Deck 3: Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, and Genetic Information

Question 1

Matching
Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides that are linked by ______ linkages.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Answer 1

phosphodiester

Question 2

'AMP' is used to refer to

A)adenosine.
B)adenylic acid.
C)adenomethyl purine.
D)adenine.
E)all of the above

Answer 2

adenylic acid.

Question 3

Humans typically recycle approximately _____ of ATP each day.

A)50 kg
B)50 mg
C)50 g
D)50 $\mu$ g
E)500 kg

Answer 3

50 kg

Question 4

Which of the following statements about nucleotides is false?

A)Nucleotides mediate transport of energy within the cell.
B)Nucleotides are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
C)Nucleotides store genetic information.
D)Nucleotides are involved in biosynthetic reactions.
E)none of the above

Question 5

Matching
Eukaryotic genes often contain regions that are transcribed and later excised from the RNA, called ______.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 6

Matching
Certain plasmids contain genes that confer resistance to ______.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 7

The molecule shown in the diagram is a

A)purine.
B)dinucleotide.
C)nucleoside.
D)nucleotide.
E)none of the above

Question 8

What is the name of the molecule shown in the diagram?

A)adenosine
B)cytosine
C)cytidine
D)cytidine monophosphate
E)uridine

Question 9

Matching
Cytosine, uracil, and thymine are derivatives of ______.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 10

Nucleotides play a central role in living organisms because

A)they mediate transport of energy within the cell.
B)they are involved in oxidation-reduction reactions.
C)they are involved in intracellular signaling.
D)they function as building blocks for nucleic acids.
E)all of the above

Question 11

Nucleoside triphosphates are useful for energy transfer because the phosphoanhydride bonds are relatively ______.

A)stable
B)high energy
C)biocompatible
D)large
E)low energy

Question 12

Matching
Organisms composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes are called ______ organisms.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 13

What group is attached to the pyrimidine ring in thymine and is not present in uracil?

A)ribose
B)-CH₃
C)(_-NH₂)
D)deoxyribose
E)none of the above

Question 14

Matching
Experiments by Avery and colleagues proved that DNA was the substance that _____ a non-pathogenic pneumococcus strain into a virulent strain.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 15

Nucleotides contain one or more phosphate groups that are usually attached to the:

A)C3 $^\prime$ or C5 $^\prime$ atoms
B)C3 or C3 $^\prime$ atoms
C)C5 or N3 atoms
D)C1 $^\prime$ or N3 atoms
E)none of the above

Question 16

Matching
The method that Sanger developed for DNA sequencing using dideoxy nucleotides is called the ______ method.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 17

Matching
After hybridization, the fragment of interest can be detected by ______.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 18

Matching
A small fragment of labeled DNA or RNA used in a hybridization experiment is called a ______.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 19

Inside our cells, free nucleotides are almost always associated with ______.

A)proteins
B)cholesterol
C)Cl⁻ counterions
D)fatty acids
E)Mg²⁺ counterions

Question 20

Matching
Plasmids are small, circular DNA molecules that are used in ______.

A)diploid
B)phosphodiester
C)probe
D)pyrimidine
E)introns
F)cloning
G)transformed
H)exons
I)ampicillin
J)autoradiography
K)chain-terminator
L)purine
M)ester

Question 21

By convention, the sequence of nucleotide residues in a nucleic acid is written ___________ starting with the ____ end.

A)left to right; 3 $^\prime$
B)right to left; 3 $^\prime$
C)left to right; 5 $^\prime$
D)right to left; 3 $^\prime$
E)top to bottom; 3 $^\prime$

Question 22

Nucleoside triphosphates carry energy in the form of

A)glycosidic bonds
B)phosphoester bonds
C)phosphoanhydride bonds
D)hydrogen bonds
E)amide linkages

Question 23

Which of the following molecules does not contain an energy rich phosphoanhydride bond?

A)ADP
B)GDP
C)AMP
D)CDP
E)all of the above

Question 24

A double stranded DNA fragment contains 12% adenine residues.Calculate the percentage cytosine residues.

A)12%
B)24%
C)38%
D)50%
E)78%

Question 25

Knowledge about the tautomeric forms of the bases of nucleic acids is needed

A)to understand H-bonding between the complementary bases
B)to understand how the bases are linked to ribose.
C)to understand how bases are linked to deoxyribose.
D)to understand the ability of nucleotides to act as energy carriers.
E)to distinguish the 5'-end of a DNA strand from the 3'-end.

Question 26

Transfer RNA molecules are involved in

A)transcription.
B)translation.
C)replication.
D)reverse transcription.
E)posttranslational processing.

Question 27

Chargaff's rules state that:

A)The amount of guanine plus cytosine in mammalian genomes varies from about 39 to 46%.
B)DNA is always double stranded and RNA is always single stranded.
C)DNA contains two grooves, a major groove and a minor groove.
D)In DNA the number of adenine residues is identical to the number of thymine residues and the number of guanine residues is identical to the number of cytosine residues.
E)DNA contains two strands that run in opposite directions.

