Deck 19: The Cardiovascular System: the Blood

Question 1

Kwashiorkor,a protein deficiency disease typically seen in young children living in developing tropical nations,will have an effect on three different main areas of health related to the blood.Explain why the three areas are effected and which proteins are involved in these functions.

Answer 1

Due to the protein deficiency,three specific proteins will be affected.The first is albumin which makes up 54% of the proteins found in the blood.Albumin is involved in maintaining osmotic pressure which affects the exchange of fluids across capillary walls.A deficiency will cause a buildup of fluid in the interstitial spaces of the tissues and bloating will occur.The second protein is globulin (of which there are several)that makes up 38% of the proteins in the blood.Globulins are involved in the immune system which helps protect the body from invading bacteria and viruses.A deficiency of globulins will cause the individual to frequently suffer from infections.In addition,globulins transport iron,lipids and fat-soluble vitamins,so a deficiency will lead to other problems of malnutrition.The third protein is fibrinogen which makes up 7% of the blood proteins.This protein is intimately involved in blood clotting.A deficiency will lead to serious bleeding problems.

Question 2

Erythropoiesis may be stimulated by

A)pulmonary disease that decreases available oxygen
B)excessive bleeding
C)traveling to high altitudes
D)diving in deep water

Answer 2

pulmonary disease that decreases available oxygen
excessive bleeding
traveling to high altitudes

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a true statement regarding blood?

A)The normal average temperature of blood is around 100.4^o F.
B)The normal pH range for blood is 7.35-7.45.
C)Hemocytoblasts are a common component of circulating blood.
D)The primary circulating blood cell is the RBC.
E)Blood is a liquid connective tissue consisting of cells and a liquid extracellular matrix.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The hematocrit is a measure of the percentage of whole blood occupied by

A)WBCs.
B)platelets.
C)RBCs.
D)plasma.
E)plasma proteins.

Question 5

Progressive liver failure may lead to serious bleeding problems due to

A)reduced production of thrombopoietin
B)a reduction in the production of platelets
C)a reduction in the cholesterol production
D)a reduction in the number of pluripotent stem cells

Question 6

The process by which the formed elements of the blood develop is called

A)hematospermia.
B)hemopoiesis.
C)thrombocytosis.
D)hemostasis.
E)polycythemia.

Question 7

Approximately,how many hemoglobin molecules are found in each RBC?

A)50 million
B)100 million
C)280 million
D)320 million
E)430 million

Question 8

Towards the end of erythropoiesis in the bone marrow,a red blood cell loses its nucleus and becomes a

A)proerythroblast.
B)megakaryocyte.
C)progenitor cell.
D)mature erythrocyte.
E)reticulocyte.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a major function of the blood?

A)Transportation of nutrients
B)Regulation of blood pH
C)Protection against infectious disease
D)Transportation of heat
E)Production of oxygen

Question 10

Jaundice,a yellowing of the skin,is a condition caused by the deposition of bilirubin in the skin.It may be associated with

A)excessive breakdown of red blood cells
B)cancer of the bowel or pancreas
C)blockage of bile drainage by gallstones
D)increased atmospheric oxygen

Question 11

Which of the following hormones stimulates proliferation of red blood cells in red bone marrow?

A)erythropoietin (EPO)
B)thrombopoietin (TPO)
C)human growth hormone (hGH)
D)calcitonin (CT)
E)follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

Question 12

The gas [dropdown 1] is said to have [dropdown 2] in the body's everyday processes.
Dropdown 1 Choices:
carbon dioxide
hydrogen
nitrogen
oxygen
Dropdown 2 Choices:
a role in carbohydrate metabolism
a role in lipid metabolism
a role in protein synthesis
no known function

Question 13

Which of the following blood cells is a phagocyte?

A)Neutrophil
B)Platelet
C)Lymphocyte
D)Basophil
E)Erythrocyte

Question 14

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in disease resistance?

