsworthy.So the networks have to admit that some unnewsworthy items received quite a bit of their attention.

Question 59

Determine whether the following argument is valid by using either the diagram method or the rules of the syllogism.
Some Xs are Ys.
No Zs are Ys.
So,some Xs are not Zs.

Question 60

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Nobody gets married around Christmas except people who don't care about making their friends fight the holiday travel rush,and she couldn't care less about her friends.Draw your own conclusion.

Question 61

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
The guys must have gone home early,since none of them were at the Bear.

Question 62

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Robert Stewart actually thinks computers get in the way of true scholarship.He thinks they make people lazy.

Question 63

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
If you miss class,you fail the course,because you can't learn anything if you miss class.

Question 64

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Granita is in a good mood.It's her birthday.

Question 65

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Some family men are not gamblers,since no gamblers are prudes.

Question 66

Here is an argument with an unstated premise or conclusion.Translate it into a standard-form syllogism and determine whether the reasoning is valid.
Anyone who missed class failed the course.Therefore,Cecile missed class.