Deck 6: The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue

Question 1

In endochondral ossification,what is the original source of osteoblasts?

A)endoderm
B)mesenchyme
C)mucus connective tissue
D)osteoprogenitor cells
E)ectoderm

Answer 1

D

Question 2

What statements describe bone remodeling.
1.It occurs throughout your lifetime.
2.It involves bone resorption.
3.It involves bone deposition.
4.It occurs at different rates at different locations.
5.It occurs at a faster rate in compact bone than spongy bone.
6.Osteoclasts and osteoblasts will be working on the same tunnel simultaneously.
7.Osteoclasts place calcium and phosphorus directly into the bloodstream.

Answer 2

1.1
2.2
3.3
5.4

Question 3

The _______ is the region of long bone that contains hyaline cartilage used for growth in length.

A)epiphyseal plate
B)epiphyseal line
C)metaphysis
D)diaphyseal
E)articular cartilage

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The cells active in fracture repair during the production of the hard (spongy bone)callus.

A)fibroblasts
B)osteoclasts
C)osteocytes
D)osteoblasts
E)chondroblasts

Question 5

Which of following selections lists bone cells in the order from unspecialized stem cell to highly specialized mature bone cell?

A)osteoprogenitor cells,osteoclasts,osteocytes
B)osteoclasts,osteoprogenitor cells,osteoblasts,osteocytes
C)osteoprogenitor cells,osteocytes,osteoblasts
D)osteoblasts,osteoprogenitor cells,osteocytes
E)osteoprogenitor cells,osteoblasts,osteocytes,osteoclasts

Question 6

How are osteons in compact bone tissue aligned? How does the osteon arrangement affect bone strength?

A)horizontal to the metaphysis;the epiphyseal plate resists tearing due to the arrangement of osteons.
B)parallel to the epiphysis;the spongy bone follows the alignment of the osteons increasing the strength of the bone ends.
C)parallel to the length of the diaphysis;the shaft resists bending even when stresses are applied in certain directions.
D)randomly between the epiphyseal plates;the random arrangement of osteons makes the shaft strong no matter what direction the bone is stressed.
E)parallel to the perforating canals;the osteons running adjacent to the canals protects the vessels and nerves from becoming damaged.

Question 7

The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.

A)periosteum
B)distal epiphysis
C)epiphyseal line
D)articular cartilage
E)epiphyseal plate

Question 8

What area of long bone is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and osteogenic cells?

A)periosteum
B)endosteum
C)medullary cavity
D)epiphyseal plate
E)articular cartilage

Question 9

What are the extracellular fluid filled extensions of the lacunae called?

A)interosteonic (perforating)canals
B)osteonic (Haversian)canals
C)concentric lamellae
D)canaliculi
E)perforating (Sharpey's)fibers

Question 10

Briefly describe the steps in bone deposition.

Question 11

Which region of a long bone articulates with other bones?

A)diaphysis
B)epiphysis
C)proximal metaphysis
D)epiphyseal plate
E)distal metaphysis

Question 12

The shaft of a long bone is the

A)diaphysis.
B)epiphysis.
C)metaphysis.
D)periosteum.
E)medullary cavity.

Question 13

The ______is composed of hyaline cartilage and allows the diaphysis to grow in length.

A)periosteum
B)distal epiphysis
C)epiphyseal line
D)articular cartilage
E)epiphyseal plate

Question 14

List the order of the zones in an epiphyseal plate from the diaphyseal region to the distal epiphysis.
A: Zone of calcified cartilage
B: Zone of hypertrophic cartilage
C: Zone of proliferating cartilage
D: Zone of resting cartilage

A)a,c,d,b
B)b,a,c,d
C)a,b,d,c
D)a,b,c,d

Question 15

Cells active when cartilage needs to be removed so new bone can be produced.

A)osteoprogenitor cells
B)osteoclasts
C)osteocytes
D)osteoblasts
E)chondroblasts

Question 16

Briefly describe the steps in bone resorption.

Question 17

Which two minerals are needed in large quantities when bones are growing?

A)calcium and chlorine
B)magnesium and sulfur
C)calcium and phosphorous
D)manganese and sulfur
E)potassium and phosphorous

Question 18

Which type of fracture is considered a partial fracture and is only seen in children?

A)open
B)comminuted
C)impacted
D)greenstick
E)stress

Question 19

This cell is active once the matrix of bone calcifies.The cells sits in a lacunae.

A)osteoprogenitor cells
B)osteoclasts
C)osteocytes
D)osteoblasts
E)chondroblasts

Question 20

Why would running and jumping have a larger effect on bone health than walking?

A)Osteoblasts are less active and osteoclast are more active when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.
B)Osteoblasts are more active and osteoclast maintain normal activity when there is mechanical stress placed on bones.
C)Mechanical stress does not have an influence on osteoblast and osteoclast activity.
D)Running and jumping will prevent demineralization over time.

Question 21

Where in the diagram can you find red bone marrow in an adult?