A)Albumin
B)Globulins
C)Fibrinogen
D)Myoglobin
E)Hemoglobin

Question 15

The major function of red blood cells is

A)nutrient transport.
B)cytokine stimulation.
C)blood cell proliferation.
D)gas transport.
E)disease resistance.

Question 16

Ferritin is a protein used to

A)break down iron
B)store iron in the liver,muscle and spleen.
C)oxidize iron in the peroxisomes.
D)synthesize iron.
E)absorb iron across intestinal cells.

Question 17

During hemopoiesis,some of the myeloid stem cells will eventually develop into

A)proerythroblasts.
B)T lymphoblasts.
C)B lymphoblasts.
D)NK lymphoblasts.
E)all of these choices.

Question 18

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

A)95.1%
B)91.5%
C)88.5%
D)4.9%
E)8.5%

Question 19

Which of the following plasma proteins plays a role in blood clotting?

A)Albumin
B)Globulins
C)Fibrinogen
D)Prostaglandins

Question 20

A megakaryoblast will develop into

A)a red blood cell.
B)a white blood cell.
C)a platelet.
D)either a white blood cell or a platelet.
E)none of these choices.

Question 21

Which of the following blood cells are the main soldiers in the immune system defense of the body against microbial invaders?

A)Eosinophil
B)Macrophage
C)Lymphocyte
D)Basophil
E)Platelet

Question 22

The process of a white blood cell squeezing between endothelial cells to exit a blood vessel is called

A)emigration.
B)diaphysis.
C)adhesion.
D)opsonization.
E)phagocytosis.

Question 23

Which of the following blood components is involved in reducing blood loss from a damaged blood vessel?

A)Erythrocyte
B)Platelet
C)Lymphocyte
D)Basophil
E)Neutrophil

Question 24

Which of the following blood cells releases granules that intensify the inflammatory response and promote hypersensitivity (allergic)reactions?

A)Eosinophil
B)Monocyte
C)Lymphocyte
D)Basophil
E)Neutrophil

Question 25

Which of the following chemical substances is NOT commonly released by mast cells?

A)Heparin
B)Histamine
C)Nitric oxide
D)Proteases
E)All of these choices

Question 26

Imagine that you are a doctor and your patient appears to have an infection.You are not sure if the infection is bacterial,viral,fungal or parasitic.Which blood test would you order and how would you determine the causative agent of the infection?

Question 27

Which labeled cell in the diagram is a WBC?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)Both B and C
E)A,B and C

Question 28

Which of the following clotting factors is involved in strengthening and stabilizing a blood clot?

A)Factor V
B)Factor VII
C)Factor XI
D)Factor XIII
E)Factor XIV

Question 29

Which of the cells in the diagram will eventually develop into macrophages?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 30

Which of the following situations could result in maternal antibodies attacking fetal blood cells during a second pregnancy?

A)Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh negative
B)Mom is Rh negative and fetus is Rh positive
C)Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh negative
D)Mom is Rh positive and fetus is Rh positive.

Question 31

Which of the following blood cells phagocytizes antigen-antibody complexes and is effective against parasitic worms?

A)Eosinophil
B)Monocyte
C)Lymphocyte
D)Basophil
E)Neutrophil

Question 32

Which of following correctly lists the sequence of steps that occur during hemostasis in response to a damaged blood vessel?

A)vascular spasm,clotting,polycythemia
B)hemolysis,vascular spasm,platelet plug formation
C)emigration,clotting,hemolysis
D)vascular spasm,platelet plug formation,clotting
E)anemia,hemogenesis,platelet plug formation

Question 33

Which of the following substances is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils?

A)Heparin
B)Fibrinogen
C)Thromboxane A2
D)Prostacyclin
E)Plasmin

Question 34

Deep vein thromboses,blood clots that build up in a deep vein,particularly the deep saphenous vein in the leg,are seen more frequently in long-distance truck drivers,passengers on airplanes who sit for the entire trip without getting up to walk and individuals who take long trips in cars without getting out to stretch.Explain why you think this happens and how it can be avoided.