Question 28

In living organisms, genetic information is most often stored in the form of

A)ribonucleic acid.
B)deoxyribonucleic acid.
C)proteins.
D)enzymes.
E)deoxynucleotides.

Question 29

Which diagram depicts correctly a ribosome engaged in translation?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d

Question 30

Which of the following bases pairs with guanine?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 31

It is impossible for RNA to store genetic information, because

A)RNA does not base pair and therefore cannot be replicated.
B)enzymes cannot process genetic information in the form of RNA.
C)RNA forms complex folded structures.
D)RNA is very unstable.
E)None of the above answers is correct; RNA can store genetic information.

Question 32

In 1944 Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty did experiments with Diplococcus pneumoniae that proved that

A)DNA is double stranded.
B)DNA contains deoxyribose.
C)DNA can be transcribed into RNA.
D)DNA can permanently transform a non-pathogenic strain into a pathogenic strain.
E)The structure of DNA provides a mechanism for reliable replication.

Question 33

Which of the following nucleotides contain energy rich bonds?

A)ATP
B)TTP
C)GTP
D)CTP
E)all of the above

Question 34

Genomic DNA is ______, resulting in the production of _________.

A)transcribed; mRNA
B)translated; tRNA
C)transcribed; protein
D)translated; protein
E)translated; rRNA

Question 35

The major carrier of energy in the cell is:

A)adenosine monophosphate
B)adenosine diphosphate
C)adenosine triphosphate
D)adenosine tetraphosphate
E)flavin adenine dinucleotide

Question 36

Which of the following bases is not present in RNA?

A)
B)
C)
D)
E)

Question 37

Which of the following nucleic acids provides the key to decoding genetic information?

A)tRNA
B)rRNA
C)mRNA
D)DNA
E)None of the above

Question 38

RNA occurs primarily as single stranded molecules that can give rise to _______ structures.

A)diploid
B)stem-loop
C)parallel
D)tautomeric
E)haploid

Question 39

The Watson and Crick model of a double-helical structure for DNA was based, in part, on evidence from

A)NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)spectroscopy.
B)IR (infrared)spectroscopy.
C)atomic force microscopy.
D)electron microscopy.
E)X-ray diffraction .

Question 40

Nucleotides in a DNA molecule are linked together through

A)glycosidic bonds.
B)amide linkages.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)phosphoanhydride bonds.
E)phosphodiester bonds.

Question 41

Alterations in genetic information can be caused by

A)mistakes made during replication.
B)faulty recombination.
C)transposition of genes.
D)damage caused by chemicals or radiation.
E)all of the above

Question 42

Which of the following conclusions about the human genome is false?

A)Only about 80% of the genome is transcribed to RNA.
B)Most of the proteins found in humans are unique to vertebrates.
C)Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences.
D)The genomes of any two people are likely to be 99.9% identical
E)None of the above

Question 43

Which of the following DNA sequences (in which N is any nucleic acid residue)is palindromic?

A)ANAGCTT
B)AANGCTT
C)AAGNCTT
D)AAGCNTT
E)AAGCTNT

Question 44

Gel electrophoresis generally separates nucleic acids on the basis of

A)shape.
B)sequence.
C)size.
D)charge-density.
E)none of the above

Question 45

Small circular DNA molecules used to carry foreign DNA fragments are called ________.

A)mRNAs
B)bacteriophage
C)clones
D)plasmids
E)nucleotides

Question 46

In molecular cloning, transformed organisms must be identified.One common method for accomplishing this involves the inclusion of ________ in the plasmid.

A)a restriction site
B)a nuclease gene
C)a deletion
D)an origin of replication
E)an antibiotic resistance gene

Question 47

DNA sequencing by the chain-termination method utilizes DNA polymerase I to make a complementary copy of the target or template DNA molecule.A reaction with a 20 bp template and dideoxyadenosine nucleotides as terminators results in the production of a 5 bp fragment.Based on this result, we can conclude that the template contains

A)a cytosine at position 5.
B)a thymine at position 5.
C)a cytosine at position 16.
D)a thymine at position 16.
E)a uracil at position 5.

Question 48

Which of the enzymes listed in the table below produce identical sticky ends?

A)AluI and HindIII
B)AluI and BamHI
C)HindIII and EcoRI
D)HindIII and BglII
E)BamHI and BglII

Question 49

Which of the following conclusions about the human genome is (are)true?

A)Only about 80% of the human genome is transcribed to RNA.
B)Only about 1-2% of the human genome codes for proteins.
C)Most of the proteins found in humans are also found in many other animals.
D)Nearly half of the human genome consists of repetitive DNA sequences.
E)All of the above.

Question 50

Which of the following DNA sequences is considered palindromic?