A)A
B)A and B
C)A and C
D)C

Question 22

Which bone cell in the diagram is located in the inner layer of the periosteum,the endosteum,and perforating and Haversian canals?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 23

Which bone cell in the diagram below transports nutrients and wastes through tiny canals radiating from the lacunae?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 24

An archeologist and an anthropologist are studying two skeletons from an ancient tomb that had apparently been looted in an earlier time.Both skeletons are females and both are approximately the same height.However,the anthropologist is absolutely certain that one skeleton is the remains of someone from the privileged class while the other skeleton is the remains of a servant or slave.
How could the anthropologist be so sure of the economic status of the individuals based solely on their skeletal remains?

Question 25

In which region of the diagram would yellow bone marrow be located?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 26

Which bone cell in the diagram below is an osteoclast?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 27

Briefly describe what is happening in each of the numbered stages of intramembranous ossification as observed in a child's skull shown in the diagram below.

Question 28

In the diagram,what bone is considered the strongest?

A)A
B)C
C)D
D)E
E)F

Question 29

What type of bone cell secretes hydroxyapatite and collagen fibers?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 30

What hormone(s)is/are released from the control center when the control center receives cAMP input;also important in increasing blood calcium serum levels.Choose the best answer.

A)calcitriol and parathyroid hormone
B)parathyroid
C)calcitonin
D)parathyroid hormone and insulinlike growth factors
E)human growth hormone and estrogen

Question 31

Describe the signs and symptoms of osteoporosis and describe the risk factors for developing osteoporosis.

Question 32

Bone mass reduction is promoted by which hormone?

A)calcitriol
B)calcitonin
C)human growth hormone
D)parathyroid hormone
E)insulin

Question 33

In the diagram,which is the first blood vessel that enters the bone model in endochondral ossification?

A)D
B)E
C)F
D)G
E)H

Question 34

Describe the steps in bone repair.

Question 35

Briefly describe the processes by which bone increases in length and diameter.

Question 36

Jamie has a tumor of the parathyroid glands that causes a hypersecretion of PTH from these glands.Predict the effect this hypersecretion would have on the skeletal system and on the secretion of calcitonin from the thyroid gland.

Question 37

In the diagram,what area allows communication from the outermost region to the innermost region of bone?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)E
E)F

Question 38

Mary,an avid runner,was complaining that her lower leg hurt.After going to the doctor,they did not see anything on x-rays of her tibia or fibula.The doctor ordered a bone scan and saw tiny fissures throughout her tibia without any other tissue damage.What is Mary's likely diagnosis?

A)Pott fracture
B)Colles fracture
C)Impacted fracture
D)Comminuted fracture
E)Stress fracture

Question 39

What area in the diagram would the primary ossification center be formed?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 40

Which hormone is the MOST important for Ca²⁺ regulation?

A)parathyroid hormone
B)calcitriol
C)thyroid hormone
D)calcitonin
E)aldosterone

Question 41

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are fragments of older osteons that have been partially destroyed during bone rebuilding or growth?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 42

List and briefly describe the six main functions of the skeletal system.

Question 43

During fracture repair,what area will have mesenchymal cells that differentiate into fibroblasts,chondroblasts and osteoblasts?

A)A
B)B
C)D
D)E
E)G

Question 44

Which of the following labeled structures in the diagram is a site of red blood cell production in adult bones?

A)A
B)B
C)E
D)F
E)G

Question 45

Where in the diagram is dense irregular connective tissue located?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)E
E)F

Question 46

PTH will increase _______activity while Calcitonin will decrease __________activity.

A)Osteoblast;osteoclast
B)Osteoclast;osteoblast
C)Osteoblast;osteoblast
D)Osteoclast;osteoclast

Question 47

Briefly describe what is happening in each step of fracture repair shown in the diagram.

Question 48

Which labeled structure in the figure was once an osteoprogenitor cell?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 49

Osteoporosis is most common in elderly women because of the lack of __,which would inhibit ___.

A)hGH;osteoclast activity
B)estrogen;osteoclast activity
C)IGFs;chondrocyte activity
D)PTH;osteoblast activity
E)Calcitonin;osteoclast activity

Question 50

Which of the following is the correct sequence of steps in the repair of a bone fracture?

A)fracture hematoma,bony callus formation,fibrocartilaginous callus formation,bone remodeling
B)fibrocartilaginous callus formation,bony callus formation,fracture hematoma,bone remodeling
C)bony callus formation,fracture hematoma,fibrocartilaginous callus formation,bone remodeling
D)bone remodeling,fracture hematoma,fibrocartilaginous callus formation,bony callus formation
E)fracture hematoma,fibrocartilaginous callus formation,bony callus formation,bone remodeling

Question 51

Which labeled structures in the figure are canaliculi?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 52

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram are composed of trabeculae,which are bony structures that lack osteons?

A)B
B)C
C)D
D)F
E)G

Question 53

Which of the labeled structures in the diagram secure dense irregular and osteogenic layers to the bone matrix?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 54

Which illustration and radiograph in the figure shows a Pott's fracture?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 55

In the diagram,where do cells lose the ability to divide and increase in size?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 56

Where would reticular connective tissue be located in the diagram below?

A)A
B)D
C)E
D)F
E)G

Question 57

Where in the diagram does the secondary ossification center form?