Question 35

The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways of blood clotting are identical after formation of

A)thromboplastin.
B)prothrombinase.
C)clotting factor XII.
D)fibrin.
E)tissue factor.

Question 36

Which of the cells in the diagram can be subdivided into categories of small and large versions of this cell type?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 37

Which of the cells in the diagram will increase the number of nuclear lobes as they age?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 38

Which of the following opposes the action of thromboxane A2 by inhibiting platelet adhesion and release?

A)Heparin
B)Fibrinogen
C)Plasmin
D)Antithrombin
E)Prostacyclin

Question 39

Which of the following hormones stimulates the development of megakaryoblasts?

A)Erythropoietin
B)Thrombopoietin
C)Nitric oxide
D)Human growth hormone
E)Heparin

Question 40

Which of the following cells is NOT an agranular leukocyte?

A)Monocytes
B)Macrophage
C)Lymphocyte
D)Basophil
E)All of these choices

Question 41

What is this figure demonstrating?

A)Erythropoiesis
B)RBC differentiation
C)Emigration
D)Clot formation
E)Clot retraction

Question 42

Which of the following blood cell types normally comprises the smallest percentage of the blood component labeled II in the figure?

A)eosinophils
B)monocytes
C)lymphocytes
D)neutrophils
E)basophils

Question 43

Explain the proposed role of hemoglobin in the regulation of blood flow and blood pressure.

Question 44

Which of the following types of proteins is present at the highest percentage in the blood component labeled I in the figure?

A)globulin
B)albumin
C)fibrinogen
D)thrombin
E)keratin

Question 45

What blood type is a person if their plasma contains ONLY anti-A agglutinin?

A)A
B)B
C)O
D)AB
E)Not enough information is provided to answer question.

Question 46

What is the normal concentration range of the formed element that comprises the blood component labeled III in the figure?

A)400,000-1 million cells/μL
B)150-200 cells/μL
C)4)8-5.4 million cells/μL
D)150,000-400,000 cells/μL
E)5,000-10,000 cells/μL

Question 47

Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to the platelets?

A)Megakaryoblast
B)Proerythroblast
C)T lymphoblast
D)Monoblast
E)Myeloblast

Question 48

When blood from a normal adult is centrifuged,as shown in the figure,which of the following components occupies the greatest volume?

A)plasma
B)red blood cells
C)platelets
D)buffy coat
E)white blood cells

Question 49

Which of the following blood cell types normally comprises the highest percentage of the blood component labeled II in the figure?

A)eosinophils
B)monocytes
C)lymphocytes
D)neutrophils
E)basophils

Question 50

Which letter in the diagram indicates the correct position of a myeloid stem cell?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)G

Question 51

Which labeled cell in the diagram will develop into platelets?

A)H
B)J
C)K
D)L
E)E

Question 52

Which of the following types of proteins is present at the lowest percentage of the blood component labeled I in the figure?

A)globulin
B)albumin
C)fibrinogen
D)all of the proteins listed are found in equal percentages
E)none of proteins listed are found in component I

Question 53

What does this figure represent?

A)Erythropoiesis
B)RBC differentiation
C)Emigration
D)Clot formation
E)Clot retraction

Question 54

Why does damaged endothelium present an increased risk of blood clotting?

Question 55

An individual with leukemia requires a bone marrow transplant.The donor may be a person who gives the recipient stem cells that are in the bone marrow from his or her [dropdown 1] or the stem cells may come from a(n)[dropdown 2].
Dropdown 1 Choices:
femur
hip bone
humerus
skull
Dropdown 2 Choices
blood transfusion
large muscle
liver
umbilical cord

Question 56

List and briefly describe the major functions of blood.