A)AAGCTT
B)GAACTT
C)GAACAA
D)AAGCAA
E)AAGTTC

Question 51

In Sanger dideoxy DNA sequencing, DNA polymerase I is used to add nucleotides to the ___ end of the growing polynucleotide chain.

A)sticky
B)blunt
C)3 $^\prime$
D)5 $^\prime$
E)dideoxy nucleotide containing

Question 52

DNA sequencing using the Sanger method requires

A)template, primer, DNA polymerase, mRNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs.
B)template, primer, DNA polymerase, dNTPs, ddNTPs.
C)template, primer, DNA polymerase, rRNA, dNTPs, ddNTPs.
D)template, primer, DNA polymerase, mRNA, dNTPs.
E)none of the above

Question 53

The production of multiple identical organisms from a single ancestor is called ________.

A)DNA ligation
B)phenotyping
C)cloning
D)transcription
E)sequencing

Question 54

Double stranded DNA molecules can be cleaved at specific recognition sites by

A)RNA polymerase.
B)DNA ligase.
C)DNA polymerase.
D)reverse transcriptase.
E)Type II restriction endonucleases.

Question 55

Alterations in genetic information cannot be caused by

A)mistakes made during replication
B)faulty recombination.
C)transposition of genes.
D)mistakes made during translation.
E)all of the above

Question 56

A genomic library

A)is a collection of protein structures from a specific organism.
B)is a collection of cloned DNA fragments representing all of an organism's DNA.
C)contains only protein-coding DNA sequences.
D)is best constructed from very short DNA fragments.
E)is built from mRNA by reverse transcription.

Question 57

Radioactively labeled, single-stranded oligonucleotides are often used in in situ hybridization.Which of the probes listed below would work best, when probing for a RNA molecule containing the sequence 5 $^\prime$ -AGCTAACGGG-3 $^\prime$ ?

A)5 $^\prime$ -AGCTAACGGG-3 $^\prime$
B)5 $^\prime$ -GGGCAATCGA-3 $^\prime$
C)5 $^\prime$ -CCCGTTAGCT-3 $^\prime$
D)5 $^\prime$ -TCGATTGCCC-3 $^\prime$
E)all of the above

Question 58

Mutations leading to changes that can be inherited by the next generation have to be introduced into at the _______ level.

A)DNA
B)rRNA
C)protein
D)mRNA
E)tRNA

Question 59

Which of the restriction enzymes listed in the table below produces blunt-end fragments?

A)AluI
B)BamHI
C)BglII
D)EcoRI
E)HindIII

Question 60

DNA fragments are usually inserted into a plasmid vector and cloned before they are analyzed by chain termination sequencing because

A)DNA fragments need to be pure in order to obtain an unambiguous sequence.
B)a large number of identical fragments is needed in a sequencing reaction in order to generate detectable amounts of products.
C)plasmid vectors have known sequences that can be used for design and annealing of the primer oligonucleotides, which are used to initiate the sequencing reaction.
D)all of the above
E)none of the above

Question 61

In order to perform PCR, which of the following describes the reagents that must be included in the reaction mixture?

A)DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, DNA polymerase
B)DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, ddNTPS, DNA polymerase
C)DNA fragment, one primer, dNTPs, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
D)DNA fragment, primers flanking the region of interest, dNTPs, DNA Ligase
E)none of the above

Question 62

Describe the structure of a DNA molecule by listing 6 characteristics.

Question 63

A gene knockout is

A)a gene that has been inactivated or removed from an organism.
B)a dominant gene that knocks-out expression of other genes.
C)a gene inserted in place of another gene.
D)a gene present on a YAC.
E)none of the above

Question 64

This is the structure of adenine.
a.Is adenine a purine or a pyrimidine?
b.Which base does adenine base-pair (H-bond)with in DNA?
c.What is the name of the molecule that is composed of adenine linked to the C1' of ribose?
d.Indicate on the drawing through which atom adenine is connected to ribose or deoxyribose.
e.Indicate on the drawing which groups on adenine are involved in base-pairing or H-bonding with its complementary base.

Question 65

DNA polymerase from Thermus aquaticus is used in PCR because

A)it is a soluble protein.
B)the genes from Thermus aquaticus are readily distinguished from those of 'normal' organisms.
C)the enzyme is readily deactivated by heat, effectively halting the reaction.
D)it is stable at high temperatures.
E)it is not infectious.

Question 66

Recombinant DNA technology can be used for

A)constructing mutant proteins.
B)the industrial production of useful proteins.
C)producing transgenic organisms.
D)correcting genetic defects.
E)all of the above

Question 67

Which of the following statements about PCR is (are)true?

A)Small amounts of DNA can be easily amplified to millions of copies.
B)PCR is often used in forensics laboratories.
C)PCR reaction products can be used in molecular cloning.
D)PCR is used in clinical laboratories.
E)All of the above.

Question 68

There are three types of RNA that are directly involved in translation.
a.Name these three types of RNA
b.Briefly describe the function of each of these types of RNA.