Deck 17: The Special Senses

Question 1

Place the flow of tears in correct order.
1)lacrimal gland
2)lacrimal sac
3)lacrimal duct
4)superior or inferior lacrimal canal
5)nasolacrimal duct
6)nasal cavity

A)6,5,2,4,3,1
B)2,5,3,4,1,6
C)3,1,4,2,5,6
D)1,3,4,2,5,6
E)2,5,6,1,3,4

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Individuals that have osteogenesis imperfecta have malformed collagen fibers.The [dropdown 1] is thinner,affecting the eye's strength.Due to this,the whites of the eyes often appear grayish-blue,because the dark pigmented [dropdown 2] layer is seen.
*Dropdown choices:
-choroid
-conjunctiva
-iris
-retina
-sclera

Answer 2

1.sclera
2.choroid

Question 3

In the olfactory pathway,axons of the mitral cells form the _________.The axons project to the _________.

A)olfactory tract;thalamus and cerebral cortex
B)olfactory tract;cerebral cortex and limbic system
C)olfactory bulbs;thalamus and cerebral cortex
D)olfactory bulbs;temporal lobe and cerebral cortex
E)glomeruli;cerebral cortex and limbic system.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Olfactory epithelium is found

A)throughout the nasal cavity.
B)only in the superior portion of the nasal cavity.
C)only in the inferior portion of the nasal cavity.
D)from the vestibule to the pharynx.
E)only in the mid-nasal ridges.

Question 5

Which papillae increase surface area but do not aid in direct gustation?

A)Vallate
B)Fungiform
C)Foliate
D)Filiform
E)Circumvallate

Question 6

______are proteins that make up the refractive portion of the lens.

A)Collagen
B)Ciliary bodies
C)Crystallins
D)Elastin
E)Keratin

Question 7

What lies between the lens and the retina?

A)Vitreous chamber
B)Anterior chamber
C)Anterior cavity
D)Cornea
E)Aqueous humor

Question 8

After staying up all night to study,your eyes are bloodshot.The vasculature in what area is congested and dilated?

A)cornea
B)lacrimal puncta
C)palpebral conjunctiva
D)bulbar conjunctiva
E)retina

Question 9

_____ bind the odorants and begin signal transduction.

A)Olfactory cilia
B)Supporting cells
C)Basal stem cells
D)Bowman's glands
E)Gustatory receptor cells

Question 10

Pink eye is an infection of the thin mucous membrane that protects the inner aspect of the eyelids and the anterior portion of the sclera.What membrane is involved?

A)Palpebral fissure
B)Conjunctiva
C)Lateral commissure
D)Cornea
E)Choroid

Question 11

______ receptors are primarily used for detecting light rays under bright light conditions.

A)Basal cell
B)Rods
C)Cones
D)Ganglion
E)Amacrine cell

Question 12

Infection of a sebaceous ciliary gland can result in

A)blood shot eyes.
B)inhibition of tear production.
C)a sty.
D)glaucoma.
E)blindness.

Question 13

Olfaction has a [dropdown 1] threshold,and adaptation of the olfactory sense to the continued presentation of an odorant [dropdown 2].
*Dropdown 1 choices:
-high
-low
-no
*Dropdown 2 choices:
-does not occur
-enhances gustation
-increases sensitivity to that odorant
-occurs rapidly
-occurs slowly

Question 14

[___] provide for the sense of taste.
*Dropdown choices:
-Basal stem cells
-Hair cells
-Gustatory cells
-Olfactory cilia
-Photoreceptors

Question 15

The first step in the visual transduction process that occurs in the retina is

A)activation of amacrine cells.
B)absorption of scattered light by the pigmented epithelium.
C)interruption of the dark current.
D)absorption of light by photopigments.
E)generation of action potentials in the optic nerve.

Question 16

Which is the transparent layer on the anterior of the eyeball through which the iris can be observed?

A)Retina
B)Choroid
C)Sclera
D)Ciliary body
E)Cornea

Question 17

The ______ regulates the amount of light entering the eyeball through the pupil.