Question 57

Describe the negative feedback loop that controls the rate of erythropoiesis.Under what circumstances would you expect the rate of erythropoiesis to increase? How would it be possible to tell if the rate of erythropoiesis is elevated?

Question 58

Which of the following antibodies would you find in the plasma of a person with type O blood?

A)anti-A
B)anti-B
C)anti-A and anti-B
D)No antibodies to ABO blood group antigens
E)Not enough information to answer

Question 59

Which of the following precursor cells eventually gives rise to neutrophils?

A)Megakaryoblast
B)Proerythroblast
C)T lymphoblast
D)Monoblast
E)Myeloblast

Question 60

Which labeled cell in the diagram is a pluripotent stem cell?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)G

Question 61

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate cancer or hypothyroidism?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 62

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate parasitic infection or autoimmune disease?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 63

Which of the following formed elements found in the blood are derived from reticulocytes?

A)Platelets
B)Erythrocytes
C)T lymphocytes
D)Monocytes
E)Basophils

Question 64

The average life span of an erythrocyte in the circulation is

A)4 to 5 years.
B)4 to 5 hours.
C)5 to 9 days.
D)120 days.
E)120 weeks.

Question 65

Reduced vitamin B₁₂ absorption from the small intestine due to reduced intrinsic factor production in the stomach results in condition called

A)hemorrhagic anemia.
B)aplastic anemia.
C)megaloblastic anemia.
D)pernicious anemia.
E)iron deficiency anemia.

Question 66

Which of the following formed elements in blood is removed by fixed macrophages in the spleen and liver after only 5 to 9 days in the circulation?

A)erythrocytes
B)platelets
C)monocytes
D)basophils
E)eosinophils

Question 67

A condition in which inadequate intake of vitamin B₁₂ or folic acid causes production of large abnormal red blood cells is called

A)hemorrhagic anemia.
B)aplastic anemia.
C)megaloblastic anemia.
D)pernicious anemia.
E)iron deficiency anemia.

Question 68

Low counts of which two cell types shown in the figure may result from treatment with cortisol?

A)A & B
B)B & C
C)C & D
D)D & E
E)E & C

Question 69

A low count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate pregnancy,ovulation,or hyperthyroidism?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 70

Which of the following are characteristics of BOTH erythrocytes and platelets?

A)no nucleus
B)large segmented nucleus
C)cytoplasmic granules
D)lifespan of 5 to 9 days
E)develop from myeloblasts

Question 71

List and briefly describe the three mechanisms used to reduce blood loss from a damaged blood vessel.

Question 72

Which of the following precursor cells gives rise to agranular leukocytes?

A)Proerythroblast
B)Megakaryoblast
C)Lymphoblast
D)Myeloblast
E)None of the selections are correct.

Question 73

Serum is

A)the same as plasma.
B)plasma without the clotting factors.
C)the same as lymph.
D)formed during the first step in blood clotting.
E)pulmonary interstitial fluid.

Question 74

Destruction of red bone marrow due to radiation results in

A)hemorrhagic anemia.
B)aplastic anemia.
C)megaloblastic anemia.
D)pernicious anemia.
E)iron deficiency anemia.

Question 75

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate viral infections?

A)A & B
B)B & C
C)C & D
D)D & E
E)E & C

Question 76

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate bacterial infection,stress,or inflammation?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 77

A high count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate fungal infection?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 78

Which of the following precursor cells gives rise to granular leukocytes?

A)Proerythroblast
B)Megakaryoblast
C)Lymphoblast
D)Myeloblast
E)None of the selections are correct.

Question 79

A low count of which of the white blood cells shown in the figure may indicate radiation exposure,or systemic lupus erythematosus?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 80

Anemia is defined as

A)a condition where blood does not clot properly.
B)a condition where blood cells are lysed by the immune response.
C)a condition where there is excessive bleeding.
D)a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood is reduced.
E)none of these choices.