A)A
B)B
C)D
D)G
E)G

Question 58

Briefly,explain how blood calcium level is regulated.

Question 59

If collagen is removed from bone,what happens to the bone? Choose the best answer.

A)The bone becomes stiff and brittle.
B)The bone becomes soft and flexible.
C)The bone shows no noticeable difference.
D)The bone will break into numerous pieces.

Question 60

Which labeled structures in the figure are lamellae?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 61

Place the events of a fracture repair in order.
A: A hematoma will form and will form a temporary connection between the ends of the bones.
B: Fibroblasts and chondroblasts migrate from the periosteum and begin to produce fibrocartilage to connect the ends of the bones.
C: Osteoclasts resorb dead portions of the new bony area,and compact bone replaces spongy bone.
D:Osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into osteoblasts and produce spongy bone.
E: Phagocytes and osteoclasts begin to remove dead and damaged tissue.

A)A,B,E,C,D
B)A,E,B,D,C
C)E,A,B,D,C
D)A,E,D,B,C

Question 62

Why do greenstick fractures commonly occur in children?

A)Their bones contain higher amounts of collagen.
B)Their bones contain higher amounts of hydroxyapatite.
C)Their bones are still composed of hyaline cartilage.
D)Their bones are still composed of mesenchymal tissue.

Question 63

Which statement describes blood calcium levels accurately?

A)Blood calcium levels increase when bone breaks down,and decreases when bone is built.
B)Blood calcium levels decrease when bone breaks down,and increases when bone is built.
C)Blood calcium levels remain constant regardless of whether bone is built or broken down.

Question 64

Complete the sentence with the best term.
Dropdown Options:
Build new bone
Calcitriol
Cyclic AMP
Decrease absorption of calcium
Decrease reabsorption of calcium
GI tract and osteoclasts
Increase absorption of calcium
Increase reabsorption of calcium
Kidney cells
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts and kidney cells
Parathyroid hormone
PT gland cells
Release calcium to enter blood
[dropdown 1] the receptors,respond to low blood calcium levels.
[dropdown 2] input activates the control center when blood calcium is low.
[dropdown 3] is/are the effector(s)of PTH.
Osteoclasts [dropdown 4] in response to PTH:
The kidney [dropdown 5] in response to PTH:
[dropdown 6] is secreted in response to PTHs effects on the kidney.

Question 65

Mechanical stress [dropdown 1] osteoblast activity in bone,and removal of mechanical stress [dropdown 2] osteoblast activity in bone.
Optional answers for dropdown
Decreases
Increases
Maintains

Question 66

Briefly describe the major differences between compact and spongy bone.

Question 67

1,2,3,4

Question 68

Which of the following important body functions is calcium involved? Select all that apply.

A)blood clotting.
B)nervous cell stability.
C)muscle cell stability
D)acting as a cofactor in some enzymatic reactions.
E)being the primary cation that regulates osmotic balance in cells.

Question 69

Match the term with the best description
[dropdown 1]: Proliferation of osteoclasts,which leads to rapid bone remodeling,and weakening the bones.
[dropdown 2]: Severe bone density loss.
[dropdown 3]: Bone fails to calcify when remodeled.
[dropdown 4]: Bacterial infection causing inflammation,pain and rigid muscles.
[dropdown 5]: Bone cancer primarily affecting osteoblasts.
Drop Down Choices:
Osteomalacia
Osteomyelitis
Osteoporosis
Osteosarcoma
Paget's disease

Question 70

During endochondral ossification in a fetus,bones initially develop as a cartilage model that was formed from

A)periosteum.
B)endosteum.
C)perichondrium.
D)mesenchyme.
E)mucous connectivetissue.

Question 71

Which statements describe spongy bone?
1)Composed of trabeculae.
2)Made up of osteons
3)Found in higher amounts in the diaphysis.
4)Found lining the superficial regions of all bones.
5)Arranged along lines of force that are encountered.
6)Gaps filled with marrow.
7)Maintains strength with light weight.
8)Has the same purpose structurally as compact bone.
9)Has lamellae,osteocytes,lacunae and canaliculi.
10)Has lamellae,osteocytes,lacunae,canaliculi,and central canals.

A)1,5,6,7,9
B)2,3,4,10
C)1,3,5,7,9
D)4,6,7,8,10
E)1,2,4,6,8

Question 72

If bone is analogous to a bank,calcium is analogous to ______.

A)deposits
B)withdrawals
C)money
D)bank teller
E)automatic teller machine

Question 73

Which of the following hormones are more important post-puberty for bone growth?

A)insulinlike growth factors
B)thyroid hormones
C)human growth hormone
D)insulin
E)sex hormones

Question 74

Which of the following selections correctly lists the sequence of events that occur during intramembranous ossification?

A)Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.
B)Calcification > Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Development of new periosteum.
C)Ossification center develops > Formation of trabeculae > Calcification > Development of new periosteum.
D)Development of new periosteum > Ossification center develops > Calcification > Formation of trabeculae.
E)Ossification center develops > Calcification > Development of new periosteum > Formation of trabeculae.