A)retina
B)cornea
C)iris
D)lens
E)fovea centralis

Question 18

Circular muscles of the iris are controlled by the [dropdown 1] nervous system and cause the pupil to [dropdown 2].Radial muscles of the iris are controlled by the [dropdown 3] nervous system and cause the pupil to [dropdown 4].The circular muscles are controlled specifically by the [dropdown 5] cranial nerve.
*Dropodwn 1&3 choices:
-central
-enteric
-parasympathetic
-sympathetic
*Dropodwn 2&4 choices:
-constrict
-dilate
*Dropodwn 5 choices: Optic
-abducens oculomotor
-trochlear

Question 19

List the structures,spaces,and fluids that light must pass through to reach the retina,and the cells in the retina to reach the photoreceptor cells.

Question 20

How many extrinsic eye muscles are responsible for moving each eye?

A)10
B)12
C)6
D)4
E)20

Question 21

Ciliary bodies are composed of

A)striated muscle.
B)cardiac muscle
C)skeletal muscle
D)radial smooth muscle
E)circular smooth muscle

Question 22

The lens accommodates when contraction of _______ pulls on _______.

A)ciliary processes;ciliary muscle
B)ciliary muscle;zonular fibers
C)suspensory ligaments;zonular fibers
D)zonular fibers;ciliary muscles
E)ora seratta;suspensory ligaments

Question 23

Cones and rods synapse with bipolar cells in the ______ layer.

A)ganglion cell
B)inner synaptic
C)bipolar cell
D)outer synaptic
E)amacrine cell

Question 24

In the diagram,which is a modified sebaceous gland that keeps the eyelids from sticking to each other ?

A)D
B)E
C)F
D)G
E)C

Question 25

Opsin looks colorless when trans-retinal is separated from opsin.This is termed

A)isomerization
B)conversion
C)regeneration
D)bleaching
E)transition

Question 26

In the diagram which area contains only cones?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)G
E)H

Question 27

In the diagram G represents the [dropdown 1] which is filled with [dropdown 2] that is made by the [dropdown 3]

*Dropdown 1 choices:
-anterior cavity
-anterior chamber
-posterior chamber
-vitrios chamber
*Dropdown 2 choices:
-aqueous humor
-endolymph
-vitreous humor
-perilymph
*Dropdown 3 choices:
-ciliary processes
-crystallins lens
-zonular fibers

Question 28

Why is the optic disc known as the blind spot?

A)Rods and cones are inactive in that area.
B)There is no retinal layer so there are no cones and rods.
C)The macula degenerated over the optic disc
D)The neural circuits lack amacrine and horizontal cells.
E)layer of bipolar and ganglion cells do not cover the cones in this area.

Question 29

___________are the thin protective mucous membranes composed of stratified squamous epithelium with numerous goblet cells.

A)bulbar and palpebral conjunctiva
B)palpebral conjunctiva and cornea
C)scleral venous sinus and bulbar conjunctiva
D)cornea and scleral venous sinus
E)tarsal glands and palpebral conjunctiva

Question 30

In the diagram what structure is primarily composed of dense connective tissue with high amounts of collagen fibers and fibroblasts?

A)F
B)E
C)D
D)A
E)H

Question 31

Which labeled step(s)represents cis-retinal binding to opsin,regenerating a photopigment that is functional?

A)1
B)2
C)3
D)4
E)Both 1 and 3

Question 32

Identify the malleus,incus,and stapes in the diagram.

A)A,B,C
B)A,C,G
C)A,B,J
D)J,C,G
E)C,D,G

Question 33

In the retina diagram,where is the bipolar cell layer?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D

Question 34

In this diagram which structure composed of bone and cartilage,helps equalize pressure between middle ear and the atmosphere?

A)C
B)D
C)E
D)F
E)H

Question 35

Dynamic equilibrium is maintained by the

A)cochlea.
B)semicircular canals.
C)vestibule.
D)spiral organ.
E)utricle and saccule.

Question 36

Light enters the retina through the layers of neural retina in this order ______;however information is processed through this order _______ in the retina
1)Photoreceptor cell layer
2)Bipolar cell layer
3)Inner synaptic layer
4)Outer synaptic layer
5)Ganglion cell layer

A)1,4,2,3,5 / 5,3,2,4,1
B)5,3,2,4,1 / 1,4,2,3,5
C)4,1,3,2,5 / 5,2,3,1,4
D)5,2,1,3,4 / 4,3,1,2,5
E)3,4,5,2,1 / 1,2,5,4,3

Question 37

An uncorrected myopic eye is seen in which diagram?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 38

An uncorrected hyperopic eye is seen in which diagram?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)E

Question 39

What ear structure vibrates back and forth when sound waves strike?

A)cochlea
B)pinna
C)tympanic membrane
D)spiral organ
E)vestibulocochlear nerve

Question 40

Place the events of sound transduction in order.
1)Exocytosis of neurotransmitters occurs
2)Mechanically-gated channels fully open allowing K+ to enter
3)Calcium voltage-gated channels open
4)stereocilia of hair cells bend
5)Higher frequency of action potentials in first-order neurons
6)Cations entering cause depolarization

A)5,1,3,2,6,4
B)2,6,3,4,1,5
C)4,1,6,3,2,5
D)6,4,2,3,5,1
E)4,2,6,3,1,5

Question 41

From which of the following layers of the developing embryo do the eyes develop?

A)endoderm
B)mesoderm
C)ectoderm
D)ectoderm and mesoderm
E)ectoderm and endoderm

Question 42

Which cell in the diagram is replaced every 10 days?

A)F
B)H
C)D
D)C
E)G

Question 43

Explain the process by which smell sensations are sensed and perceived.

Question 44

Presbycusis refers to age-associated

A)progressive loss of hearing in one ear.
B)progressive loss of hearing in both ears.
C)progressive loss of vision.
D)otitis media.
E)vertigo.

Question 45

Which structures contain endolymph?

A)saccule,utricle and cochlear duct
B)scala vestibule,scala tympani,and bony labyrinth
C)membranous and bony labyrinth
D)scala vestibule,scala tympani,and cochlear duct
E)cochlear duct,vestibule and semicircular canals

Question 46

Cataract leads to blindness due to

A)loss of transparency of the lens.
B)a high intraocular pressure.
C)photophobia.
D)scotoma.
E)trachoma.

Question 47

List and briefly describe the three processes that are used by the eye to form a clear image of object on the retina.

Question 48

Deafness can occur for many reasons.Use your knowledge of the structure of the ear and the process of detecting sound,to propose a mechanism for how arthritis could cause deafness.

Question 49

How many days after fertilization do the ears begin to develop?

A)5
B)150
C)10
D)22
E)55

Question 50

How many days after fertilization do the eyes begin to develop?

A)5
B)150
C)10
D)22
E)55

Question 51

During embryonic development,the external ear develops from a structure called the first

A)pharyngeal pouch.
B)pharyngeal cleft.
C)otic placodes.
D)otic vesicle.
E)rhombencephalon.

Question 52

During embryonic development,the lens of the eye develops directly from an invagination of the lens placodes called the

A)optic groove.
B)optic vesicle.
C)optic stalk.
D)prosencephalon.
E)lens vesicle.

Question 53

During embryonic development,the middle ear develops from a structure called the first

A)pharyngeal pouch.
B)pharyngeal cleft.
C)otic placodes.
D)otic vesicle.
E)rhombencephalon.

Question 54

Emily was very ill with an upper respiratory infection.Her roommate gave her some chicken soup to make her feel better.Neither Emily nor her roommate realized that the soup was too hot to eat until after Emily put a spoonful in her mouth.Now Emily says she can't taste anything.Why? When will she be able to taste again?

Question 55

Tastants make contact with which portion in the diagram?

A)E
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)G

Question 56

Which structure in this diagram produces the material that dissolves odorants so transduction can occur?

A)C
B)D
C)F
D)G
E)I

Question 57

Which molecule detects light rays that strike the photopigments in the retina?

A)cGMP
B)opsin portion of rhodopsin
C)cis-retinal
D)melanin
E)retinal isomerase

Question 58

During embryonic development,the first portion of the ear to develop is the

A)middle ear.
B)internal ear.
C)external ear.
D)bony labyrinth.
E)membranous labyrinth.

Question 59

Differentiate between linear and rotational acceleration and deceleration.Describe the inner ear structures involved in receiving and transducing sensations involved in maintaining both types of equilibria.

Question 60

The second order neurons of the olfactory pathway are located in which region of the diagram?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)K
E)I

Question 61

Otoliths are located in the

A)macula of the saccule
B)cupula of the crista
C)tectorial membrane of the spiral organ
D)basilar membrane of the cochlear duct
E)hair cells and supporting cells of semicircular ducts

Question 62

Which sensory structure in the inner ear is capable of sensing rapid rotation of your head to the left?

A)macula of the saccule
B)macule of the utricle
C)crista of the horizontal semicircular duct
D)spiral organ
E)crista of the posterior semicircular duct

Question 63

Select the sequence of events for the olfactory pathway
1)a second messenger opens cation channels (Na⁺ and Ca⁺²)
2)depolarization of olfactory receptor cells occurs
3)odorant binds to olfactory receptor protein
4)G protein activates cyclic adenosine monophosphate

A)1,2,3,4
B)4,2,1,3
C)3,4,1,2
D)2,1,4,3
E)3,1,2,4

Question 64

Nerve impulses for the sense of hearing are initiated in the spiral organ (organ of Corti)and then travel through the _____ to the cochlear nuclei in the _____.

A)cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII;pons
B)cochlear branch of cranial nerve VIII;medulla oblongata
C)vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII;pons
D)vestibular branch of cranial nerve VIII;medulla oblongata

Question 65

Choose the sequence of events in order for how gustation is conveyed from beginning to end.
1)Taste bud detects tastant on anterior two third of tongue
2)Information travels to limbic system and hypothalamus,and to the thalamus
3)Gustatory nucleus in medulla receives information
4)First order neuron from facial nerve carries impulse
5)First order neuron from vagus nerve carries impulse
6)First order neuron from glossopharyngeal nerve carries impulse
7)Conscious perception of taste
8)Information is sent to the insula of the cerebral cortex

A)1,4,3,2,8,7
B)7,8,2,3,6,1
C)7,1,5,3,2,8
D)1,4,5,5,3 ,4 ,8,7
E)4,1,2,3,7,8

Question 66

When you inhale slowly and deeply,this helps identify odors.Why?

A)The receptors need more air to the odors.
B)The threshold for odor detection is high.
C)More odorants are brought into contact with the olfactory epithelium.
D)Adaptation to odors is slow.
E)Olfactory transduction can only occur if a certain level of odorant concentration is available.

Question 67

The superior oblique is innervated by [dropdown 1] nerve and the lateral rectus is innervated by [dropdown 2] nerve.All other extrinsic eye muscles are innervated by [dropdown 3] nerve.
*Dropdown choices:
-abducens
-facial
-optic
-oculomotor
-trochlear

Question 68

Night blindness can be caused by

A)Toxic levels of vitamin A
B)Lack of rhodopsin
C)Lack of cones
D)Too low concentration of cAMP
E)Too high concentration of cAMP

Question 69

Select the correct order for the neural pathway from the inner ear to the brain.
1)inferior colliculus
2)cochlear branch nerve fibers of cranial nerve VIII
3)superior olivary nucleus in pons
4)hair cells in spiral organ
5)medial geniculate nucleus in thalamus
6)primary auditory cerebral cortex
7)cochlear nuclei in medulla oblongata

A)6,5,1,3,7,2,4
B)2,4,7,1,5,3,7
C)4,2,7,3,1,5,6
D)5,1,3,7,4,2,6
E)4,6,2,5,1,7,3

Question 70

Explain how the inhibitory neurotransmitter prevents visual signals from being sent to the brain.

Question 71

Explain what happens when rods are exposed to light.

Question 72

The axons of the ganglion neurons of the retina terminate in the

A)optic disk.
B)optic chiasm.
C)visual cortex of cerebrum.
D)lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus.
E)primary somatosensory area of cerebral cortex.

Question 73

Which statement accurately describes the changes in the membrane potential of a photoreceptor cell when light rays strike its photopigments?

A)The photoreceptor cell undergoes rapid depolarization.
B)The photoreceptor cell undergoes hyperpolarization.
C)A graded potential proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus occurs in the photoreceptor cell.
D)No changes in the membrane potential occur.
E)The photoreceptor cell creates action potentials at a frequency proportional to the intensity of the light stimulus.